2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷77

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1、2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题No matter how frequently （ ），the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.问题1选项A.performedB.performingC.to be performedD.being performed【答案】A【解析】句意: 不管贝多芬的作品演奏多频繁，都能吸引大量的观众。语法题。考查动词时态语态。perform 与主语 the works of Beethoven 在逆辑上是动 宾关系，且“演奏”与句子谓语“吸引”没有时

2、间上的先后顺序，用过去分词作状语。No matter how frequently performed是省略了be动词are。故选A。2. 翻译题Put the following 5 sentences into Chinese. Write them in the proper spaces on your answer sheet.The All-China Federation of Women has recently dropped the label and now refers to old unmarried women but the left over expressio

3、n remains widely used elsewhere.The protoplanet would take tens of thousands of years to grow up, and scientists hope to study the entity and glean insights into how it was created and how it might evolve.Human longevity has improved so rapidly over the past century that 72 is the new 30, scientists

4、 have claimed. Moreover, it is no longer clear where the possible outer boundaries of human life stand.The best way to clean your glasses is to run them under warm water and put a tiny drop of dishwashing detergent on the tip of your fingers to create a lather on the lens. Then rinse with warm water

5、, and diy with a clean, soft cotton cloth.Innovative companies are led by innovative chief executives. They spend their time asking provocative questions, observing the world like anthropologists, networking with people who dont think, act or talk like them.If youre taking risks, and you probably sh

6、ould, you can find yourself failing 90% of the time. The trick is to get paid while youre doing the failing and to use the experience to gain skills that will be useful later. We should be taught that failure is a process, not an obstacle.The following three basic processes promise help with great i

7、nefficiency: collecting tasks and projects from all your notebooks, calendars and files into one organizing system; deciding on the next steps and desired outcomes for each item; and making a habit of frequently checking and updating your to-dos and plans.Studies show that at least half of the varia

8、tion in intelligence quotient is inherited. But while scientists have identified some genes that can significantly lower IQ - in people afflicted with mental retardation, for example - truly important genes that affect normal IQ variation have yet to be pinned down.According to scientists, sending y

9、our child to piano or violin lessons in a bid to boost their academic achievement is a waste of money. Although research has shown that youngsters who take music lessons are more likely to be top of their class, psychologist Glenn claims this link is misleading.Money makes the world go round, but it

10、 is not the key to happiness, according to other studies. In 2008, a survey from the Office for National Statistics found that British families were healthier and twice as well off as they were 20 years ago, but are no happier.【答案】中国妇联近日己经弃用“剩女”一词，改用“大龄未婚女青年”，但是“剩女”一词在其它地方还是被广泛使用。原行星的形成需要经历成千上万年。科学家

11、仍希望对它展开研究，以便了解它的诞生和演变。科学家宣称，过去100年间人类平均寿命快速延长，以至于现在的72岁相当于过去的30岁。另外，人类寿命的可能极限不再清晰。清洁眼镜的最佳方式是将其在温水下冲洗，在指尖滴一小滴洗洁精，在镜片上打出泡沫， 然后用温水洗净，并用干净柔软的棉布擦干。创新型的公司都有创新型的领袖。他们总是提出发人深省的问题，像人类学家那样观察世界，与思维、行事或言谈跟自己不同的人交往。如果你铤而走险，而且是不得不这么干的时候，就会发现十有八九是要失败的。关键是要在失败的过程中积累经验，提升能力为将来做准备。我们要明白，失败是一个过程，而不是一个障碍。以下三个基本过程能够帮助改善

12、效率极端低下的状况：1、将所有的笔记本的任务和项目进行汇总，按日历和文件类别形成组织化系统；2、确定每个项目的下一个步骤与预期结果； 3、养成经常检查与更新待办事项和计划的习惯。研究表明：至少有一半的智商的变异是遗传的。但是科学家们已经鉴定出可以降低智商的部分基因，例如：智力发育迟缓人群。然而，影响正常智商变化的极为重要的基因还尚未确定。科学家称，为了提高孩子的学习成绩而把孩子送去学弹钢琴或拉小提琴，纯属浪费钱。 尽管有研究显示，学音乐的小孩更可能在班上名列前茅，但心理学家格伦指出，将这两者联系在一起有误导性。其他的研究则发现，金钱让世界运转，但不是幸福的要素。2008年，英国国家统计局的一项

13、调查发现，英国家庭的健康状况比20年前更好，收入也是20年前的两倍，但是英国人并没有比20年前更幸福。3. 单选题（ ） quantities of water are being used nowadays with the rapid development of industry and agriculture.问题1选项A.ExcessiveB.ExtensiveC.ExtremeD.Exclusive【答案】B【解析】句意: 如今，随着工农业快速发展水的消耗很大。形容词辨析。Excessive过多的，过分的; Extensive广泛的，大量的; Extreme极端的; exclusi

14、ve独有的，排外的。因此B符合句意。4. 单选题Nowadays many people become unemployed as a result of the wide introduction of （ ）in big industries问题1选项A.estimationB.automationC.transformationD.conformation【答案】B【解析】句意: 如今，一些大型工业广泛采用自动化技术，造成很多人失业。名词辨析。estimation判断，评价; automation自动化; transformation转变，改革; conformation 结构, 构造。

15、B符合句意。5. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic（官僚主义的）management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relatio

16、ns” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the rune of automated machines and bu

17、reaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human

18、 existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be pr

19、omoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and againby the psychologist

20、s, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.A

21、m I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically manage

22、d industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this en

23、d, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is （ ）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that（ ）.3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those（ ）.4.To solve

24、 the present social problems the author suggests that we should（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（ ）.问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an un

25、important part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.they are likely to lose their jobsB.they are deprived of their individuality and independenceC.they take no interest in life and workD.the

26、y are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence问题3选项A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who are higher up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow competitorsD.who could keep far away from this competitive world问题4选项A.enable man to fully develop his potentialities

27、B.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsD.take the fundamental realities for granted.问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.susceptibility【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”本意指 “机器上一个润滑良好的齿轮”。而该短语

28、前面用了形容词small，后面说“yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless., 又强调了人的弱小。由此推测答案选C(与社会其他部分相比，这是一个不重要的部分，尽管起到润滑作用。2.细节事实题。题目问的是工薪阶层感到焦虑的原因, 定位至第二段: The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job (工薪阶层的人感到焦虑不仅是因为他们有可能会失业), 故排除A

29、。后面说到: they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings (他们之所以感到焦虑是因为他们无法获得真正意义上的

30、生活的满足感和乐趣，他们一生都不曾正视过作为情感上和智力上独立的且富有创造力的人类生存的基本现实)。由此可知, C和D不符合原文, B项正确。3.判断推理题。第三段指出: Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious (处于上流社会阶层的人和那些工薪阶 层的人一样忧虑), This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the

31、 very causes of unhappiness and illness (他们需耍不断证明自己比竞争对手好，因此常常忧虑并感受压力，这也是他们生病、不快乐的原因)。由此可知真正幸福的生活属于那些远离竞争世界的人。故选D。4.细节事实题。题干问的是社会问题的解决办法,由此定位至最后一段: I suggesttransforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves

32、 into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements (我的建议是将我们的社会制度从一个本身以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理工业体制转变成以人及其潜能的充分开发（如爱和理性的潜能）作为社会安排的目的的人文主义工业体制)。故选A。5.观点态度题。作者首先指出了现有工业体制下的问题,在最后一段表明了自己的观点。作者建议我们 的社会需要从官僚主

33、义管理工业体制向人文主义工业体制改变。故选B。6. 单选题Blood vessels running all through the lungs carry blood to each air sac, or alveolus, and then back again to the heart. Only the thin wall of the air sac and the thin wall of a capillary are between the air and the blood. So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs throu

34、gh the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs.When blood is sent to the lungs by the heart, it has come back from the cells in the rest of the body. So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbo

35、n dioxide but very little oxygen. At the same time, the air that goes into the air sac contains much oxygen but very little carbon dioxide. You have learned that dissolved materials always diffuse from where there is more of them to where there is less. Oxygen from the air dissolves in the moisture

36、on the lining of the air sac and diffuses through the lining into the blood. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sac. The blood then flows from the lungs back to the heart, which sends it out to all other parts of the body.Soon after air goes into an air sac, it gives up s

37、ome of its oxygen and takes in some carbon dioxide from the blood. To keep diffusion going as it should, this carbon dioxide must be gotten rid of. Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air. The breathing muscl

38、es are controlled automatically so that you breathe at the proper rate to keep your air sacs supplied with fresh air. Ordinarily, you breathe about twenty-two times a minute. Of course, you breathe faster when you are exercising and slower when you are resting. Fresh air is brought into your lungs w

39、hen you breathe in, or inhale, while used air is forced out of your lungs when you breathe out, or exhale.Some people think that all the oxygen is taken out of the air in the lungs and that what we breathe out is pure carbon dioxide. But these ideas are not correct. Air is a mixture of gases that is

40、 mostly nitrogen. This gas is not used in the body. So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out. But while air is in the lungs, it is changed in three ways: (1) about one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood; (2) an almost equal amount of carbon dioxide come

41、s out of the blood into the air and (3) moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated.1.It can be inferred from the passage that oxygen and carbon dioxide（ ）.2.When blood travels back to the lungs by the heart,（ ）.3.The movement of breathing

42、can effectively（ ）.4.When we breathe out, the amount of nitrogen（ ）.5.The air in the lungs changes through（ ）.问题1选项A.produce energy for breathingB.diffuse immediately in the bloodC.penetrate slowly into the air sacsD.travel in opposite ways in the lungs问题2选项A.more oxygen was contained in bloodB.more

43、 carbon dioxide was contained in the bloodC.less carbon dioxide was contained in an air sacD.less oxygen was contained in an air sac问题3选项A.help the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungsB.prevent the inhaling of excessive carbon dioxideC.keep the regular circulation of bloodD.strengthen

44、the function of breathing muscles问题4选项A.increases a bit because of the exchange of airB.reduces a bit because of the exchange of airC.remains the same as we breathe it inD.keeps the same as that needed in lungs问题5选项A.inhaling some amount of oxygenB.the evaporation of moistureC.exhaling some amount o

45、f carbon dioxideD.generating a passage for evaporation【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs (所以氧气很容易穿过薄壁，从肺泡扩散到血液，而二氧化碳则很容易穿

46、过薄壁，从血液扩散到肺泡), 故选D。2.细节事实题。题干为: 当血液由心脏返回到肺部时。第二段指出: So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen(所以进入肺泡的血液含有很多溶解的二氧化碳和很少的氧气), 故选B(血液里含有更多二氧化碳)。3.判断推理题。第三段指出: Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air

47、out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air(由胸腔运动导致的呼吸将使用过的空气排出肺泡，然后吸入新鲜空气)。故选A(帮助氧气和二氧化碳在肺部交换)。4.判断推理题。第四段指出: So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out(当呼气和吸气时，氮气保持不变)。故选C(吸气时保持不变)。5.判断推理题。文章最后一句指出: moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sa

48、cs evaporates until the air is almost saturated(气道和气泡内壁水分会蒸发，直到空气饱和状态)。故选B(水分蒸发)。7. 单选题“You （ ）borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend问题1选项A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can【答案】A【解析】句意: 我对我的朋友说“假如你好好保管，你就可以借用我的笔记。”。语法题。考查情态动词。由句中关键词“borrow my notes用我的笔记”与“provided you take care of

49、them假如你照顾他们”的对应知这里表示一种“现实可能性”，故A “could”正确。此外，虽然“can”也可用来表示现在的可能性，但是它一般用在问句或否定句中。should “应该”；must “必须；一定”。8. 单选题The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other

50、journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to theirreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Associ

51、ation, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external sta

52、tisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive t

53、o increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Pannigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishmen

54、t of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”1.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that （

55、）.2.The phrase “flagged up” (Para.2) is the closest in meaning to（ ）.3.Giovanni Pannigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may（ ）.4.The author holds that what Science is doing now（ ）.5.Which of the following is the best title of the text?问题1选项A.Science intends to simplify its peer-revie

56、w processB.journals are strengthening their statistical checksC.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD.lack of data analysis is common in research projects问题2选项A.foundB.revisedC.markedD.stored问题3选项A.pose a threat to all its peersB.meet with strong oppositionC.increase Sciences circul

57、ationD.set an example for other journals问题4选项A.adds to researchers workloadB.diminishes the role of reviewersC.has room for further improvementD.is to fail in the foreseeable future问题5选项A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysi

58、s Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段中: The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar effort

59、s from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings (科学杂志的主编Marcia McNutt今天宣布该杂志正在为自身的同行评议过程增加一轮额外的统计检查。在人们广泛担心数据分析的基本错误正导致很多出版的研究发现不能再生产之后，科学杂志的该政策跟随了其它杂志的类似努力)。由此可知B项“各类杂志正在强化自身的统计检查”正确。2

60、.语义题。根据题干定位至第二段: Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.(杂志的内部编辑、现有的审稿委员会或外部同行审稿人将对Manu进行进一步的审查), 由此可知“flag up”有“标出；指出”的意思，故C项“被标记”正确。3.细节事实题。最后一段: This impact will not only be throu

61、gh the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science (这个影响不仅通过科学杂志本身的出版物来产生，而且希望通过大量的出版机构来产生影响，这些机构可能想去模仿科学 杂志的方式)。由此可知D项“为其它杂志树立榜样”正确。4.推理判断题。第一段支出: The journal Science is adding an extra round of statis

62、tical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of, many published research findings (科学杂志的主编Marcia

63、McNutt今天宣布该杂志正在为自身的同行评议过程增加一轮额外的统计检查。在人们广泛担心数据分析的基本错误正导致很多出版的研究发现不能再生产之后，科学杂志的该政策跟随了其它杂志的类似努力),由此可推知C项“有进一步改善的空间”正确。5.主旨大意题。全文中心句出现在第一段: The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings (科学杂志的主编Marcia McNutt今天宣布该杂志正在为自身的同行评议过程增加一轮额外的统计检查。在人们广泛担心数据分