2022年考博英语-东华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷58

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题吸引大量观众的体育运动，为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣在电视联播中得到了进一步加强，并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚的商业活动。结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资来吸引运动员加盟。随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动，越来越多的运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。现在，职业体育

2、运动已经进入一个新时代。Directions: In this part you are required to turn the following paragraph into English. Please write it on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】【参考译文】Sports that attract large audiences provide a window on the vigor, speed and power of youth. People are strongly attracted to the skill levels it shows. M

3、en identify with the sport more directly than women because of their childhood experiences and the masculinity of the game.By the early 1970s, fans growing interest in the game was reinforced by television networks and turned professional sports into a lucrative business. As a result, entirely new c

4、lub federations sprung up to compete with established sports organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports become more like a traditional business, more and more athletes seek out their agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now, professional sports have entered a

5、 new era.2. 单选题A historic change is taking place in higher education. Professors are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve students. It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade professors as for professors to grade students. In fact student rat

6、ings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness. In comparing three studies of the same 600 middle and high schools in more than thirty states it was found that the number of schools using student ratings to evaluate (评估) teachers

7、 had climbed from 29 percent to 68 percent to 86 percent. No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.One reason that student evaluations of teachers have become so popular is that they are easy to carry out and to score. But they are also easy

8、 to abuse. If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience.Research and experience have shown us, for example, that student ratings should never be the o

9、nly basis for evaluating teaching effectiveness. There is much more to teaching than what is evaluated on student rating forms. When ratings are used, we know that students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date or how well the teacher knows the subject

10、 matter of the course.These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. On the other hand, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, and to report on such things as a professors ability to communicate at the students level,

11、 professional behavior in the classroom, relationship with students, and ability to arouse interest in the subject.1. The central idea of the passage is that_.2. Which statement is TRUE?3. In student ratings are the following questions can be asked EXCEPT: _.4. The sentence in the thirdsecond paragr

12、aph “But they also are also easy to abuse” means_.问题1选项A.student ratings are the only source of information on teaching effectivenessB.ratings have become the most widely used source of information on teaching effectivenessC.beside student ratings, there are other methods to evaluate teachersD.stude

13、nt ratings are very popular and should be properly used问题2选项A.Student evaluations of teachers are popular because they are extremely accurate.B.In student ratings, students should not be asked questions that require professional background.C.Student ratings can be used under any circumstances.D.All

14、colleges are inclined to use student ratings to evaluate teachers.问题3选项A.Can the teacher make himself easily understood?B.How does the teacher deal with students?C.Is what is taught new?D.Are students interested in what is taught?问题4选项A.teachers are easy to be misunderstoodB.teachers are easy to be

15、wrongedC.student ratings can easily be put to wrong useD.student ratings can easily be made use of to attack teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：主旨大意题。通读全文，可得知本文主要讲述的是学生评估在对教师进行测评中的广泛应用及如何正确地使用这种测评方式，因此选项D最能概括文章大意。选项A和选项B，根据原文可以定位到第一段的第四三句“In fact student ratings (评价) have become the most w

16、idely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness.”选项本身说法正确，但过于片面，不足以概括全文。根据原文“No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.”可得知选项C说法错误。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。选项B可以定位到原文的第四三段的首句“These judgments require professional bac

17、kground and are best left to the professors colleagues. ”可得知这些专业性的背景问题最好留给同事们回答而不是学生，即符合B选项。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。由文章末第三段第三句中的“students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date”可知，不能问学生“老师教授的东西是否新颖”这样的问题。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干引用的这句话可以定位到原文中的第二三段，“If they are

18、expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience. ”可得知，如果他们被期望为教师的表现提供有意义的说明，那么评级的使用必须至少表明我们从研究和经验中所了解到的一些情况。而不是说随意评级。可推断出评级很容易会被误用。因此答案为选项C。3. 单选题Since the dawn of h

19、uman ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical ver

20、sion of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done

21、 at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are control led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of bra

22、in and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decision

23、s for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial int

24、elligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades i

25、f not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fract

26、ion of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most adv

27、anced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _.3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is

28、to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and da

29、ngerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfil delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human being verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world问题4选项A.make a few dec

30、isions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best

31、 used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“人类的聪明才智最初是在”。第一段第一句Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.（自人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越精巧的工具来应付危险、无聊、繁重或

32、纯粹是肮脏的工作）可推断，人类的聪明才智最初是设计工具来解决困难危险的工作。A项“使用机器来创作科幻小说”，第一段最后一句And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.（如果科学家们还没有实现在机械上创造科幻小说，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了）可以知道，机器创造小说还没有实现，所以不选；B项“机器在制造业中的广泛使用”，这属于人类的聪明才智，但不是最初的，不符合题意所以不选；D项“精英们巧妙地处理危险而无聊的工作”，“精

33、英”一词没有在文中提及，所以不选；C项“发明用于困难和危险工作的工具”符合题意，因此C项正确。2.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段第一行的词语gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A选项“课程、规划”，B选项“专家”，C选项“设备”，D选项“生物”。看到第二段第一行the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.（现代世界越来越

34、多地充斥着智能的装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在却节省了大量人类劳动），推断gizmos是一种节省人类劳动力的装置；另外后面描述到了工厂的机械臂，银行自助柜台，列车上的机器人司机等为人类节省了大量的劳动力。因此选项C正确。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“设计出一个什么机器人能现在是超出人类能力范围？”。第三段最后一句Dave Lavery说we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器

35、人）可知，D项“独立应对变化的世界”正确。A项“完成精细的任务，如进行脑部手术”在第二段提到过，人类为了节省劳动力制造出很多智能设备，因此此项不选；B项“用言语与人类互动”这一项在文中没有提到，因此不选；C项“有一点常识”干扰项，人类制造具有足够常识的机器人目的是为了应对多变的世界，有一点常识不是人类制造该机器人的目的，所以不选。因此该题D项正确。4.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“除了节省劳动力以外，机器人还可以”。第三段第二句Dave Lavery说while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error（我们知道如何告诉

36、机器人去处理一个特定的错误），以及第五段第二句提到they have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.（他们已经制造出在可控的工厂环境中能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差的机器人），由此可知机器人除了节省劳动力以外还可以处理一些错误。A项“自己做决定”，第三段第一句提到But if robots are to reach the next stage of labor

37、saving utility, they will have to operate with to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge（但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定这些目标引发真正的挑战）可知，让机器人自己做决定还只是一个挑战，并没有实现，所以此项错误；C项“改善工厂环境”，文中没有提到机器人可以改善环境，所以不选；D项“培养人类创造力”文中也没提到。因此该题B项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。

38、题干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子来论证机器人是”。最后一段第一句提到the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicated（人类大脑中大约1000亿个神经细胞比之前想象的更有天赋，人类的感知也比之前想象的更复杂）可知，机器人与人类大脑相比，机器人的智能和感知能力还相差甚远，因为人类可以在瞬间识别出猴子的面孔而机器人做不到。A项“有望复制人类大脑的内部结构”，最后一句提到The most advanced comp

39、uter systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability（地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力）可知机器人要做到复制人类大脑还做不到，此项错误；B项“能够立即感知到异常情况”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是来证明人类大脑的感知能力比机器人更快，因此此项不选；D项“最好在受控环境中使用”，文中只是提到机器人可以在可控的环境中识别出精确的误差，没有建议在受控环境中使用，所以此项不选。故该题C项正确。4. 单选题Although he is very rich, his undutiful children are the _ of his

40、life.问题1选项A.torchB.tormentC.topicD.topper【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项torch“火把、火炬”；B项torment“折磨、痛苦”；C项topic“主题”；D项topper“第一流人物、大礼帽”；句意：虽然他很有钱，但他那些不孝顺的孩子是他生活中的折磨。因此该题B项正确。5. 单选题My advice is that youll have to overcome your_ if you want to become a nurse.问题1选项A.humanitarianismB.loftinessC.squeamishnessD.compassi

41、on【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“humanitarianism”，意为“人道主义”；B选项“loftiness”，意为“高尚，骄傲”；C选项“squeamishness”意为“易恶心的，神经质”；D选项“compassion”，意为“同情，怜悯”。句意：如果你想成为一名护士，我的建议是你必须克服你的易恶心，因此，C选项符合句意。6. 单选题After reading these books, he was _ to the Darwinian theory of evolution.问题1选项A.changedB.convertedC.transferredD.adjusted【答

42、案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项change“改变、变化”；B项convert“使转变”；C项transfer“转移、调动”；D项adjust“调整、使适应”；be converted to 转变为、皈依；句意：读了这些书之后，他皈依了达尔文的进化论。因此该题B项正确。7. 填空题Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word

43、or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash(/) in the blank.【答案】1.【试题答案】simple改为simply2. 【试题答案】on改为in3. 【试题答案】froze

44、n改为freezing4.【试题答案】去掉being5.【试题答案】去掉and6.【试题答案】去掉the7.【试题答案】去掉why8.【试题答案】whether改为that9.【试题答案】raising改为rising10.【试题答案】for改为by【解析】1.【试题解析】：此题考查词性区分。你可能不知道雾仅仅是一种可以触碰到地面的云，这里需要用副词simply来修饰，simple是形容词放在这里句意不通。2.【试题解析】：此题考查固定搭配。in rare cases在罕见的情况下，属于固定词组搭配。3.【试题解析】：此题考查动词。below是介词，后面应加动词的-ing形式，空气的温度在冰点

45、以下。4.【试题解析】：此题考查动词。are being+形容词表示一时的表现，be+形容词表示一直这样，在此处指的是一个既定事实，因此去掉being。5.【试题解析】：此题考查固定词组。the morethe+动词的比较级，表示越多什么越怎么样，中间不需要加连接词。6.【试题解析】：此题考查冠词用法。air与前面的water形式应当一样，the是定冠词表示特指，此处是泛指空气。7.【试题解析】：此题考查句意理解。前面已经有了puzzle for，表示疑问，再用why来询问的话太过赘述。8.【试题解析】：此题考查whether和that引导主语从句的用法。它可以证明液滴在98摄氏度时会下落，因

46、此是一个既定事实，不能用whether是否来引导。9.【试题解析】：此题考查raising和rising的区别。，.通常形容自然界的物体：如潮涨,，日出以及这里的气流上升，都是用rise而不能raise。此外,，在这里rising是分词作形容词使用,，rise后不能加物体,，只有sth rise而不能用rise sth。. raise是及物动词,， raise sth.，如raise ones hand。10.【试题解析】：此题考查固定搭配。replace by sth 用什么替换，以什么接替，replace一般与介词by或者with搭配。8. 翻译题人类是一个不断自然进化过程的产物，其中包括

47、无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的进程自45亿年前地球形成以来就一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。Directions: In this part you are required to translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write it on the

48、 Answer Sheet.【答案】Human beings are the product of a continuous process of natural evolution, including numerous genetic transformations: an inexorable process that has been going on uninterrupted since the earth formed 4.5 billion years ago. This evolutionary process, influenced by environmental fac

49、tors, through random mutation, formed a more adaptable system, thus ensuring its continuity. In the animal world, this has led to the evolution of higher species, culminating in humans, who have acquired the ability to think creatively, think this marks a very important stage in evolution, the first

50、 time a species has been able to control its own destiny.9. 单选题A drunk man walked in, _ in appearance.问题1选项A.repulsiveB.reluctantC.reproachfulD.reputed【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项repulsive“可憎的、排斥的”；B项reluctant“不情愿的”，常与to搭配构成不定式；C项reproachful“责备的、指责的”；D项reputed“享有声望的”；句意：一个醉汉走了进来，面目可憎。因此该题A项正确。10. 单选题In the e

51、nd the little boy went to school without so much a_ of protest.问题1选项A.whimperB.whimC.whirlD.whistle【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“whimper”，意为“抽泣，吹口哨”；B选项“whim”，意为“心血来潮，突发奇想”，C选项“whirl”，意为“旋转，回转”，D选项“whistle”，意为“口哨，汽笛声”。句意：最后，小男孩去上学了，并没有多少抗议的念头。因此，B选项符合题意。11. 单选题My husband ate a _breakfast before he set off for

52、 his remote farmhouse.问题1选项A.primeB.convenientC.heartyD.heady【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“prime”，意为“最初的，首位的”；B选项“convenient”，意为“方便的，附近的”；C选项“hearty”，意为“衷心的，强健的，营养丰富的，丰盛的”；D选项“heady”，意为“顽固的，任性的”。句意：我的丈夫在启程去偏远农舍之前，享用了一顿丰盛的早餐。因此，C选项符合题意。12. 单选题Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an _ of

53、the cost of repairing the roof.问题1选项A.assessmentB.estimateC.announcementD.evaluation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项assessment“估计、评定”；B项estimate“估价、判断”；C项announcement“公告、宣告”；D项evaluation“评价”；句意：在他开始工作之前，我请建筑工人给我估计一下修理屋顶的费用。因此该题B项正确。13. 单选题Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you

54、learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study b

55、y Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and

56、they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching th

57、eir monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior b

58、ecame markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to prov

59、ide her token in exchange a tall, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capu

60、chin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are n

61、ot the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 mill

62、ion years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that _.3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.4. Dr. Brosnan

63、and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon问题2选项A.monkeys are also outraged by slacking rivalsB.resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each otherD.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions问题3选项A.more inclined to weigh