2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷4

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1、2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The heavy snow _ travel, so he had to stay here for more days.问题1选项A.impeachedB.impelledC.impededD.imparted【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。impeached “归咎，弹劾”；impelled “推进，促使”；impeded “阻碍”；imparted “给予，传授，告知”。句意：大雪阻碍了旅行，所以他必须在这儿多待几天。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题This method _ my headache. It r

2、eally takes effect.问题1选项A.soothesB.sobersC.soarsD.soaks【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。soothes“安慰，缓和”；sobers “使严肃，使清醒”；soars“上升，高耸”；soaks“浸泡，渗透”。句意：这种方法减轻了我的头痛，真的起了作用。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题It was _ to continue the negotiation since both sides lack the sincerity.问题1选项A.fertileB.futileC.fugitiveD.fussy【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。fertil

3、e“多产的，富饶的”；futile “无效的，无用的”；fugitive“逃亡的，无常的”；fussy “大惊小怪的，爱挑剔的”。句意：因为双方都缺少真诚，继续谈判是无效的。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The dictators first step was to _ the free press.问题1选项A.strangleB.strandC.stratifyD.estrange【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。strangle “压制，使窒息”；strand“使搁浅，陷入困境”；stratify “分层”；estrange “使疏远，离间”。句意：独裁者的第一步是压制言论自由。选项A符合题

4、意。5. 单选题No form of government in the world is _; each system reflects the history and presents needs of the region and the nation.问题1选项A.dominantB.influentialC.integralD.drastic【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。dominant“统治的，支配的”；influential “有影响的，有权势的”；integral “整体的”；drastic “严厉的，激烈的”。句意：世界上没有任何形式的政府是统治性的，每种制度都反映了历史

5、，反映了地区，反映了宗教和国家的需要。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the ex

6、periences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by social

7、reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World War，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected academ

8、ic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who stu

9、dy and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, the

10、content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganization,

11、sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual attitu

12、des, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The basic

13、 hypotheses of the disciplinethat social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to beare ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to li

14、ve and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be confr

15、onted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psycho

16、logy, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies devote

17、d to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the autho

18、r be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_.4.Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.问题1选项A.distinguish sociology in the Un

19、ited States from sociology in France and GermanyB.compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropologyC.provide a general discussion of modern Western sociology and its significanceD.show that sociology is the study of social institutions问题2选项A.Most sociologists are interested in theor

20、etical rather than practical questions.B.There is a discernable structure to everyone s behavior.C.Human behavior can be systematically studied.D.Ones self-image is not encoded genetically.问题3选项A.are subareas of sociologyB.are other names for sociologyC.will achieve the academic respectability of so

21、ciologyD.may be consulted for solutions to sociology problems问题4选项A.Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence.B.The problems facing sociologists do not change as times change.C.The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate sociological research.D.There are factors in interperson

22、al relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist.问题5选项A.“relating to experience and observation”B.“relating to behavior and manner”C.“concerning academy”D.“relying on education”【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。根据全文可知，第一段讲到了说美国社会学发展的重要性，第二段讲到了社会学的领域和内容，最后讲到了社会学在解决复杂的社会问题中的重要性。选项C符合

23、题意。 2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present.”，这门学科强调实践的特点一直延续至今。所以社会学是注重实践的。选项A符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disc

24、iplines comprising the behavioral sciences.”，可知在更大程度上，解决我们的复杂社会更多麻烦的问题，将成为社会学、社会心理学和文化人类学的主要责任。可推断出社会心理学和文化人类学是可以用于解决社会问题的。选项D符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrializati

25、on and urban growth.”，可知，社会学学科的发展是社会经历发展的结果，这种经历伴随着移民社会的诸多问题：快速工业化和城市扩张引起的骚乱。可推断出新文化中的移民问题激发了社会学研究。选项C符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第一段最后一句， “Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant s

26、ocial problems.”，可知作为一个学科，它的主要优势来源于对于识别和解决实际的且相当重要的社会问题的完全依据经验的和老练的方法。所以是用富有经验和老练的方法解决社会问题。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been stated that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise. Therefore，in addition

27、 to having their own experts, MNCs rely on heavily on local tax experts and legal counsel.Taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisions. Taxes will determine the financial structure of subsidiary，and they will influence pricing decisions. They may also lead to the formati

28、on of holding companies. An MNC may decide to establish a branch rather than a subsidiary because of a given tax situation. The absence of a tax treaty between the country of a would-be investor and the nation where a foreign investment is to take place might lead to cancellation of investment plans

29、. An unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out. This unit will deal with the different tax systems in the world and their impact on an MNCs global strategy.Basically, any tax system can be divided into direct and indirect taxes. Corporate and individual income taxes are di

30、rect，value-added taxes，sales taxes，and import duties are indirect taxes. Corporate income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations. France, the United States, Holland, Canada, and Germany have rates of around 50 percent; Italy，the United Kingdom and Japan have rates of b

31、etween 36 and 40 percent.Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment. Thus, Brazil has a rate of 30 percent, and Indonesia has a 40 percent tax rate. A corporate tax is levied on taxable earnings. Taxable earnings are more significant than t

32、he tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible. Countries differ greatly in determining taxable earnings. Some allow accelerated depreciation, whereby the asset (usually the plant or equipment) is written off at a su

33、bstantially higher rate during the first years than in the later years. This allows for smaller taxable earnings in the early years. Other countries allow tax-free investment reserves. These are used at a later stage for investment in undeveloped areas of countries or are sent when countries are in

34、a recession.A recent type of tax that has won recognition in the European Common Market is value-added tax (VAT). This is a national sales tax levied at each stage of production or at the sale of consumer goods. The tax is assessed in proportion to the value added during that stage. Generally, manuf

35、acturing goods, such as plant and equipment, have been exempted from this tax. In most cases, food items also have been exempted.Here is an example of how VAT works. A tree owner who sells part of a tree to a lumber mill for $ 1 must set aside ten cents VAT to pay to the government. The lumber mill

36、processes the tree into building material and sells the wood for $ 3 to a lumber wholesaler. The mill adds $ 2 in value，and thus sets aside 10 percent of the added value, or twenty cents, to pay to the government. And so the VAT continues until the final sale.The VAT system offers advantages, such a

37、s rebates on exports. Profitable and unprofitable firms are taxed alike, as there is no possibility of tax deductions to determine taxable income. A badly run company is, therefore, forced to improve or go out of business. Further, VAT is easy to calculate and collect. But VAT is often accused of ha

38、ving contributed to serious inflation in countries where it was introduced, notably in Western Europe.1.Tax systems can be divided into_.2.One arrives at taxable earnings when_.3.The reason no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise is that_.4.Which of the following is not an

39、advantage of a VAT system?5.Why did the less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates?问题1选项A.income taxes and direct taxesB.indirect taxes and direct taxesC.value-added taxes and sales taxesD.import duties and sales taxes问题2选项A.all tax-deductible items have been subtractedB.acceler

40、ated depreciation is allowed forC.tax-free investment reserves are allowed forD.assets are written off问题3选项A.an MNC is not allowed to learn ultimate tax expertiseB.taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisionC.there are too many countries and regions involved and their ta

41、x systems are complicatedD.an unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out问题4选项A.Rebates on exports.B.Profitable or unprofitable firms are taxed alike.C.Easy to calculate and collect.D.Contributions to serious inflation.问题5选项A.They want to invest more money on other projects.

42、B.The less developed countries want to attract more foreign investment.C.Extra money should be spent on foreign investment.D.Corporate tax rates are less important to the development of the less developed countries.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“Basically, any tax system can be

43、 divided into direct and indirect taxes.”，可知任何税收系统都可分为直接和间接两种。选项B符合题意。 2.推断题。根据第四段，“Taxable earnings are more significant than the tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible.”，可知应纳税收入比税率重要，计算出税收前，它们决定应该扣除哪些，换句话说，这些项

44、目是可以减免税收的。可推断出扣除了所有可扣除项目后，剩下的就是应纳税的收入。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章开头，“For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been stated that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise.”，可知对于跨国公司来说，因为税收计划是非常复杂的事情，所以没有哪个跨国公司拥有终极的税收技术。根据文章第三段，“Corporate

45、income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations.”，可知企业所得税在工业化国家各不相同，下文也提到了不同国家有不同的税率。可推断出因为各国的税率不同，所以税收体系相当复杂。选项C符合题意。 4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句，“But VAT is often accused of having contributed to serious inflation in countries where it was introduced, notably in Western Europ

46、e.”，可知在引入增值税的国家，增值税经常被指控为可导致严重的通货膨胀，特别是在欧洲国家。导致通货膨胀是增值税的缺点，选项D符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据第四段第一句，“Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment.”，可知为了吸引外资，欠发达国家通常规定较低的税率。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad

47、 hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn.Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42. 7 % of all college stud

48、ents engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks.An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State Universit

49、y died from alcohol poisoning.“Alcohol is always toxic. Its really a poison，”said Steven Schandler，professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. “Becaus

50、e its a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die.Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And f

51、or some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol.But problems with alcohol arent limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad

52、 shape.Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4 %five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood，enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more eff

53、ectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said.Regardless of a persons tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins

54、its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain s cortex，which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That s why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol，and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others.Coordination, mainly cont

55、rolled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until “it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat,” sa

56、id Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine.At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. “The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest，” said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stop

57、s. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning.College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no f

58、ail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass，advocates a community-based approach that includes administrator

59、s, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.1.From the passage，we can

60、 learn that “binge drinking” is _.2.Why are college freshmen especially at risk for alcohol poisoning according to administrators and doctors?3.What can enzymes do when one is drunk?4.Which of the following is TRUE?5.Binge drinking may most seriously lead to_.问题1选项A.an excessive consumption of alcoh

61、olB.drinking oneself into a comaC.drinking poisonous alcoholD.a kind of illegal drinking问题2选项A.Their bodies are not used to alcohol.B.They cannot refrain themselves.C.They are under greater pressure.D.Both A and B问题3选项A.They help drunken people survive when they take in more alcohol than tolerable.B

62、.They help people in coma regain consciousness.C.They expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys.D.They can make people stay conscious.问题4选项A.College officials are aware of the seriousness of students binge drinking but cannot do anything.B.College officials are taking measures to prevent binge drinking

63、 though without much success.C.College officials think that they do not have any methods to stop students from drinking.D.College officials just stand by without doing anything to the problem.问题5选项A.deathB.crazinessC.disabilityD.unconsciousness【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义题。根据文章第一段，“Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage.”，可知Binge drinking在大学是很常见的，许多成年人把饮酒过量看作