2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷61

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题In the delivery of a high standard of medical care, the safety of the patient is paramount. It seems that medical blunders are emerging almost on a daily basis. But we need to keep a sense of perspective.While such incidents are worrying, they should not neces

2、sarily be seen as a sign that things are getting worse and that patients are being exposed to increasing risks. They may simply have been coming to light more frequently. If so, that is good. The hospital part has rightly promised to see that they are always brought to public attention from now on.

3、Prompt disclosure of possible defects in the healthcare system and transparent action to remedy them can only have a positive effect on the standard of care in the long run.【答案】在提供高标准的医疗服务时，病人的安全是最重要的。医疗事故似乎每天都在发生。但我们需要保持一种洞察力。虽然这类事件令人担忧，但它们并不一定意味着情况正在恶化，或者病人暴露在面临越来越多的风险中。它们可能只是被曝光得更频繁了。如果是这样，那很好。医院

4、方面恰当地承诺，从现在起一定要让公众注意到他们。及时披露医疗体系中可能存在的缺陷，并采取透明行动加以补救，从长远来看，只会对医疗标准产生积极的影响。2. 不定项选择题We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager at th

5、e University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helple

6、ss partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the im

7、mune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with si

8、tuations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how

9、the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the

10、stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amount of sweetener during their earli

11、er conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.1. Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _.2. According

12、to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to _.3. The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _.4. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Aders was that _.问题1选项A.was alteredB.was strengthenedC.was weakenedD.was not

13、affected问题2选项A.behave passively in controllable situationsB.try to control unpleasant stimuliC.become abnormally suspiciousD.turn off the electricity问题3选项A.it led to stomach painsB.they disliked its tasteC.they associated it with stomachachesD.it affected their immune systems问题4选项A.their immune syst

14、ems had been altered by the mindB.they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinC.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioningD.the sweetener was poisonous to them experiment.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:事实细节题。题干：劳登斯拉格的实验表明，那些能够切断电源的老鼠的免疫系统。A选项“被改动”；B选项“被加强”；C选项“被削弱”；D选项

15、“不受影响”.根据题干定位到第一段“劳登斯拉格发现，无助的大鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些能够切断电源的大鼠则没有（but not in those that could turn off the electricity）。”由此可知答案选D。第2题:事实细节题。题干：根据文章，那些无助的经历会导致老鼠。A选项“在可控的情况下被动地表现”；B选项“努力控制不愉快的刺激”；C选项“变得异常多疑”；D选项“断电”。根据题干定位到第二段第三段话But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, t

16、hey later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.“但是，如果动物面对它们无法控制的情况，它们以后在面对它们可以控制的情况时就会表现得被动。”所以这里答案选A。第3题:事实细节题。题干：为什么在安德尔的实验里老师会躲避糖精。A选项“因为糖精会导致肚子痛”；B选项“他们不喜欢这个味道”；C选项“他们把糖精和肚子痛联系起来了”；D选项“糖精影响了他们的免疫系统”。根据题干定位到最后一段第二、三句In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Ro

17、chester School of Medicine conditioned（使形成条件反射）mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.（1975年心理学家罗伯特阿德在罗切斯特大学医学院通过同时喂食造成胃不舒服的系统使老鼠形成躲避糖精的条件反射。老鼠将糖精与胃

18、痛联系起来，很快就学会了避开这种甜味剂。）由此可知并不是糖精让人不舒服，是科学家有意让老鼠认为吃了糖精就会造成肚子不舒服，所以答案选C。第4题:事实细节题。题干：这段话告诉我们，在阿德实验里，老鼠死亡的最可能的原因是。A选项“他们的免疫系统被思维改变了”；B选项“他们的心理被糖精削弱了”；C选项“他们在之前的条件反射中摄入了太多的甜味剂”；D选项“甜味剂对他们有害”。根据题干定位到第三段第一句One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by cha

19、nce.（关于大脑如何改变免疫反应的一个最令人吃惊的例子是偶然发现的）和最后一段第四，五句In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amount of sweetener during their earlier conditioning die

20、d. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them（为了消除这种对甜味剂的厌恶，阿德再次让这些老鼠接触糖精，但这次没有药物，他惊讶地发现，那些在早期条件作用中摄入了最高量甜味剂的老鼠死亡了。他只能推测，他已经成功地对老鼠进行了条件反射，现在单用糖精就可以削弱它们的免疫系统，足以杀死它们。）从这三句可以看出答案选A。3. 单选题In

21、spite of the（ ）economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.问题1选项A.gloomyB.miserableC.shadowyD.obscure【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项gloomy“黑暗的，沮丧的”；B选项miserable“悲惨的，痛苦的”；C选项shadowy“幽暗的，多阴影的”；D选项obscure“昏暗的，晦涩的”。句意：尽管经济预期（），制造业产量有所上升。这里关键词in spite of可知，经济预期不是很好，这里能够用来形容经济这个抽象概念的只有A选项。B选项一般指人的品质或

22、者命运。C选项一般指天气。D选项是指模棱两可的，代入句中不符合逻辑。4. 单选题However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to _ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.问题1选项A.overturnB.overtakeC.offsetD.oppress【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“推翻”；B选项“超过”；C选项“抵消，弥补”；D选项“压迫”。句意：然而金属制品工业能够（）钢铁工业的衰退。由于金属制成品产业和钢铁工业不存在竞争关系，甚至会存在某种

23、互补关系，所以A，B，D排除，答案选C。5. 单选题It was no _ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.问题1选项A.coincidenceB.conventionC.certaintyD.complication【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“巧合，一致发生”； B选项“大会，公约”；C选项“确认”；D选项“并发症，复杂”。句意：在银行被抢的时候他的车被看到停在附近，这绝对不是（）。根据句意，这个人在推测为什么正好在银行被抢的时候在附近看到了他的车，会不会也太巧了。这里结合选项应该选A。

24、6. 单选题The Indians see little（ ）for success and become frustrated, because they usually go to inferior school and often cannot adjust to life in the city.问题1选项A.instinctB.propositionC.priorityD.prospect【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“直觉”；B选项“命题，主题”；C选项“优先权”；D选项“前途，预期”。句意：印第安人似乎只有一点点对成功（）而且变得沮丧，因为他们通常去教学质量不好的学校而且

25、不能适应城市生活。从关键词go to inferior school and often cannot adjust to life in the city可知，印第安人成功希望不是很大，所以答案选D。7. 单选题（ ）I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.问题1选项A.As long asB.AsC.WhileD.Even【答案】C【解析】考查连词。A选项As long as“只要”；B选项As“只要，随着”；C选项While“尽管”；D选项Even“甚至，即使”。（）我同情

26、，我对他们脱困帮助不了太多。这里两个句子是转折让步的关系，所以答案A排除，as引导让步状语的时候要用部分倒装，所以答案B排除；D选项是副词不能连接两个句子，所以答案D排除；所以答案选C选项。8. 不定项选择题Like most parents, geologist Brian Atwater worries about his daughters safety. But these days, he has an unusual concern: the public school she attends in Seattle has un-reinforced masonry walls,

27、construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes. The same type of walls crushed hundreds of thousands of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in China.A decade ago, Atwater would have paid little notice to schoolroom walls. But over the last several years, he and other scientists have foun

28、d disturbing signs that the Pacific Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a catastrophic shock in the near or distant future.At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December, researchers discussed the recently uncovered evidence of q

29、uake potential in the Pacific Northwest. While some remain unconvinced that huge earthquakes with magnitudes of 8 or higher do indeed strike this region, a growing number consider such shocks a serious possibility.Whats worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and V

30、ancouver have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude, which could rattle the regions population centers with enough force to make the recent San Francisco area damage seem mild in comparison.“I think its quite true to say that nothing (in these areas) has really been designed with one of the

31、se earthquakes in mind, ” says seismologist Paul Somerville of Woodward Clyde Consultants in Pasadena Calif. At the meeting, Somerville and his colleagues presented estimates of the degree of shaking Portland and Seattle would suffer during a massive earthquake.1. During the 1976 Tangshan earthquake

32、 in China, hundreds of thousands of people were killed by（ ） .2. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that（ ）.3. The word “shock” means the same as（ ） .4. What does the word “mild” in Paragraph 4 mean?5. Which of the following is not true?问题1选项A.fireB.un-strengthened brick and stone buildingsC.masonry walls

33、D.un-reinforced concrete walls问题2选项A.Mr. Atwater loves his daughter very muchB.Mr. Atwater and other scientists pay attention to signs of earthquakes in the Pacific NorthwestC.the earthquakes will strike northwestern citiesD.Mr. Atwater has been concerned a lot over schoolrooms for the past several

34、years问题3选项A.quakeB.violence forceC.attackD.crash问题4选项A.softB.not hardC.not severeD.gentle问题5选项A.The public school where Mr. Atwaters daughter studies has schoolrooms easy to destroy during a massive earthquake.B.While some scientists still dont believe that huge quakes will occur in Pacific Northwes

35、t, more and more scientists feel certain.C.Somerville and his colleagues made a judgment on the loss suffered in Seattle during the next earthquake.D.The researchers are worried that northwestern cities havent made any preparations against such a huge quake.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:事实细节题

36、。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段最后一、二句话.the public school she attends in Seattle has un-reinforced masonry walls, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes. The same type of walls crushed hundreds of thousands of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in China.（她在西雅图就读的公立学校有未加固的砖墙，这种建筑因在地震中倒塌而臭名昭著。相同类

37、型的墙在1976年的唐山大地震压死了成百上千人）。第二步综合理解，这里un-reinforced masonry walls与选C相符，所以答案选C。A选项“火”，在文中都没有提到属于无中生有。B选项“没有加固的砖石建筑”，对应原文第一段最后一二句话，但是此处讲的是un-reinforced masonry walls不是brick and stone building，此处属于张冠李戴，所以不选；D选项“无钢筋混凝土墙”，此处讲的是masonry walls不是concrete walls，此处也属于张冠李戴，所以不选。第2题:推理判断题。第一步，找句内线索，定位到第二段第二句But ove

38、r the last several years, he and other scientists have found disturbing signs that the Pacific Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a catastrophic shock in the near or distant future.（但在过去几年里，他和其他科学家发现了令人不安的迹象，太平洋西北部在很久以前经历过巨大的地震并且在不远的将来，该地区可

39、能会遭受灾难性的冲击），第二步综合理解，定位句和B选项“爱德华和其他科学家注意到了南太平洋地震的预兆”；是同意转换，所以答案选B。A选项“爱德华先生非常爱他的女儿”，第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第一段第一句Like most parents, geologist Brian Atwater worries about his daughters safety（和大多数父母一样，地质学家布莱恩阿特沃特担心女儿的安全。）但是题干的要求是第二段可以推断出什么，这里属于出处错误；C选项“地震将会袭击西北城市”，可以定位到第二段第二句（见上文）。第二步综合理解，这里的the area指的是the Pac

40、ific Northwest不是northwest cities，这里属于张冠李戴。D选项“在过去几年，爱德华一直在关注学校教室”，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二句But these days, he has an unusual concern: the public school she attends in Seattle has un-reinforced masonry walls, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes（但这些天，他有一个不同寻常的担忧：她在西雅图上的公立学校有未加固的砖石墙，这种建筑因

41、在地震中倒塌而臭名昭著），这里虽然爱德华确实担心这种墙会倒，但是不是第二段的内容，这里属于出处错误。第3题:词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息衔接，根据题干定位到he and other scientists have found disturbing signs that Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a catastrophic shock in the near or distant future（他和其他科学家发现了令人不安的迹象

42、，太平洋西北部在很久以前经历过巨大的地震并且在不远的将来，该地区可能会遭受灾难性的冲击）and连接两个并列的定语从句，in the distance past和in the near future，以及northwest和the area，这里可能讲的是发生在这块西北区的同一件事，不过一件已经发生过了，而另一件快要发生了。第二步，上下文语义衔接，上文提到了有迹象表明太平洋西北地区以前发生过地震，在不久的将来这里又要发生了，所以shock是上文quake的同义替换，所以答案选A选项quake“发抖，震动”；B选项violence force“暴力”，文中没有提及暴力，属于无中生有。C选项atta

43、ck“攻击”，文中没有提及攻击，属于无中生有。D选项crash“碰撞，倒塌”，文中没有提及碰撞，属于无中生有。第4题:词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息衔接，根据文章定位到四段整句话 Whats worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and Vancouver have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude, which could rattle the regions population centers with enough

44、 force to make the recent San Francisco area damage seem mild in comparison.（他们说，令人担忧的是，波特兰、西雅图和温哥华等西北城市还没有为这种级别的地震做好准备。这种地震可能会对该地区的人口中心造成足够大的震动，使旧金山地区最近遭受的破坏相比之下显得比较轻微）；第二步，上下文语义衔接，mild前面连接的信息是San Francisco area damage，后面连接的信息是in comparison。就可以看出，这里是在做比较，比较两个灾难的严重性。上文还提到了whats worrisome以及not prepar

45、ed for earthquakes of this magnitude，这里说明前面的地震要比后面的破坏更加严重，所以后面的破坏相对来说就不是那么严重了，所以答案选C选项；A选项“柔软的”，不能用来修饰“破坏”，这里属于反向干扰；B选项“不困难的”，不能用来修饰“破坏”，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“温柔的，绅士的”，不能用来修饰“破坏”，这里属于反向干扰。第5题:推理判断题。第一步，精准定位，根据选项定位到最后一段倒数第二句话At the meeting, Somerville and his colleagues presented estimates of the degree of sh

46、aking Portland and Seattle would suffer during a massive earthquake.（在会议上，萨默维尔和他的同事们对波特兰和西雅图在大地震中可能遭受的震动程度进行了估计）。第二步综合理解，科学家萨默维尔预估的是震动的等级而不是地震中受到的损失，这里属于张冠李戴，所以C选项“萨默维尔和他的同事对西雅图在下一次地震中遭受的损失作出了判断”错误，答案选C；A选项“阿特沃特的女儿就读的公立学校的教室在大地震中很容易被摧毁”，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二句话the public school she attends in Seattle has

47、 un-reinforced masonry walls, construction notorious for collapsing during earthquakes.（她在西雅图就读的公立学校有未加固的砖石墙，这种建筑因在地震中倒塌而臭名昭著），从这个句可以看出，A选项正确，所以不选；B选项“虽然一些科学家仍然不相信太平洋西北部会发生大地震，但越来越多的科学家感觉会”，第一步，精准定位，根据选项定位到第三段最后一句话While some remain unconvinced that huge earthquakes with magnitudes of 8 or higher do

48、indeed strike this region, a growing number consider such shocks a serious possibility.（虽然有些人仍然不相信8级或更高的大地震确实会袭击这个地区，但越来越多的人认为这种地震是有很大的可能性的。），所以B选项不选；D选项“研究人员担心，西北城市还没有为应对如此巨大的地震做任何准备”，第一步，精准定位，根据第四段第一句话Whats worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and Vancouver ha

49、ve not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude（他们说，令人担忧的是，波特兰、西雅图和温哥华等西北城市还没有为这种级别的地震做好准备）选项D正确，不选。9. 单选题_ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.问题1选项A.AsB.WhatC.ThatD.It【答案】A【解析】考查从句引导

50、词。句意：（）从这些数字的比较可以看出，其原理涉及到病人积极参与病情的改善。两个句子之间缺少连词，所以不能只单独加主语，此句是非限制性定语从句。根据句意as引导非限制性定语从句来修饰整个主句最合适，所以答案选A。what和that都不能引导非限制性定语从句，所以B，C不选。10. 单选题Some people think they can read a mans _ from his handwriting.问题1选项A.attributeB.featureC.propertyD.character【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项attribute“属性，特质”；B选项feature“特

51、色，特征”；C选项property“财产”；D选项character“性格，特性”。句意：一些人认为他们可以从一个人的笔迹中看出这个人的（）。从笔迹中看出来的是人的性格特点，A，B，D都有性格的意思，但是attribute一般指一个群体的特性，比如说Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.（耐心是作为老师最重要的特性之一）；feature指的是一种外显的特征，一眼看得出来不需要推测，比如说Her eyes are her most striking feature.（她容貌中最引人注目的特点是她的双眼）；cha

52、racter指的是人的性格特点；所以答案选D。11. 单选题Only take such clothes（ ）really necessary.问题1选项A.as wereB.as they areC.as they wereD.as are【答案】D【解析】12. 不定项选择题What do video cassettes, ice cream, pizzas, whisky and bouquets of flowers all have in common? The answer is that in Japan they can all be bought from a vending

53、 machine. Japan boasts more vending machines per person than any other country in the world, with one for every 22 people. America, by contrast, has one for every 46; the European Community only one for every 200.Japanese vending machines are also more productive. Sales per machine are almost two-th

54、irds higher than in America, because the Japanese machines sell high-value products, like whisky, as well as the usual Coca-cola and gum.Craving a cigarette or bar of chocolate? In America or Britain the nearest vending machine is probably vandalized, empty, or accepts only the right money in the wr

55、ong coins. Thanks to its low crime-rate and sophisticated electronics, Japans vending machines are much reliable. They are also less likely to run out, thanks to on-line monitoring of stocks.Despite what looks like saturation by anyone elses standards, the number of vending machines in Japan is set

56、to grow. This is because the labor-saving advantages of vending machines have yet to be fully exploited. Declining birth rates, an aging population and tight controls on immigration are creating a shortage of low-wage workers in Japan and boosting the demand for ever cleverer machines. One of the fa

57、stest growing sectors is heated food such as pizzas. A vending machine can replace waitresses in hamburger joints, ticket vendors in cinemas and counter staff in all-night stores.The latest craze is vending machines that sell love. Men looking for a girl-friend pay to have their vital statistics fed

58、 into the love machine including their name, telephone number and, most important of all, the kind of car they drive. Women drop in a few coins, and then choose the take-away man of their dreams.1. There is a vending machine for every 46 people（ ）.2. Which of the following items can be considered as

59、 high-value product?3. Implied but not stated（ ）.4. The shortage of low-wage workers in Japan is caused（ ）.5. Which of the following may be the title of the article?问题1选项A.in AmericaB.in JapanC.in FranceD.in the United Kingdom问题2选项A.Video cassetteB.PizzaC.Ice creamD.Whisky问题3选项A.The crime-rate of Am

60、erica is higher than that of JapanB.The crime-rate of the United Kingdom is higher than that of JapanC.The crime-rate of Japan is higher than that of BritainD.Both A and B问题4选项A.by tight controls on immigrationB.by an aging populationC.by declining birth ratesD.all above问题5选项A.Push-Button LoverB.Cle

61、ver MachineC.Vending Machine in JapanD.Convenient Machine【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句：Japan boasts more vending machines per person than any other country in the world, with one for every 22 people. America, by contrast, has one for every 46; the European Community only

62、one for every 200.（日本拥有世界上人均最多的自动售货机，每22个人就有一台。相比之下，美国每46人就有1台，而欧共体每200人中只有1台。），从这里可以看出答案选A“美国”。B选项“日本”，日本售卖机是每22人一台，不符合题意，这里属于反向干扰。C选项“法国”，法国是欧洲国家，欧洲人是每200人一台，不符合题意，这里属于反向干扰。D选项“英国”，英国是欧洲国家，欧洲人是每200人一台，不符合题意，这里属于反向干扰。第2题:事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第一句话because the Japanese machines sell high-value product

63、s, like whisky, as well as the usual Coca-cola and gum（因为日本的机器销售高价值的产品，如威士忌，以及通常的可口可乐和口香糖）。第二步，综合理解，文章有明显的指向，威士忌属于高价值产品，所以答案选D。A选项“录像磁带”，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二三句话What do video cassettes, ice cream, pizzas, whisky and bouquets of flowers all have in common? The answer is that in Japan they can all be bought from a vending machine.（录像