考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷33（附带答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷（附带答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Is evolution predictable, or was it heavily shaped by random events? Biologists have argued over this question for decades. Some suggest that if we replayed the history of life on our planet, the resulting species would be

2、 different. Opponents counter that life is largely deterministic.Recently, researchers have begun to ask the same questions about rocks. Some 5, 000 minerals have been found on Earth. But minerals didnt simply appear all at once when the Earth formed. They materialized over time, each crystal arisin

3、g in response to the conditions of the particular epoch in which it formed. Minerals evolved in some cases, in response to life. So are todays minerals a predictable consequence of the planets chemical makeup, or the result of chance events? What if we were to spot another earth-like planet in the c

4、osmos - would we expect its gemstones to match ours, or would they shine in ways never seen before?Robert Hazen, a mineral physicist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and his colleagues are publishing a series of papers this year that reveal broad insights into whether geology is a matter o

5、f fate. Minerals on Earth may indeed have been guided by deterministic rules that could apply to other worlds as well, they found. But our planet is rife with extremely rare minerals, which suggests that chance occurrences also play a significant part. In addition, if we found an earth-like twin els

6、ewhere in the universe, many common minerals would likely be the same but that planet would probably also hold many minerals unlike any existing here.The findings arent just a matter of curiosity. Some minerals may have helped early organisms emerge. And understanding which minerals could have forme

7、d on earth-like planets may help scientists better predict which worlds are likeliest to harbor life. Conversely, some minerals arise only in the presence of organisms. So finding patterns in Earths mineral distribution could help scientists identify a mineralogical signature for life, and then sear

8、ch for it on other planetsTraditionally, mineralogy has been dominated by analysis of the structures and formation of individual minerals. But in a 2008 study Hazen and his colleagues took a more historical view. The researchers assessed earths known minerals and tried to establish when the conditio

9、ns were right for their formation. The team concluded that about two-thirds of earths minerals would not have emerged until life was present. For example, early microorganisms seeded the atmosphere with oxygen, which interacted with existing minerals to yield new ones. Hazen points out that this so-

10、called Great Oxygenation Event had a revolutionary impact, opening the door to thousands of new minerals.Hazen and collaborators then set out to investigate the role that chance played in mineral formation. First, they studied the relation between mineral diversity and the abundance of individual el

11、ements in earths crust. They found that the more abundant the element, the more minerals it formed. They then performed the same exercise with minerals from the moon. A similar relationship held, even though the number of known minerals there is much smaller. This common trend suggested an element o

12、f determinism: Given starting chemical conditions, one could predict, to a certain extent, which minerals would form.The team did find outliers, however, Hazens team believes there are chemical reasons for the discrepancies. Their results still support the idea of determinism, said co-author Edward

13、Grew, a petrologist at the University of Maine, because “we can explain why theyre not obeying the rules.” Peter Heaney, a mineralogist at Pennsylvania State University, said that the reasons given for the outliers make sense. “What is important is that Hazen is making us think about mineral diversi

14、fication in a new way,” said Heaney, who was not involved in the study.Harans team also found evidence for the role of chance. The researchers used a crowd-sourced database to retrieve more than 650,000 mineral ostentations at specific locations around the world: 22% of all minerals were reported in

15、 only one place, 12% in only two places. The presence of so many extreme rarities suggests that randomness does play a role, said NASA astrobiologist Chris McKay, who was not involved in the study. “Thats the hallmark of chance events.” These rare minerals might appear only under fortuitous circumst

16、ances, e.g. an unusual assembly of rocks that concentrates elements together.What would happen if earths history were replayed? There are about 15,300 plausible ways to combine naturally occurring element into unique minerals, the researchers estimate. In a rerun of earth, they say, at least one-qua

17、rter of the planets roughly 5,000 minerals would come out differently. In addition, the likelihood that another planet has exactly the same set of minerals as Earth is less than 1 in 10. In other words, our planets precise mineral composition is unlikely to be found anywhere else in the universe.1.S

18、cientists use the philosophical term “deterministic” .（ ）2.According to Chris McKay, if something only occurs once or twice in a large and complex natural system .（ ）3.Based on this article, we may conclude that minerals .（ ）4.The opinion of Peter Heaney is cited in this article .（ ）问题1选项A.because t

19、hey commonly believe in a fate or destiny that defines all outcomes.B.when something can be determined or established, and therefore known with clarity.C.to refer to the small number of things in nature that are not the result of pure chance.D.to refer to outcomes resulting from hard rules or laws a

20、cting in natural systems.问题2选项A.there is a slight possibility that it is the product of chance.B.there is virtually no possibility that its existence is randomC.there is a considerable likelihood that it came about randomly.D.it can only be the product of pure necessity operating in that system问题3选项

21、A.predate life and exist wholly independently of it.B.are dependent on life for most of their present variety on Earth.C.cannot yet be historically correlated with the evolution of life, at least on EarthD.will display variety as great as what we see on Earth on planets everywhere问题4选项A.because he h

22、as no apparent reason other than the persuasiveness of the scientific evidence itself to support Hazens views.B.because he is an expert on minerals, and thus more qualified than other scientists cited in the article to evaluate Hazens conclusions.C.because he is a professor at a university well know

23、n for the high quality of its research staff in the earth sciences.D.because he is an authority on statistical outliers in geological field data.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.词义题。根据题干关键词deterministic定位至第十五段: Minerals on Earth may indeed have been guided by deterministic rules that could apply to oth

24、er worlds as well(地球上的矿物质有可 能由确定性的规则来引导，而这些规则也可以运用到其它地方去)。可知此处 的deterministic与rules（规则）有关, 因此推测C项正确: 指在自然系统内严格遵守 的规则和规律。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词Chris McKay定位至第二十段: The presence of so many extreme rarities suggests that randomness does play a role (如此多的极端少数事件的存在意味着随机性确实发挥了作用)。由此可知在一个大而复杂的自然系统内只出现了一两次，说明其很大可能是

25、随机偶然出现，选C。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第十七段: The team concluded that about two-thirds of earths minerals would not have emerged until life was present(研究小组得出结论,地球上大约三分之二的矿物质是人类存在后才出现的)。所以选B: 依靠地球上存在的大部分多元化 的生命体。4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词Peter Heaney定位至第十九段:“What is important is that Hazen is making us think about mineral di

26、versification in a new way,” said Heaney (Heaney说: “重要的是，Hazen让我们以一种新的方式思考矿物质的多样化”)。所以此处引用Peter Heaney的话是为了给Hazen提供论点支撑。因此A项 “因为除了科学证据本身的说服力之外,他没有明显的理由支持Hazen的观点”正确。2.单选题The students listening to the pompous officials long speech were soon very boring; no doubt many of them had their minds more on w

27、hat was for lunch than on what he was saying.问题1选项A.wereB.very boringC.had their mindsD.on what was for lunch than onE.没有问题【答案】B【解析】形容词误用。boring改为bored。 boring 令人厌烦的。bored 感到无聊的。3.单选题I hope that we can agree to take an unified approach to dealing with the opposition to our project proposal. We need

28、to coordinate our efforts.问题1选项A.hope that we can agreeB.take an unifiedC.to dealingD.effortsE.没有错误【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。B项去掉冠词an。take unified approach 采取一致的手段。4.单选题Although there has been a great deal of construction at the university in the last few years, but the campus still feels fairly open and unclut

29、tered.问题1选项A.there has beenB.at the university in the lastC.but theD.feels fairly open and unclutteredE.没有问题【答案】C【解析】连词多余。去掉but。句子中已经有了从属连词although，故并列连词but多余。5.单选题The panel of distinguished scientists gathered in Cambridge to discuss the evidences in support of Dr. Thistlethwaites revolutionary hyp

30、othesis.问题1选项A.The panel of distinguished scientistsB.in CambridgeC.discuss the evidences inD.support ofE.没有问题【答案】C【解析】语法题。名词的单复数。evidences 改为 evidence。evidence:表示证据，只能用单数。6.单选题The border guards made us to get out of the car while they checked itfor drugs, weapons and other forbidden items.问题1选项A.bo

31、rder guards made us toB.get out of the carC.while they checked it for drugsD.other forbidden itemsE.没有问题【答案】A【解析】介词误用。去掉to。make “使得；进行”为使役动词,后面一般跟动词原形。7.填空题Im（1） a birthday party on Friday and I hope you（2） join us.【答案】1.having;2. will【解析】固定搭配。第一空需要填一个现在分词，用进行时态表示将来，故having合适。have a birthday party 举

32、办生日派对。8.填空题The fire quickly spread through the hotel, but fortunately there were only a （1）guests and they all managed to （2）.【答案】1.few2.escape【解析】1.语义题。a few后面接可数名词，表示“少量，几个”2.语义题。句意: 他们都成功逃脱了。9.填空题John has decided to give （ ）smoking【答案】up【解析】固定搭配。Give up 放弃,戒掉。10.单选题The woman, 69 years old and sti

33、ll active as a professor at Harvard University, told a research team that she had begun to find it hard to recall the names of ever faculty members. Not long ago she had forgotten her classroom number when asking for a slide projector to be sent up. She had one anxious question for the research team

34、, assembled to study the normal course of mental aging: “Am I losing my ability to remember, and perhaps even to think clearly?”That question is the principal focus of a new wave of scientific inquiry on the decline in mental ability with age. The findings are challenging some basic assumptions, lik

35、e the belief that such decline is a natural part of the aging process, irrespective of general health.From 20 to 30 percent of people in their 80s who volunteer for cognitive testing perform as well as volunteers in their 30s and 40s, who are presumably in their mental prime. The intellectual and cr

36、eative productivity in later life of certain artists and intellectuals may represent not so much an exception as an ideal, some experts now say.Dr KW Schaie, a psychologist at Pennsylvania State University, is the director of a major study of normal mental decline in the elderly. For over 35 years,

37、his study has been following more than 5000 men and women who have been tested regularly. Dr Schaies investigations seek to fill a gap in gerontological research, which, according to Dr Jack Rowe, president of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and a leading expert in the field, has focused on disea

38、se and disability, and neglected the prospects of maintaining high functioning in old age. Dr Rowe heads a research network on successful aging sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation. In an interview he pointed out that gerontologists have focused on the 6 to 15 percent of the elderly who are frail a

39、nd then lumped everyone else together as normal. But there is a huge variation from person to person among older people: the older a group gets, the less like each other people in it become.”Dr Schaies most recent findings were reported this month in The American Psychologist. Although the studys re

40、sults show abilities begin to decline gradually in the middle to late 60s and accelerate in the late 70s. The rate of decline differs for various mental faculties and differs in men and women. The sharpest declines are seen in basic mathematics. By their late 80s, both men and women were only about

41、half as adept in basic math as they had been in their 50s. For men, the least decline shown is in spatial orientation, for example, in reading a map correctly. By the late 80s, it had dropped by only about one-eighth on average.For women, the most enduring mental skill is inductive reasoning, assess

42、ing the information in a timetable, for instance. As women reached their late 80s, it had dropped just over one-eighth from its height in middle age. One of the drastic declines for women proved to be in verbal comprehension, while that ability dropped relatively little into the 70s, it plummeted by

43、 about one-quarter during the 80s. For men, the decline was slight in those years.Another study, this one by Dr Richard Mons, a psychologist at Mount Sinai Medical School who is the acting director of a research consortium on normal memory loss and aging sponsored by the Charles A. Dana Foundation,

44、has found that different kinds of memory differ in their vulnerability to aging. “Crystallized” memory, ie, vocabulary or other knowledge accumulated over the years holds up very well into old age. “Fluid” memory, on the other hand, the ability to add new information to memory or to recall something

45、 that happened recently is more prone to decline, beginning in the 60s. He found little decline in very short-term memory, like remembering a telephone number just looked up.A pair of Harvard psychologists, Douglas Powell and Kean Whitla, have designed a computerized test of mental skills like long-

46、term and short-term memory, attention, reasoning and calculation; they reported the test in the February issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science. They are the researchers whom the 69-year-old professor spoke with. Their test compares a persons score with norms for others of the same age

47、, for people who are still in middle age and for others in their own professional group.Dr Schaies study has found certain predictors for good mental function in old age. These include a high level of ability in reading comprehension and verbal fluency, a successful career or some other involvement

48、through life and continuing keen mental interests after retirement. Having a flexible attitude in middle age was also a promising indicator. “There is less mental decline in people who adapt easily to change, who like learning new things and enjoy going to new places,” Dr Schaie observed. The study

49、also found that simply living with someone with these characteristics is beneficial. “It helps to have a high-functioning spouse, since this is your major immediate social environment and support.” Dr Schaie stated.1.The 69-year-old woman mentioned at the beginning of the passage is finding it incre

50、asingly（ ） .2.Some artists and intellectuals remain productive to the very end of long lives. The writer of the passage states that some experts .3.Dr Schaies findings reveal that（ ） .4.Dr Schaie tells us that the average 85-year-old woman is likely to have lost a good deal of her ability to（ ） .5.D

51、r Jack Rowe, in addition to serving as director of a well-known medical school,6.Dr Rowe says, there is a huge variation from person to person among older people: the older a group gets, the less like each other the people in it become.” This can best be paraphrased (re-stated) as .7.Which of these

52、items would Dr Mohs not classify as part of your crystallized memory?8.What Powell and Whitla have created（ ） .9.If you were a young man thinking of getting married and you asked Dr Schaie for advice he would probably tell you to（ ） .10.This article （ ）.11.Given that the average person is unlikely t

53、o know that geronto- is the Greek root meaning “old person” (see line 22), we may reasonably conclude that this article is intended for（ ） .12.The word challenging in line 7 means（ ） .13.The word cognitive in line 9 is（ ） .14.The opposite of flexible in line 52 is（ ） .15.The word promising in line 5

54、2 means（ ） .问题1选项A.difficult to remember who her colleagues are.B.difficult to recall some of her colleagues facesC.difficult to remember what some of her colleagues are calledD.easy to forget the name of her facultyE.easy to forget what some of her younger colleagues do in the faculty问题2选项A.believe

55、 that such examples are more common than gerontologists formerly supposedB.are certain that such late productivity is impossible for ordinary people in other walks of lifeC.are almost certain that in the future such late productivity will become quite ordinaryD.suspect that it is wrong to regard suc

56、h late productivity as abnormal rather than simply uncommonE.reject the idea that such people can be taken as models for normal human beings问题3选项A.the pattern of mental decline among men and women is virtually identicalB.loss of the ability to calculate is severe in women, but much less so in menC.a

57、mong older women, inductive reasoning is just as impaired by aging as is basic mathD.damage to inductive reasoning among the elderly is about equal for men and womenE.loss of the ability to calculate is severe in both men and women问题4选项A.use numbers and understand languageB.use numbers and read time

58、tablesC.read timetables and use mapsD.understand language and read timetablesE.learn new facts and use numbers问题5选项A.is the head of a foundation that gives money for research on the problems of the elderlyB.is one of Americas top gerontologists studying old people with abnormally severe memory lossC

59、.is the leader of a tightly coordinated research association studying how to remain healthy in old ageD.is responsible for deciding which experts on successful aging will get research grants from the MacArthur FoundationE.is the leader of a loosely coordinated group of research teams studying how to

60、 remain healthy in old age问题6选项A.The older the people in a group get, the more characteristics they share Differences between individuals in a group diminish as age increasesB.As people age, certain similarities increase, while others become less markedC.Human individuals are very dissimilar at any

61、age; this is no less true as people grow olderD.Overall resemblances between members of a human group decrease as the years go by问题7选项A.A headline in last weeks newspaperB.The date of your eldest childs birthC.Your mothers nameD.The meaning of the English word “geology”E.The formula for finding the

62、area of a triangle问题8选项A.constitutes a great advance in computer softwareB.compares someone like the 69-year-old woman with other women and with other people of various ages, but not with other university instructorsC.will probably confirm many of Dr Schaies findings and invalidate those of Dr MohsD

63、.should make it easier to determine the relative mental skills of large numbers of peopleE.will be of little use to Dr Schaie but very valuable for Dr Mohs问题9选项A.marry someone quiet and dependableB.seek unity and stability in your marriageC.marry someone lively and curiousD.avoid women who are always trying to change their situationsE.choose someone who would rather read than travel问题10选项A.i