2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第86期

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1、2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Complacency has led to some appalling ecological（ ）.问题1选项A.damagesB.tragediesC.catastrophesD.dangers【答案】C【解析】查名词辨析。damage意为“损害、毁坏”等时，是不可数名词，意为“价钱、费用”时，是可数名词，意为“赔偿费”时，必须用其复数形式。tragedy意为“悲剧，惨剧”；catastrophe意为“灾难，灾祸”；danger意为“危险”，泛指“危险”时，danger是不可数名词,指具体的“危险、危险物、可能造成

2、损伤、疼痛等的人”时，是可数名词。句意：自满导致了一些可怕的生态灾难。2. 单选题All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read loving letters from the families.问题1选项A.sentimentalB.affectionateC.intimateD.sensitive【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。loving意为“爱的，充满爱的”；sentimental意为“伤感的”；affectionate意为“深情的，挚爱的”；intimate意为“亲密的，亲近的”；sensitive

3、意为“敏感的”。句意：所有的海上石油探险家在读家里寄来的充满爱的信件时都兴高采烈。3. 单选题Your excuse that an elephant fell on you and made you late is just（ ）.问题1选项A.inevitableB.incredibleC.indispensableD.incurable【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。inevitable意为“不可避免的”；incredible意为“不能相信的，难以置信的”；indispensable意为“不可或缺的，必不可少的”；incurable意为“无法治愈的”。由“an elephant fel

4、l on you（一只大象落在你身上）”导致迟到这样的借口，通常会让人觉得这是难以置信的，因此选B。句意：你找的借口说一只大象落在你身上，使你迟到了，这根本是不可信的。4. 单选题The Civil War provided an impetus to Michigans growth.问题1选项A.an incentive toB.an obstacle toC.a reason forD.a delay in【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。an impetus to意为“推动，促进”；an incentive to意为“刺激，激励”；an obstacle to意为“障碍”；a reaso

5、n for意为“理由，原因”；a delay in意为“延迟”。句意：南北战争推动了密歇根州的发展。5. 单选题During the nineteenth century, the mechanization of farming and the fencing of range land opened the agriculture heart of North America to intensive development. As the natural geographic center of this region, Chicago became the crossroads of

6、a vast transportation network. The great waterway systems of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes were linked in Chicago in 1847, when the Illinois-Michigan Canal was opened to traffic. Within the next year, rail lines began to operate trains to and from the city. The rise of agricultural acti

7、vity demanded facilities for the storage and milling of grain, the slaughtering of cattle, and the processing and shipment of meat. The manufacture of farm machinery branched out into the basic metal-fabricating and woodworking industries. This soon attracted banks and other financial institutions.

8、Four years after the end of the Civil War, Chicago was already established as the focal point of the largest system of inland waterways in the world and the hub of a rail network that extended to Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. The productive potential of the city was unparalleled, and the pace

9、of its industrial expansion reached explosive proportions.1.Why did Chicago initially begin to grow?2.When did the Illinois-Michigan Canals first service begin?问题1选项A.It was located in the middle of a productive area.B.Its industries attracted jobless people.C.It could provide food for a large local

10、 population.D.Its wealthy inhabitants invested their money there.问题2选项A.1846B.1847C.1848D.1869【答案】第1题:A第2题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章的第二句As the natural geographic center of this region, Chicago became the crossroads of a vast transportation network.（作为该地区的自然地理中心，芝加哥成为一个巨大交通网络的十字路口）可知A选项“它位于生产区的中间”符合题意。2.细节事实题

11、。由文章的第三句The great waterway systems of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes were linked in Chicago in 1847, when the Illinois-Michigan Canal was opened to traffic.（1847年，密西西比河流域和五大湖的水路系统在芝加哥相连，同年，伊利诺斯州与密歇根州的运河通车）可知伊利诺斯州与密歇根州的运河于1847年正式开通，因此选B。6. 单选题Most economists in the United States seem capt

12、ivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, i

13、t requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of

14、 its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid

15、selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm wi

16、ll thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is no

17、t.Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States. These economics employ intentional price-fixing, usually

18、 in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the

19、second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that

20、a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise less influence than are capital firms; rather, Sov

21、iet firms have been given the power to fix prices.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.The authors attitude toward Most economists in the United States” (Para, 1) can best be described as（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the authors argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious”

22、 (Para, 1) because（ ）.4.The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the authors statement that price-fixing is（ ）.问题1选项A.refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societiesB.suggest methods by

23、 which economists and members of the government of the Unite States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firmsC.show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible but also mutually beneficialD.argue that price-fixing, in one form

24、 or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society问题2选项A.spiteful and enviousB.scornful and denunciatoryC.critical and condescendingD.ambivalent but deferential问题3选项A.people do not have confidence in large firmsB.people do not expect the government to regu

25、late pricesC.most economists believe that consumers as a group should determine pricesD.most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies问题4选项A.a profitable result of economic developmentB.an inevitable result of the industrial systemC.the result of a number of carefully

26、organized decisionsD.a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出美国的大多数经济学家都被自由市场的魅力所迷惑，事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果。随后文章对定价进行了详细的分析，因此D选项“认为以某种形式的价格固定是任何工业化社会经济的必然组成部分，并对其有益”符合题意。2.观点态度题。由文章第二段中的Mor

27、eover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States.（此外，那些认为让自由市场在不受干扰的情况下运行是确定价格的最有效方法的经济学家，没有考虑到美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济）

28、可知作者对美国大多数经济学家的观点是不赞成的，但其后并没有明确指出是自由市场好还是定价市场好，因此作者的态度是批评与谦虚的，选C。3.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of c

29、onsumers seems pernicious.（因此，没有不符合自由市场要求的东西是好的或正常的。一个由卖方决定的价格，或者就此而言，由除消费者总数以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的）可知C选项“大多数经济学家认为消费者群体应该决定价格”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own devel

30、opment, the price-fixing that it requires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果）B选项“工业体系的必然结果”符合题意。7. 单选题Illicit love is the root of many divorce actions.问题1选项A.UnrealB.UntrueC.UnlawfulD.Loquacious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。illicit意为“法律不许可的，非法的”；unreal意为“假的，不真实的”；unlawful意为“非法的，违法的”；lo

31、quacious意为“话多的，健谈的”。句意：婚外情是许多离婚诉讼的根源。8. 翻译题For many Chinese people, the beginning of 2011 holds the promise of a fresh round of education reforms, which are expected to boost the countrys education quality through increasing government investment, narrowing gaps between urban and rural schools, achi

32、eving internationally acknowledged higher education and reducing academic corruption and bureaucracy.According to the landmark reform plan, government investment will increase steadily to support the education sector, with education expenditure amounting to 4% of GDP by 2012.China first pledged to i

33、ncrease its education spending to 4 percent of the GDP in 1993, but has, so far, failed to achieve the target. The plan, which took one year and nine months to draw up and invited public submission on two separate occasions, was seen as setting the tone for the development of education sector, which

34、 has long suffered from funding shortage and unbalanced development between rural and urban areas.The development of education, ranging from preschool education to vocational education in rural areas, will be a priority of the countrys overall development programs.The 22-chapter plan says preschool

35、education should basically be universal by 2020, and nine-year compulsory education policy should be consolidated. The enrolment rate for senior middle school should be 90 percent of school age children, while the enrolment rate for higher education should be 40 percent of high school graduates.The

36、key for China to build world-level universities lies in authorizing the educators, students and society to assess the quality of education, allowing professors to conduct academic research with full freedom and empowering students to participate in university administration.【答案】【参考译文】对许多中国人而言，2011年初

37、有望进行新一轮教育改革，通过增加政府投资、缩小城乡差距、取得国际承认的高等教育、减少学术腐败和官僚主义，来实现中国的教育质量的提高。根据这个具有里程碑意义的改革计划，政府支持教育部门的投资将会稳步增加，到2012年，教育经费将总计达到国内生产总值的百分之四。中国在1993年首次承诺将教育经费增加至国内成产总值的百分之四，但到目前为止还没有达到该目标。这个耗费了一年又九个月时间来起草并在两个单独场合邀请公众提供意见的计划，被视为为长期遭受资金短缺的城乡发展不平衡的教育部门的发展奠定了基础。农村地区从学前教育到职业教育的教育发展将是我国整体发展规划中的一个重点。这个有二十二个章节的计划称，学前教育

38、到2020年时应该基本普及且九年义务教育政策应该被巩固。高中的升学率应该是儿童的90%，而高等教育的升学率应该是高中毕业生的40%。中国建设世界级大学的关键在于授权教育工作者、学生和社会去评估教学质量，允许教授自由进行学术研究，允许学生参加大学的管理。9. 单选题The plane（ ）, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground.问题1选项A.smashedB.crushedC.plungedD.crashed【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。smash意为“打碎，打破，撞击”；crush意为“压坏，压碎”；plunge意为“暴跌，骤降”；crash意为

39、“碰撞、坠落，坠毁”，根据习惯用法，飞机失事，动词都是用crash。句意：飞机坠毁了，其炸弹在撞击地面时爆炸。10. 翻译题Put the following 3 Chinese sentences into English and 3 English sentences into Chinese.事实上，与普通高校毕业生相比，名校毕业生由于享受更好的资源、受到更好的教育，所以他们也就更有创造力和生产力。而且，从知名高校毕业的学生会发现自己无论在心理上还是在学术上都更突出一些，因而也更加自信，这就形成了良性循环。几周以前，英国食品标准局(FSA)发表了一份报告。报告评估了有机生产的水果、蔬 菜

40、、肉类、蛋类和奶制品等与非有机生产的同类食品营养水平的差异。这是一项完整而严谨的研究。通过研究他们发现，在营养成分上，有机和非有机食品间的差距可以忽略不计。根据心理学家克里斯托弗彼得森的观点，自尊与幸福度和生活满意度有关。我们尊心越强，幸福度和生活满意度就越高。它要求我们对自己的自尊有清醒的认识，但不要期待自己会十全十美。要原谅自己犯下的错误，并尽快摆脱消极的态度。The obesity is a national health crisis, one thatquite literallyweighs on us all. It costs lives. It costs dollars.

41、And in the context of our current health-reform debate in Washington, its time we took action, as a nation and as individuals, to address this cost. While infectious disease was a disaster threatening our grandparents generation, chronic disease is killing us and harming our well-beingand obesity is

42、 the root cause. The growth in obesity is strongly linked to heart disease, hypertension, and the explosion of diabetes that our country is currently experiencing.The context of leadership is changing, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracie

43、s, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion. Instead, there should be a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Power to Lead, stresses

44、 a combination of hard and soft power, which is called smart power, is the best approach.For Emily Dickinson there are three worlds, and she lived in all of them, making them the substance of everything that she thought and wrote. There was the world of nature, the things and the creatures that she

45、saw, heard, felt about her; there was the estate that was the world of friendship; and there was the world of the unseen and unheard. From her youth she was looked upon as different. She was direct, impulsive, original, and the droll wit who said unconventional things which others thought but dared

46、not speak, and said them incomparably well. The characteristics, which made her inscrutable to those who knew her, continue to bewilder and surprise, for she lived by paradoxes.【答案】As a matter of fact, the graduates from elite schools are more creative and productive than those from common schools,

47、as better resources and education are available for the former. Furthermore, what contributes to the better development is that the graduates from elite schools are more confident, because they find themselves outstanding both in mentality and in academy. A few weeks ago, the Food Standards Agency (

48、FSA) in the UK issued a report evaluating nutrient levels in organic versus non-organic foods like fruits, vegetables, meats, eggs, and dairy products. It is a complete, rigorous piece of research. And they found that, in terms of nutritional content, the differences between organic and non-organic

49、foods are negligible. The psychologist, Christopher Peterson, suggest that self-esteem is related to happiness and life satisfaction. The stronger the self-esteem is, the more happiness and life satisfaction you will achieve. We are required to have a reasonable understanding that self-esteem does n

50、ot mean always being perfect and we should forgive our mistakes and get rid of the negative attitude as soon as possible. 肥胖是一场全国性的健康危机，并且毫不夸张地说，它对我们大家都很重要。它危险生命、消耗金钱。目前在华盛顿进行的医疗改革谈论中，现在是我们作为一个国家和个人采取行动解决这一问题的时候了。虽然传染病曾威胁我们祖父母一代，但慢性疾病正在折磨着我们，侵蚀着我们的幸福，而肥胖是根本原因。肥胖的增长与我国目前正在经历的心脏病、高血压和糖尿病的爆发密切相关。 领导力发挥

51、作用的环境正在发生改变，因此过去强调硬实力的理论正逐渐过时。在现代企业和民主国家，权力日益扩散，传统的等级制度正在受到破坏，使软实力变得更加重要。但是那并不意味着高压政治现在应该让位于劝导手段。相反，应该综合这两种观点。领导的力量这本书的结论强调称为巧实力的软硬实力的结合才是最好的方法。 对艾米丽狄金森来说，存在三种世界，她生活在这三种世界之中，使它们成为她思想和写作的材料。一种是自然的世界，为她所看、所听、所感受到的事物和生物；一种是友情的世界，是属于“个人财产”；还有一种看不见、听不见的世界。从她年轻的时候起，人们就认为她与众不同。她直率、冲动、独树一帜。另外，她还是一位爱打趣的才女，是那

52、种能说出别人想说去敢说说的不合常规的想法，而且说得非常好。这些使她不为所知晓她的人所理解的性格特征继续令人迷惑和惊讶，因为她生活在矛盾之中。11. 单选题In the present economic（ ）we can make even greater progress than previously.问题1选项A.airB.moodC.areaD.climate【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项air “空气，大气”；B选项mood“情绪，语气，心境，气氛”；C选项area“区域，地区，面积，范围”；D选项climate“气候，风气，思潮，风土”，句意：在目前的经济环境下，我们可以取得

53、比以前更大的进步。climate除表示气候，风土外，还可指（社会）风气，一般（社会）趋势。如：political climate政治风气。因此D选项正确。12. 翻译题6. Instead of being approached by human personnel, the bank foyer is staffed by a robot, which serves as the bank lobby manager, and is able to communicate with customers to meet their needs and solve their problems.

54、 The difference between a traditional self-service bank and the unmanned bank is the intelligent self-service equipment which is able to access various banking services within the branch.【答案】【参考译文】6.在银行大厅迎客的不是人类员工，而是作为银行大堂经理配备的一个机器人，它能与客户交流互动以满足其需要并解决其问题。传统的自助银行和无人银行之间的区别在于智能自助服务设备，它能够访问分支机构内的各种银行服务

55、。13. 单选题She gets along very well with everyone, so she is the most （ ）member of our family.问题1选项A.rustyB.impetuousC.congenialD.imperious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。rusty意为“生锈的，腐蚀的”；impetuous意为“鲁莽的，冲动的，轻率的”；congenial意为“意气相投的，情趣相投的，合得来的”；imperious意为“专横的，蛮横的，盛气凌人的”。由前面的She gets along very well with everyone（她和大家相

56、处得很好）可知她是个容易相处的人，因此选C。句意：她和大家相处得很好，所以她是我们家最容易相处的人。14. 单选题Flood,（ ）and famine are natural disasters often facing the people in the peninsula.问题1选项A.warB.sanctionC.overpopulationD.drought【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项war“战争，斗争，军事，竞争”；B选项sanction“制裁，处罚，认可，支持”；C选项overpopulation“人口过剩”；D选项drought“干旱，久旱”。句意：洪水、（ ）和饥荒

57、是半岛人民经常面临的自然灾害。题干中主要谈论natural disasters自然灾害，空格前后也都是自然因素。因此D选项正确。15. 单选题The skunk protects itself from enemies by spraying them with a substance that stinks.问题1选项A.stings the eyesB.smells badC.causes itchingD.discolors the skin【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。stink意为“有臭味，有难闻的气味”；sting the eyes意为“刺眼”；smell bad意为“难闻，刺鼻

58、的怪味”；cause itching意为“引起瘙痒”；discolor the skin意为“使皮肤变色”。句意：臭鼬通过喷洒一种散发臭味的物质来保护自己免受敌人的攻击。16. 翻译题Deepen educational cooperation in an all-round way to promote long-term development. Education is fundamental to a countrys enduring prosperity. It is necessary for us all to intensify exchanges and cooperati

59、on between educational and academic institutions, expand linkages between institutions of higher learning and carry out youth, cultural and sports exchanges in diverse forms. In particular, we should increase educational assistance to less developed countries, promote two-way flow of educational res

60、ources and raise the educational level of our region.Strengthen international cooperation in disaster reduction and relief in the spirit of helping those in need and assisting those in difficulty. As natural disasters know no national boundaries, they must be managed by cooperative efforts. In recen

61、t years, we have laid a good foundation of cooperation in responding to the sudden strike of the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and other major disasters. We should step up cooperation in developing a disaster early-warning system, sharing disaster information and reduction technology and enhan

62、cing disaster reduction capacity building to bring about harmony between social and economic development and the preservation of natural resources and the ecological environment.【答案】【参考译文】全面深化教育合作以促进长期发展。教育是一个国家长治久安的基础。我们都有必要去加强教育和学术机构之间的交流与合作，扩大高等院校之间的联系并以多种形式开 展青年、文化和体育交流。我们尤其应该增加对欠发达国家的教育援助，促进教育资

63、源的双向流动并提高我们的教育水平。本着助危为安的精神，加强国际减灾救灾合作。自然灾害无国界，应对自然灾害需要各方共同的努力。近年来，我们在应对印度洋大地震、海啸和其他重大灾害的突然袭击中已经奠定了一个良好的合作基础。我们应加强灾害预警系统建设、灾害信息和减灾技术共享、减灾能力建设等方面的合作，实现经济社会发展与自然资源和生态环境保护的和谐统一。17. 单选题Comets are still regarded with awe by some people.问题1选项A.wonderB.concernC.resentmentD.detachment【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。awe意为“敬畏，惊叹”；wonder意为“惊异，惊叹”；concern意为“涉及，关系到”；resentment意为“愤恨，不满”；detachment意为“超然，公正，独立”。句意：一些人仍然敬畏彗星。18. 翻译题What is it that we mean by Literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it