2022年考博英语-宁夏大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷30

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1、2022年考博英语-宁夏大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题What, can rigid, cold calculating mathematics possibly have in common with subtle, creative, lofty, imaginative art? This question faithfully mirrors the state of mind of most people, even of most educated people, when they regard the numbers and symbols that po

2、pulate the world of mathematics. But the great leaders of mathematics thought have frequently and repeatedly asserted that the object of their pursuit is just as much an art as it is a science, and perhaps even a fine art. Maxime Bocher, and eminent mathematician living at the beginning of this cent

3、ury, wrote: “I like to look at mathematics almost more as an art than as a science; for the activity of the mathematician, constantly creating as he is, guided although not controlled by the external world of the senses, bears a resemblance, not fanciful, I believe, but real, to the activities of th

4、e artistof a painter, let us say. Rigorous deductive reasoning on the part of the mathematician may be likened here to the technical skill in drawing on the part of the painter. Just as one cannot become a painter without a certain amount of skill, so no one can become a mathematician without the po

5、wer to reason accurately up to a certain point. ” Yet these qualities, fundamental though they are, do not make a painter or a mathematician worthy of the name, nor indeed are they the most important factors in the case. Other qualities of a far more subtle sort, chief among which in both cases is i

6、magination, go into the making of a good artist or a good mathematician.If mathematics wants to lay claim to being an art, however, it most show that it possesses and makes use of at least some of the elements that go to make up the things of beauty. Is not imagination, creative imagination, the mos

7、t essential elements of an art? Let us take a geometric object, such as the circle. To the ordinary man, this is the rim of a wheel, perhaps with spokes in it. Elementary geometry has crowded this simple figure with radii, chords, sectors, tangents, diameters, inscribed and circumscribed polygons, a

8、nd so on.Here you have already an entire geometrical world created from a very rudimentary beginning. These and other miracles are undeniable proof of the creative power of the mathematician; and, as if this were not enough, the mathematician allows the whole circle to “vanish”, declares it to be im

9、aginary, then keeps on toying with his new creation in much the same way and with much the same gusto as he did with the innocent little thing you allowed him to start out with. And all this, remember please, is just elementary plane geometry. Truly, the creative imagination displayed by the mathema

10、tician has nowhere been exceeded, not even paralleled, and, I would make bold to say, now even closely approached anywhere else, n many ways mathematics exhibits the same elements of beauty that are generally acknowledged to be the essence of poetry. First let us consider a minor point: the poet arr

11、anges his writings on the page in verses. His poem first appeals to the eye before it reaches the ear or the mind; and similarly, the mathematician lines up his formulas and equations so that their form may make an aesthetic impression. Some mathematicians are given to this love of arranging and exh

12、ibiting their equations to a degree that borders on a fault. Trigonometry, a branch of elementary mathematics particularly rich in formulas, offers some curious groups of them, curious in their symmetry and their arrangement.The superiority of poetry over other forms of verbal expression lies first

13、in the symbolism used in poetry, and secondly in its extreme condensation and economy of words. Take a poem of universally acknowledged merit, say, Shelleys poem “To Night”. Here is the second stanza: Wrap thy form in a mantle gray, star-inwrought! Blind with thine hair the eyes of Day; Kiss her unt

14、il she be wearied out; Then wander oer city, and sea, and land. Touching all with thine opiate wandCome, long-sought!Taken literally, all this is, of course, sheer nonsense and nothing else. Night has no hair, night does not wear any clothes, and night is not an illicit peddler of narcotics. But is

15、there anybody balmy enough to take the words of the poet literally? The words here are only comparisons, only symbols. For the sake of condensation the poet doesnt bother stating that his symbols mean such and such, but goes on to treat them as if they were realities.The mathematician does these thi

16、ngs precisely as the poet does. Take numbers for example, the very idea of which is an abstraction, or symbol. When you write the figure 3, you have created a symbol for a symbol, and when you say in algebra that is a number, you have condensed all the symbols for all the numbers into one all-embrac

17、ing symbol. These, like other mathematical symbols, and like the poets symbols, are a condensed, concentrated way of stating a long and rather complicated chain of simple geometrical, algebraic, or numerical relations. Now, is mathematics an art?1.The similarity between the activities of mathematici

18、ans and those of artists is（ ）.2.In Maxime Bochers opinion, what is the fundamental element that makes a good artist or mathematician?3.In what way do mathematicians exhibit the same elements of beauty as poet?4.Poetry is superior to other forms of expression for its（ ）.5.Just like poets, mathematic

19、ians may（ ）.问题1选项A.both are controlled by the external worldB.both remember the senses of the worldC.both are not fanciful but realD.both involve constant creating问题2选项A.Numerical skills.B.Imagination.C.Creation.D.Sense of beauty.问题3选项A.Mathematicians would like to spare no effort to make their proo

20、fs elegant.B.Mathematicians love to arrange their formulas and equations so that they take a beautiful form.C.Mathematicians seldom arrange their formulas and equations in symmetry.D.Mathematicians like to arrange their formulas in verses.问题4选项A.unusual dictionB.imaginative expressionC.symbolism, co

21、ndensation and economy of wordsD.condensation and imaginative diction问题5选项A.use symbols for the sake of condensation and concentrationB.use symbols for the sake of comparisonC.use poems as a kind of symbolsD.use numbers to signify beauty【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段for the a

22、ctivity of the mathematician, constantly creating as he is, guided although not controlled by the external world of the senses, bears a resemblance, not fanciful, I believe, but real, to the activities of the artistof a painter, let us say.（因为数学家的活动，不断地创造，尽管不受感官的外部世界的控制，但与艺术家的活动，比如说画家的活动，有着相似之处，我相信不

23、是空想，而是真实的。）因此D选项“两者都涉及不断创造”正确。A选项“两者都受外部世界的控制”；B选项“两者都记得世界的感觉”；C选项“两者都不是幻想，而是真实的”，这三项都是文章中未体现的。2.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段最后一句Other qualities of a far more subtle sort, chief among which in both cases is imagination, go into the making of a good artist or a good mathematician.（一个好的艺术家或好的数学家还具有其他更微妙的品质，其中最

24、主要的是想象力。）因此B选项“想象力”正确。A选项“数值技巧”；C选项“创造”；D选项“审美”都不是文章所说明的。3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段His poem first appeals to the eye before it reaches the ear or the mind; and similarly, the mathematician lines up his formulas and equations so that their form may make an aesthetic impression.（他的诗在到达耳朵或心灵之前首先吸引了人们的目光；同样地，数学

25、家把他的公式和方程式排列起来，以便它们的形式能给人留下美感。）因此B选项“数学家们喜欢把他们的公式和方程式排列得很漂亮”正确。A选项“数学家们愿意不遗余力地使他们的证明优雅”；C选项“数学家很少用对称的方式排列他们的公式和方程”；D选项“数学家喜欢用诗句来排列他们的公式”，都不是文章中给出的信息。4.事实细节题。根据题干信息位到倒数第三段The superiority of poetry over other forms of verbal expression lies first in the symbolism used in poetry, and secondly in its ex

26、treme condensation and economy of words.（诗歌相对于其他语言表达形式的优越性首先在于诗歌中使用的象征手法，其次在于其词的极端浓缩和简洁。）因此C选项“词语的象征、浓缩和简洁”正确。A选项“不寻常的措辞”；B选项“富有想象力的表达”；D选项“缩合和想象的措辞”，不符合文意。5.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段These, like other mathematical symbols, and like the poets symbols, are a condensed, concentrated way of stating a long and

27、 rather complicated chain of simple geometrical, algebraic, or numerical relations.（这些符号，像其他的数学符号，也像诗人的符号一样，是一种浓缩的方式，用来表述由简单的几何、代数或数字关系构成的长而复杂的链条。）因此A选项“使用符号是为了浓缩和集中”正确。B选项“使用符号是为了比较”，不正确；C选项“把诗歌作为一种象征”不符合文章；D选项“用数字来表示美”，文章是说将数字变成符号，而不是表示美。2. 翻译题Today, there is widespread agreement that cloning for

28、reproduction is unsafe and should be banned. Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and issues, which might be used to treat diseases. The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard e

29、mbryos as nascent human life, against patients groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry.【答案】现在，人们达成共识的是，为再生产而进行的克隆是不安全的，因此应该禁止。当前，人们争论的焦点已不再局限于克隆婴儿的伦理问题。人们的注意已转移到对胚胎的克隆上来，尽管由之产生的组织和细胞有助于治疗很多疾病。因为保守的宗教人士和堕胎反对者认为胚胎是早期的生命形式，他们自然与患者、科学家和生物工业站在争论的两边。3. 单选题Teachers complain that children（ ）these

30、tests without being able to write a decent essay, solve a multi-step math problem or construct a framework.问题1选项A.look throughB.carry throughC.sail throughD.put through【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项look through“浏览，温习”；B选项carry through“贯彻，完成，坚持下去”；C选项sail through“轻快地走过，通过”；D选项put through“接通，完成，使穿过”。句意：老师们抱怨说，

31、孩子们在没有写出一篇像样的文章、解决一个多步骤的数学问题或构建一个框架的情况下，就能_这些考试。这里表达的是“老师认为孩子们没有经过考验就能轻松地通过考试”。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题I was supposed to go to a concert with your sister the other night, but your sister didnt turn up. I cant believe I have been（ ）.问题1选项A.given upB.stood upC.left upD.taken up【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项given up“放弃”；

32、B选项stood up“站起来，坚持”；C选项left up“离开，丢下”；D选项taken up“拿起，开始从事，占据（时间，地方）”。句意：那天晚上我本来要和你妹妹一起去听音乐会的，但是你妹妹没来。真不敢相信我被_。这里因为另一个人的妹妹没有来，所以说话的人应该是觉得自己“被丢下/抛弃了”，因此C选项符合题意。5. 单选题The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making many food more fit to e

33、at, it has, the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps 80% of all human illness is related to diet and 40% of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon.Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food

34、 that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researches realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our foo

35、d, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging lakes of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treat

36、ed cows. Sometimes, similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Though the Food and Drug Administration (FAD) has tried repeatedly to control these

37、 procedures, the practices continue.1.How has science done a disservice to mankind?2.What are nitrates used for?3.What does FDA mean?4.The word “carcinogenic” means most nearly the same as（ ）.5.Which of the following sentences is not true?问题1选项A.Because of science, disease caused by contaminated foo

38、d has been virtually eradicated.B.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.C.As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmful substances have been added to our food.D.The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of vegetables.问题2选项A.They preserve

39、flavor in packaged foods.B.They preserve the color of meats.C.They are the objects of research.D.They cause the animals to become fatter.问题3选项A.Food Direct Additives.B.Final Difficult Analysis.C.Food and Drug Administration.D.Federal Diary Additives.问题4选项A.trouble-makingB.color-retainingC.money-maki

40、ngD.cancer-causing问题5选项A.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reason.B.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals.C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over 35 years.D.Food may cause 40% of can

41、cer in the world.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干信息定位到第一段Although science has made enormous steps in making many food more fit to eat, it has, the same time, made many foods unfit to eat.（虽然科学已取得巨大进展，使许多食物更适合食用，但与此同时，它也使许多食物不宜食用。）也就是说很多添加剂式的食物容易导致一些疾病，因此C选项“由于科学的干预，一些潜在的有害物质被添加到我们的食物中。”

42、正确。A选项“由于科学的发展，由受污染的食物引起的疾病实际上已经被根除了。”和题干提问并不符合；B选项“它导致了关于食物价值的信息的缺乏。”这个不是原文的观点；D选项“科学家们保存了肉的颜色，却没有保存蔬菜的颜色。”与题干不符。2.判断推理题。根据题干信息定位到第二段In 1945, government researches realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats（1945年，政府部门的研究人员认识到，用于肉类颜色保鲜的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和其他食品添加剂能致癌）因此B选项“它们能

43、保持肉的颜色”正确。A选项“它们能保存包装食品的风味。”不是保存风味；C选项“它们是研究的对象”，与原文不符；D选项“它们使动物变得更胖”与原文不符。3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一句话Though the Food and Drug Administration (FAD) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.（尽管食品和药物管理局（FAD）多次试图控制这些程序，但这种做法仍在继续。）因此C选项“食品和药物管理局”正确。A选项“食物直接添加剂”；B选项“最终困难分析”；D选

44、项“联邦乳品添加剂”都不正确。4.语义推测题。根据关键词定位到commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food（用于肉类颜色保鲜的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和其他食品添加剂能致癌。然而，这些致癌添加剂仍然存在于我们的食品中。）因此可以得出这些物质都是致癌的，因此D选项“致癌的”正确。A选项“制造麻烦的”；B选项“护色的”；C选项“赚钱的”都不正确。5.事实细节题。A选项“由于医学原因，药

45、物总是给动物服用”在原文的最后一段Sometimes, similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes but for financial reasons.（有时让动物服用这类药物并不是为了治病，而是为了经济上的原因。）因此A选项不正确。B选项“我们食物中的一些添加剂是添加到食物本身，还有一些是给活的动物吃的。”在最后一段Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry（农民经常给牛肉和家禽注射青霉素）；C选项“研究人员已经知道食品添加剂的潜在危害超过35

46、年了。”在最后一段In 1945, government researches realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives caused cancer. （1945年，政府部门的研究人员认识到，用于肉类保鲜的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和其他食品添加剂能致癌。）；D选项“食物可能会导致世界上40%的癌症”定位到第一段Some research has shown that perhaps 80% of all human illness is

47、related to diet and 40% of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon.（一些研究表明，大约80%的人类疾病与饮食有关，40%的癌症也与饮食有关，尤其是结肠癌。）6. 单选题When I emerged from the telephone box, I came face to face with a little man, who was looking as（ ）as a stray dog.问题1选项A.humbleB.patheticC.dreadfulD.mer

48、ciful【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项humble“谦逊的，简陋的”；B选项pathetic“可怜的，悲哀的”；C选项dreadful“可怕的，糟透的，令人不快的”；D选项merciful“ 仁慈的，慈悲的，宽容的”。句意：当我从电话亭出来时，迎面遇到一个小个子男人，他看上去像一只流浪狗一样（ ）。这里表达的意思是男人像流浪狗一样可怜，因此B选项符合题意。7. 单选题On her graduation from college, Helen was married to a clergyman, the priest of a neighboring（ ）.问题1选项A.divis

49、ionB.districtC.parishD.region【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项division“除法，部门，分配”；B选项district“ 区域，地方，行政区（尤指官方指定范围的区域）”；C选项parish“教区”；D选项region“地区，范围，部位（只指比较大的一片区域）”。句意：大学毕业后，海伦嫁给了邻近（ ）的一位牧师。根据后面的“牧师”一词，可以得出她应该是嫁给了临近教区的一位牧师，因此C选项符合题意。8. 单选题You（ ）him so closely; you should have kept your distance.问题1选项A.shouldnt hav

50、e been followingB.shouldnt followC.mustnt followD.couldnt have been following【答案】A【解析】考查了虚拟语气，并且是与过去事实相反的虚拟。是对发生在过去的事实进行虚拟，因此要用完成时，排除B、C；couldnt have done something的意思是不能做某事而做了某事。shouldnt have done something 意思是不应该做某事而做了某事，句子的意思是不应该跟得紧而应该保持距离，因此A选项符合题意。9. 单选题When a person dies, his debts must be pai

51、d before his（ ）can be distributed.问题1选项A.paradoxesB.legaciesC.platitudesD.analogies【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“似是而非的论点，自相矛盾的话”；B选项“遗产”；C选项“陈词滥调”；D选项“类似，类推”，句意：当一个人死后，他的债务必须在（ ）分配之前弄清。这句要表示的是“要把遗产分配清楚”，因此B选项符合题意。10. 单选题British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired wit

52、hout an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.问题1选项A.alliesB.delegatesC.votersD.juries【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“同盟，同盟国”；B选项“代表，委派”；C选项“选民”；D选项“陪审团，评委会”；题干中electorate“选民，选区”，句意：英国首相布莱尔向选民承诺，如果不试图赢得联合国的进一步制裁，就不会开枪。因此C选项符合题意。11. 单选题（ ）the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have inc

53、luded all variables and modeled them accurately.问题1选项A.Even ifB.As far asC.If onlyD.So long as【答案】A【解析】考查连词短语辨析。A选项even if“即使；虽然”，B选项as far as“至于；直到”，C选项if only“要是就好了”，D选项so long as“只要”；然后看到原句：（ ）计算结果正确，科学家也无法肯定他们已经把所有的变量都包括进去并进行了准确的模拟。可以看出两个句子之间有转折让步的含义，因此A选项符合题意。12. 单选题According to the latest repo

54、rt, consumer confidence（ ）a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.问题1选项A.soaredB.mutatedC.plummetedD.fluctuated【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“飙升，骤然上升”；B选项“突变，变成”；C选项“骤降，暴跌”；D选项“上下波动”，句意：根据最新的报告，上个月消费者信心指数（ ）惊人的15点，达到了9年来的最低水平。既然说了是最低水平，那么句意应该是“下降了惊人的15个点”，因此C选项符合题意。13. 单选题Visitors t

55、o Britain are sometimes surprised to learn that newspapers there have such a large circulation. The “Daily Mirror” and the “Daily Express” both sell about four million copies every day. British families generally buy a newspaper every morning and frequently take two or three on Sundays.Apart from th

56、e national papers, there is, however, another branch of the British press which sells almost as many copies. Local newspapers have a weekly circulation of 13 million. Almost every town and country area has one. Nearly all of them hold their own financially and many of them are very profitable.These

57、papers are written almost entirely for readers interested in local eventsbirths, weddings, deaths, council meetings and sportsbut the content is naturally influenced by the kind of community they serve. Editors prefer to rely on a small staff of people who all know the district well. A great deal of

58、 local news is regularly supplied by clubs and churches in the neighborhood and it does not get out of date as quickly as national news. If there is no room for it in this weeks edition, an item can sometimes be held over until the following week.The editor must never forget that the success of any

59、newspaper depends on advertising. He is usually anxious to keep the good will of local businessmen for this reason. But if the newspaper is well written and the news items have been carefully chosen to attract local readers, the businessmen are grateful for the opportunity to keep their products in

60、the public eye.Local newspapers do not often comment on problems of national importance and editors rarely hold with taking sides on political questions. But they can often be of service to the community in expressing public feeling on local issues. A newspaper can sometimes persuade the council to

61、take action to provide better shopping facilities, improve transport in the area and preserve local monuments and places of interest.These papers often sound rather dull and it seems surprising that they all make profit. But for many people in small towns and villages the death of someone known to t

62、hem or the installation of traffic lights at a busy street corner nearby can sometimes be more important than a disaster in a foreign country.1.Local newspapers have（ ）2.Which of the following is true?3.In the writers opinion, the editor must remember that no paper can possibly succeed without（ ）.4.

63、A local newspaper can serve the community by（ ）.5.Why is it that local papers all make a profit?问题1选项A.a circulation as large as that of national newspapers.B.a daily circulation of 13 million.C.a slightly smaller circulation than national newspapers.D.an even larger circulation.问题2选项A.Every town and country area has at least one paper of its own.B.Nearly all town and country areas have their own papers.C.There is a newspaper, national or local, in each town and country area.D.A lot of remote town and country areas do not have their own papers.问题3选项A.advertiseme