2022年考博英语-山西大学考前模拟强化练习题20（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The new aircraft will be（ ）to a test of temperatures of -65 and 120.问题1选项A.summonedB.subjectedC.suspendedD.suppressed【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项summoned“召唤；鼓起（勇气等）”；B选项subjected“使遭受”；C选项suspended“暂停；悬挂”；D选项suppressed“镇压；阻止（进程或活动），抑制（过程）”。句意：新的飞机会（ ），好去做一个到零下65和120的测试。根据语境

2、，可知这里指的是新的飞机需要先做测试，合格以后才投入使用，suppressed“阻止（进程或活动）”比较合理。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题With a wide variety of fresh fruit（ ）available, canned fruit is no longer so popular as before.问题1选项A.personallyB.readilyC.rarelyD.properly【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项personally“亲自地；当面；个别”；B选项readily“容易地；乐意地”；C选项rarely“很少地”；D选项properly“恰当地”

3、。句意：随着各种各样的新鲜水果可（ ）获得，罐头水果不再像以前那样受欢迎。根据语境，因为新鲜水果容易购买，于是水果罐头不那么受欢迎了，readily“容易地”符合题意。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题The company can constantly monitor the level of heat and energy and adjust（ ）.问题1选项A.accordinglyB.basicallyC.conventionallyD.subjectively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项accordingly“相应地”；B选项basically “基本地”；C选项convent

4、ionally“传统地”；D选项subjectively“主观地”。题干意思：公司可以不间断地监控热量和能源的指数，并且（ ）进行调整。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Dog owners must（ ）the dogs waste in containers provided throughout the park.问题1选项A.pick upB.set asideC.dispose ofD.take off【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项pick up “捡起；获得；收拾”；B选项set aside “留出；驳回，撤销；不顾”；C选项dispose of “处理；转让；解决；吃光；除

5、掉；卖掉”；D选项take off “起飞；脱下；离开；突然成功”。句意：养狗人必须用公园内提供的容器处理狗的排泄物。A选项pick up 应该更侧重于捡起狗狗拉在地上的排泄物，而题干中说到了在容器内，在容器内处理狗狗的排泄物更适合，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题Sharks have an undeserved reputation for being bloodthirsty killers that routinely make snacks out of tourists. Although the risk of getting eaten by a shark is extremel

6、y small, the same cannot be said for underwater fiber-optic cables that carry data around the world.It seems sharks have a mighty craving for these vital intercontinental communication links, which has set Google on a mission to reinforce its transPacific cables by wrapping them in a Kevlarlike mate

7、rial. Google product manager Dan Belcher revealed their shark-proofing efforts at a marketing meeting in Boston, Network World reports.But why are sharks zeroing in on our global communication networks? Sharks have an uncanny ability to sense electromagnetic fields in the water using tiny detectors

8、in their snouts called ampulla of Lorenzini. The organs, which look like freckles, sense even minute changes to electrical fields in the water, helping sharks find prey, navigate or locate fiber-optic cables.“No doubt the electromagnetic felds associated with these wires are highly attractive to the

9、se sharks,” George Burgess, director of the Florida Program for Shark Research, told USA. Interestingly, sharks dont seem to be lured to the older copper cables that run underwater. Its led to speculation that sharks confuse the high-voltage, magnetic emissions from fiber-optic cables with the signa

10、ls given off by fish. Updated cables will thus likely protect the sharks and reduce energy-wasting attacks. Sharks have been giving global communications companies headaches since the 1980s. According to the New York Time, a few shark teeth were found planted in a cable of the Canary Islands in 1985

11、. Every year, more than 50 repairs are needed on undersea transcontinental communication lines due to damage from wildlife, fishing trawlers and earthquakes, The Guardian reports. Googles reinforced cables will be installed as part of a new $300 million system connecting the United States to Japan,

12、according to a press release from project partner NEC. It will result in an Internet connection that relays information across the Pacific Ocean at 60 terabytes per second. Thats good news for Internet users, but maybe the sharks have a hidden reason: Perhaps theyre simply fed up with fear-mongering

13、 documentaries that cast them in a negative light.1.What does “the same” in Paragraph 1 refer to?2.What is emphasized in Paragraph 2?3.Why do sharks bite fiber-optic cables?4.It can be learned that sharks（ ）.5.What is the main topic of the passage?问题1选项A.The killers making snacks out of tourists.B.T

14、he risk of getting eaten by sharks.C.The undeserved reputation of sharks.D.The small chance of shark attacks.问题2选项A.The damage to cables caused by sharks.B.The cost of undersea cable lines.C.The function of underwater cameras.D.The development of undersea cables.问题3选项A.They mistake cables for fish.B

15、.They like biting cable-shaped objects.C.They are curious about cables.D.They enjoy the taste of cables.问题4选项A.like both copper cables and fiber-optic cablesB.prefer copper cables to fiber-optic cablesC.are attracted to fiber-optic cables onlyD.are attracted to copper cables only问题5选项A.Sharks are no

16、 bloodthirsty killers.B.How sharks pick signals from cables.C.Sharks benefit from electrical field.D.Fiber-optic cables are sharks prey.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.词义猜测题。由“Although the risk of getting eaten by a shark is extremely small, the same cannot be said for underwater fiber-optic cabl

17、es that carry data around the world.（尽管被鲨鱼吃掉的风险非常小，但在全球范围内传输数据的水下光缆却并非如此。）”可知，虽然人类被鲨鱼吃掉的风险很小，但是水下光缆被鲨鱼吃掉的风险却并非如此。所以the same表示被鲨鱼吃掉的风险。A选项“鲨鱼拿游客当点心”；C选项“鲨鱼被冤枉的名声”；D选项“被鲨鱼攻击的几率很小”都与上下文不符，因此B选项“被鲨鱼吃掉的风险”正确。2.主旨大意题。第二段的最后一句话说到“Google product manager Dan Belcher revealed their shark-proofing efforts at a

18、 marketing meeting in Boston, Network World reports. （据网络世界报道，谷歌产品经理丹贝尔彻在波士顿的市场营销会议上透露了他们的防鲨鱼努力。）”，说明为了防止鲨鱼对电缆的破坏，人们做了很多努力，所以该段落更侧重于暗示鲨鱼对电缆造成的破坏。B选项“海底电缆线路的费用”在第二段没有表现出来；C选项“水下相机的功能”第二段没有提到；D选项“海底电缆的发展”第二段也没有提到。因此A选项“鲨鱼对电缆造成的损坏”正确。3.事实细节题。文章第五段写道“Its led to speculation that sharks confuse the high-v

19、oltage, magnetic emissions from fiber-optic cables with the signals given off by fish. （人们猜测鲨鱼会将光纤电缆发出的高压磁辐射与鱼类发出的信号相混淆。）”，所以鲨鱼会咬电缆是因为错把它们当成了鱼类。B选项“它们喜欢咬电缆形状的物体”文中没有提到；C选项“它们对电缆很好奇”；D选项“它们喜欢电缆的味道”都与原文不符，因此A选项“它们把电缆错当成了鱼”正确。4.事实细节题。文章第五段写道“Interestingly, sharks dont seem to be lured to the older copp

20、er cables that run underwater.（有趣的是，鲨鱼似乎不会被海底的旧铜电缆所吸引。）”，由此可知，鲨鱼只被光纤电缆吸引。A选项“铜电缆和光纤电缆都喜欢”；B选项“更喜欢铜电缆而不是光纤电缆”；D选项“只被铜电缆吸引”都与原文意思相悖，因此C选项“只被光纤电缆吸引”正确。5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了鲨鱼对电缆光纤的破坏。A选项“鲨鱼不是嗜血的杀手”文中并没有侧重讲解；B选项“鲨鱼如何从电缆中接收信号”文章也没有提到；C选项“鲨鱼受益于电场”说法错误；D选项“光纤电缆是鲨鱼的受害者”更准确，因此D选项正确。6. 单选题The more women and minorit

21、ies make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experi

22、ence in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Coca Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman

23、 says that based on what hes seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your

24、work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, f

25、eel that the scales (障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someone in authority

26、 will reach down and give you a promotion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使不突出) their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to

27、find their way into the spotlight.1.According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Line 2, Para.1) probably refers to “（ ）”.2.To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to（ ）.3.The reason why women and blacks play down their

28、 visibility is that they（ ）.4.The author is of the opinion that Colemans beliefs are（ ）.5.The best title for this passage would be（ ）.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters

29、 with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with usually come up with new ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.let your superiors know how good you areB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.perform well your tasks given by your su

30、periors问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color问题4选项A

31、.biasedB.popularC.insightfulD.superficial问题5选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management,

32、 the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization. （进入管理层的女性和少数族裔越多，她们似乎就

33、越想谈论以前认为最好不要说的事情。新人往往用新奇的眼光来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，时而会伴随一些压力批判的分析，这些压力塑造了每个员工的阅历。）。A选项“形成每个人阅历的批判”：形成每个人阅历的批判更针对新人来说。C选项“帮助新人以新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：帮助新人在文中没有提到。D选项“这些想法通常会产生新的组织管理方式”：因为这些想法会带来新的管理方式文中也没有提到。B选项“与既定信念相矛盾的观点”：以前认为最好不说的肯定是不被群体所接受的观念，符合生活实际，分析加排除法确定答案。因此B选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段第四句the different elements that

34、make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%（对促成长期职业成功的不同因素进行了如下权衡：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%；而曝光率高达60%），以及第六句advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are（晋升往往取决于有多少人了解你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低），可知在

35、事业成功上，在比自己职位高的人面前的曝光率最重要，故A选项“让你上司知道你有多优秀”正确，业绩和形象不是最重要的，故B选项“在周围的人面前树立良好形象”和D选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”错误。C选项“做上级的顾问”：根据第三段第三句，Kaleel Jamison是一名管理顾问，但不意味着要通过做上级的顾问来取得事业成功。因此A选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第三段第五句Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color（大多

36、数女性和黑人非常害怕人们会认为他们升职是因为他们的性别或肤色），可知C选项“不希望人们认为他们晋升是因为性别或肤色”正确，D选项“相信他们可以因性别或肤色而晋升”错误。A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”和B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第二段第二句Coleman is black （科尔曼是黑人）和第三段第二句Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the sca

37、les have dropped from their eyes（不是很多人，特别是很多女性和少数种族，如科尔曼，觉得障碍已经从他们的眼中消除），作者认为不是很多人能够发现这一点，特别是少数种族，也就是黑人，而作为一位黑人，科尔曼能够发现，可见作者非常欣赏科尔曼，认为他很有洞察力，故C选项“有洞察力的”正确。A选项“有偏见的”，B选项“受欢迎的”和D选项“肤浅的”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第三段最后一句Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to

38、find their way into the spotlight.（她对这些人的建议是：学习白人男性传统上寻求进入聚光灯下的方式。），结合文章对于被看见的重要性的数据和例子，可知文章主旨在讨论被上级看见在工作中的重要性，故B选项“被看见的重要性”正确。A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用。C选项“工作表现与晋升”：工作表现与晋升的关系只是文章内容之一。D选项“性别与事业成功”：性别与事业只有提到一点。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题The rehabilitation center admits patients who have difficult

39、ies to get rid of（ ）drinking.问题1选项A.compulsoryB.compulsiveC.conditionalD.compelling【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项compulsory“强制的，规定的，义务的”；B选项compulsive“难以制止的；难控制的”；C选项conditional“附带条件的；依而定的”；D选项compelling“非常强烈的；不可抗拒的”。句意：这个康复中心接纳那些难以戒酒的病人。结合语境与选项，酒瘾为难以制止的，可知compulsive与其意思对应。因此B选项正确。8. 单选题The second definition,

40、 though accurate, is equally as（ ）and useless as the first one, from a practical point of view.问题1选项A.penitentB.constitutedC.repellentD.pedantic【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项penitent“后悔的，愧疚的”；B选项constituted“组成；建立”；C选项repellent“令人厌恶的；防的”；D选项pedantic“迂腐的，学究气的”。句意：第二个定义虽然准确，但从实用性看，也和第一个定义一样（ ），毫不实用。definition不至于r

41、epellent“令人厌恶的”，但是有可能pedantic“学究气的”，这里可以翻译成纸上谈兵的，符合生活实际。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题Of all the classical composers, Tchaikovsky has been a veritable gold-mine as a（ ）source of themes for popular arrangements.问题1选项A.lucrativeB.ostensibleC.orthodoxD.tentative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lucrative“有利可图的，赚钱的”；B选项ostensible“表面

42、的，假装的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；惯常的”；D选项tentative“不确定的，暂定的；犹豫的”。句意：在所有的古典作曲家中，柴可夫斯基是一个名副其实的金矿，他总是创造出大受市场欢迎的主题作品。由gold-mine可知lucrative与其意思对应。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题Each（ ）effort a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.问题1选项A.cordialB.compactC.clumsyD.chronic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项cordial“热情的，真诚的”；B选

43、项compact“体积小的，精制的”；C选项clumsy“笨拙的，不灵活的”；D选项chronic“长期的，慢性的”。句意：婴儿在说话时的每一次（ ）努力都是智力发展的标志。“每一次热情的/体积小的/长期的努力”都没有“笨拙的”更合适，因此C选项正确。11. 单选题We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising cau

44、ses.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein

45、 in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfide producing bacteria gains the upper han

46、d, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exerciseanything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why. Some peoples breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradua

47、lly slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, file simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is eas

48、ily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath. Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears a

49、way many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is they dont necessarily r

50、each all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcoholas most doit can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.1.The underlined phrase “emanate from” in (Sent. 2, Para. 1) most probably means “（ ）”.2.Which of the

51、 following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?3.According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because（ ）.4.Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because（ ）.5.We can infer from this passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.thrive onB.account forC.origin

52、ate fromD.descend from问题2选项A.Tooth trouble.B.Sulfur-rich food.C.Too much exercise.D.Mental strain.问题3选项A.it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB.its smell adds to bad breathC.it kills some helpfulD.it affects the normal flow of saliva问题4选项A.they cant mask the bad odor long enoughB.they cant ge

53、t to all the offending bacteriaC.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD.they cant cover the thick layers of mucus问题5选项A.offensive breath cant easily be curedB.elderly people are less offended by bad breathC.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD.offensive breath is les

54、s affected by alcohol【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义推测题。根据第一段第二句offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth（口臭来自口腔中的细菌），可知C选项“源自”符合题意，故C选项正确。A选项“靠，以”，B选项“对负有责任；对做出解释；（比例）占有”，以及D选项“传下来”意思不符合。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第五段第一、二句anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, tho

55、ugh its not understood why（任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，尽管不知道为什么），可知精神紧张导致口臭，故D选项“精神紧张”正确。A选项“牙齿问题”：根据第二段第一句，医生最多能建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁，可知口臭与口腔清洁有关，没有提到和牙齿问题有关。B选项“高硫的食物”：根据第三段第二、三句，细菌以食物中的蛋白质为食，并排放硫化物这种口臭中最难闻的气体，可知并不是高硫食物导致口臭。C选项“运动过度”：根据第五段第一句，运动时用嘴呼吸产生口臭，可知不是运动过多导致口臭。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Bad breath can ha

56、ppen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows（只要唾液的正常流速放缓，就会有口臭）和第五段第一句Alcoholanything that dries the mouth produces bad breath（酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭），酒精引发口臭，而口臭的原因就是唾液流速低于正常速度，可推断酒精影响唾液正常流动，故D选项“它影响唾液正常流动”正确。A选项“它能阻止致病细菌繁殖”：文章中没有提到任何方法阻止细菌繁殖，只有通过刷牙等清除细菌的方法。B选项“其气味加剧口臭”：根据第八段第二句，含有酒精的漱口水通过气味掩盖口臭，没有提到其气

57、味加剧口臭。C选项“它能有效杀死细菌”：根据第八段第三、四句，漱口水可以杀死部分细菌，但不能杀死所有致病细菌，可知漱口水不能有效杀死细菌。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第八段第四句The trouble is they dont necessarily reach all offending germs（问题是它们不一定能接触到所有致病的细菌），the trouble交代这是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的主要原因，故B选项“它们无法接触到所有致病细菌”正确。A选项“它们无法长时间掩盖难闻气味”：无法长时间掩盖气味是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的表现。C选项“它们浓烈的气味和口臭味道混合后加剧口臭”：

58、根据第八段最后一句如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数都含有会加剧问题，可知漱口水含有酒精并且加剧口臭。D选项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层”：根据第八段倒数第二句，大多数细菌在厚层黏液中，漱口水不能杀死它们，没有说到为什么不能和漱口水能不能到达厚层黏液。因此B选项正确。5.细节判断题。根据第二段Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the us

59、ually curable condition.（直到几年前，医生能做的最多的就是建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁。现在他们正在寻找新的方法来治疗这种通常可以治愈的疾病），对于治愈口臭，前几年医生能做的有限，而且现在还在寻找方法治愈口臭，可见口臭不容易治愈，故A选项“口臭不容易治愈”正确。B选项“老年人口臭较少”：根据第六段第一句老年人比年轻人更多有口臭问题，可知老年人口臭问题更多。C选项“酗酒者较少受到口臭的影响”和D选项“口臭受酒精影响较小”：根据第五段第一句酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭，可知酒精加剧口臭问题并且影响不小。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题For about three c

60、enturies we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or anot

61、her series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human development long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.Voices have

62、been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy. Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesnt really

63、work, wed tried it and it doesnt work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.The principal discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certaintyNewtonian mechanics, for examplehave slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities; some of