2022年考博英语-南昌大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第60期

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1、2022年考博英语-南昌大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题When the British government tried to new employment legislation, there was a general strike.问题1选项A.enhanceB.reinvigorateC.attributeD.implement【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。enhance “提高”；reinvigorate “使再振兴”；attribute “归属，归功于”；implement “实施；执行”。句意：当英国政府试图实施新的就业法时，发生了一场大罢工。选

2、项D符合题意。2. 单选题_ his knowledge and academic background, he is basically stupid.问题1选项A.But forB.According toC.For allD.Thanks to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。but for “要不是；如果没有”；according to “根据，依据”；for all “尽管，虽然”；thanks to “由于，幸亏”。句意：尽管他知识渊博，也受过教育，但本质上是愚蠢的。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题Researchers have established that when people

3、 are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that will allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are

4、 interested in. And someone with a history of doing more than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is

5、not necessary to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the national Institute on Aging. “Most of us dont need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain metal alertness. Fozard and others say they

6、challenge their brains with different mental skill, both because they joy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical ac

7、tivities individually as well as in groups. He says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. D.“The

8、 point is, you need to do both,” Cohen says. Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size.”1. People who are cognitively healthy are those .2. According to Fozard, people can make their brains work more efficiently by .3. The findings of James and other scientists in their wo

9、rk .4. Older people are generally advised to .5. The passage is mainly about .问题1选项A.who can remember large amounts of informationB.who are highly intelligentC.whose minds are alert and receptiveD.who are good at recognizing different things问题2选项A.constantly doing memory workB.taking part in various

10、 mental activitiesC.going through specific trainingD.making frequent adjustments问题3选项A.remain to be further provedB.have been challenged by many other expertsC.have been generally acceptedD.are practiced by the researchers themselves问题4选项A.keep fit by going in for physical activitiesB.keep mentally

11、active by challenging their brainsC.maintain mental alertness through specific trainingD.maintain a balance between individual and group activities问题5选项A.how biochemical changes occur in human brainB.why people should keep active both physically and mentallyC.how intellectual activities influence he

12、althD.why people should receive special mental training as they age【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段提到当人们动脑筋的时候大脑会发生变化，使其在注意力和记忆等认知区域更有效地发挥作用（Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that will allow it to act more effecti

13、vely in cognitive areas such as attention and memory），由此可知有善于动脑的人认知上更健康，因此选项C符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第三段提到了Fozard的观点，他认为普通人没有必要去做大量的记忆训练，只要让思维保持警觉就可以（Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain metal alertness），因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第三段最后一句话提到Fozard和其他人用不同的精神心理技能来挑战自己的大脑（Fozard and o

14、thers say they challenge their brains with different mental skill, both because they joy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work），因此选项D符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据文章第四段第二句话He says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age可知选项A符合题意

15、。5.主旨大意题。文章第一二段提到研究人员证实当人们动脑筋时，会使得注意力和记忆等认知区域更有效地发挥作用；第三四段提到几位研究人员对这个观点的进一步说明，并且建议随着年纪增长，身体和精神都应该得到锻炼，因此选项B“为什么人们应该在身体和精神上都保持活跃”符合题意。4. 单选题That part of the city has long been for its street violence and disorder.问题1选项A.notoriousB.famousC.illegalD.responsible【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Notorious “臭名昭著的”；famou

16、s “著名的”；illegal “非法的”；responsible “负责的”。句意：该市那个地区由于街头暴力和无秩序而长时间臭名昭著。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Vostok is close to the coldest spot in the world, where an _ minus 128.6 F was recorded in 1983.问题1选项A.unreliableB.extraC.impossibleD.incredible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。unreliable “不可靠的，靠不住的”；extra “额外的”；impossible “不可能的”；in

17、credible “难以置信的”。句意：Vostok靠近世界上最冷的地方，在1983年的记录中到达了难以置信的零下128.6华摄氏度。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题Because of careless washing, the woolen sweater to a childs size.问题1选项A.compressedB.droppedC.shrankD.diminished【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。compress “压缩，压紧”；drop “推动；帮助”；shrink “收缩”；diminish “减少”。根据关键信息a childs size可知羊毛衫缩小，因此选项C符合

18、题意。句意：由于洗涤不当，这件羊毛衫缩小成了儿童尺寸。7. 单选题I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it werent for my job I would immediately head out for the open

19、spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population lives in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you liv

20、e fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous - cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. D.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street al

21、l knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks dont even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of k

22、nowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Theres little possibility of

23、 going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then,

24、 is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesnt come to an

25、 end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as

26、 the plastic flowers they leave behindthey are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. Im keen on the

27、idea, but you see theres my cat, Toby. Im not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.1. We get the impression

28、from the first paragraph that the author .2. In the authors opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappyEXCEPT .3. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT_.4. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those

29、people who work in large cities and live in villages?5. Do you think the author will move to the country?问题1选项A.used to live in the countryB.used to work in the cityC.lives in the countryD.works in the city问题2选项A.lack of communicationB.a strong sense of fearC.housing conditionsD.a sense of isolation

30、问题3选项A.designer clothesB.daily necessitiesC.fresh fruitsD.fresh vegetables问题4选项A.OriginalB.HospitableC.ArrogantD.Insensitive问题5选项A.Yes, he will do soB.It is difficult to tellC.No, he will not do soD.He is in two minds【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一句话I am one of the many city peopl

31、e who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city可知选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第二段第二句话The majority of the population lives in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal可以排除选项C；根据第二段第三句话可以排除选项A；根据第二段倒数第二句话可以排除选项D，因此选项B符合题意

32、。3.细节事实题。文章第三段倒数第二句话提到购物成了一个重要的问题（Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town），因此在乡村中很难买到时尚的衣服，选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。文章第四段最后一句话提到他们把这些想法强加给那些不情愿的原始村民（They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic f

33、lowers they leave behindthey are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages），由此可以推测出这些人是傲慢的，选项C符合题意。original “原来的；首创的”；hospitable “热情友好的”；insensitive “未意识到的”。5.推理判断题。作者在最后一段提到了他的猫，以猫喻人，来说明自己更有愿意待在城市中（No, he would

34、 rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening），因此选项C符合题意。8. 单选题Humidity is so intense in some parts of the tropics that Europeans find that they are unable to _ it.问题1选项A.maintainB.persistC.endureD.sustain【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。maintain “维持”；persist “坚持；持续”；endure “忍耐，容忍”；sustain “维持，支撑”。句意：热

35、带部分地区的湿度过于强烈以至于很多欧洲人难以忍受。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners in the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheels. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in

36、 the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate drive, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be kind to other drivers” campaign; otherwise i

37、t may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manner, but good sense, too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relievi

38、ng the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays

39、dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear any

40、way; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with dead bodies of th

41、ese grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that gives rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master t

42、he subtler aspects of roadmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1. According to this passage, troubles on the road are mainly caused by .2. The s

43、entence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog.the rule” (Para. A.1) implies that_.3. By “good sense”, the writer means .4. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, _.5. In the writers opinion, _.问题1选项A.peoples attitude towards road-hogB.the rhythm of modern lifeC.the

44、 behavior of the driverD.traffic conditions问题2选项A.our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB.rude drivers can be met occasionallyC.the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD.nowadays impolite drivers constitute a majority of motorists问题3选项A.the drivers ability to understand

45、 and react reasonablyB.the drivers prompt response to difficulty and severe conditionsC.the drivers tolerance of rude or even savage behaviorD.the drivers acknowledgement of politeness and regulations问题4选项A.road users should make more sacrificeB.drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC.driver

46、s should have more communication among themselvesD.drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others问题5选项A.strict traffic regulations are badly neededB.drivers should apply road politeness properlyC.rude drivers should be punishedD.drivers should avoid traffic jams【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4

47、题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一句话“It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible.”可知，公路上的麻烦主要是由司机的行为导致的。因此选项C符合题意。2.推理判断题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到如今彬彬有礼的驾车者却成了例外（You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inco

48、nsiderate drive, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule），由此可推测粗鲁的司机占了大多数，选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第二段第一句提到道路礼仪不仅是好的态度，还是良好的意识（Road politeness is not only good manner, but good sense, too.），接着又提到当遇到不文明行为时，只有头脑最冷静、脾气最好的司机才能抵制报复的诱惑（It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered

49、of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior），说明良好的意识就是能够忍受一些不良的行为，因此选项C符合题意。4.推理判断题。文章最后一段倒数第二句话提到专家几年前就告诫我们汽车数量的增多需要道路使用者相互理解（Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users），因此选项CB符

50、合题意。5.推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话“A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.” 一个资深的司机，认为司机应该学会正确加入交通而不会造成令人生气的交通阻塞。可知，作者认为司机应该适当地使用礼貌。因此选项B符合题意

51、。10. 单选题TBA Industrial Products produces asbestos (石棉) textiles for brake linings. The company is just instituting a programme to reduce the asbestos in the air at the plant to a maximum 0.5 fibers per milliliter of airthe control limit imposed by the Health and Safety Executive irresponsible. With

52、constant exposure to that level, according to a report by an Ontario Royal Commission, between one and four out of 100 people working for 25 years could expect to die of a asbestos-related cancer. Yet David Gee, health and safety officer of the General, Municipal and Boiler-makers Union, accepts tha

53、t the company should go no lower. Why?Problem number one is assessing the risk and the difference that proposed safety measures would make to it. There are three basic categories, to which the HSEs policy-makers workin the jargon, corpses, cancers and catastrophes.“Corpses” are the victims of one-of

54、f accidents. A wealth of evidence on such accidents exists, and the effects of measures to combat them are easily calculated.“Cancers”, the killer diseases that can arise from working long periods in unsafe environments, are harder to assess. The diseases may not appear until years after the process

55、 was first initiated, and the relationship between cause and effect is often controversial.Assessing the potential for “catastrophes” -like Bhopal, Seveso or Flixborough_ in which tens of thousands of people can be affected is harder still. Such events are exceedingly rare so they cannot be predicte

56、d on the basis of past experience. Instead engineering experts think of everything that could go wrongand of the things that could go wrong with the precautions. The probability of an accident is then expressed in terms of the number of likely catastrophes per 10,000 years, usually a fraction of one

57、. This process yields an estimate of the risk of loss of life for each plant or process. The next stage is to put a money value on it.The classic economists calculation uses what is called the “human capital” approach. The dead person is valued as a machine who would otherwise have produced goods.Th

58、is callous calculus made no allowance for what most people would regard as the main cost of a lost life-the pain, grief and suffering. That has now changed, thanks to work by Professor Michael Jones-Lee and his colleagues at Newcastle University. They asked members of the public what risks they woul

59、d be prepared to run for what overall rewards. This process yields estimates of the subjective value of lives. The answer seems to come out between lm and 2m.1. Why is TBA Industrial Products about to reduce asbestos levels in the air at their plant?2. “Cancers” are harder to assess than “corpses” b

60、ecause .3. What does the assessment of the potential for “catastrophes” rely on?4. The writer suggests that the “human capital” approach is .5. A typical question posed by Professor Jones-Lee and his colleagues would have been:问题1选项A.To comply with a report by the Ontario Royal CommissionB.Because t

61、he Union is demanding stricter safety measuresC.Because present levels are above those set by the HSED.To improve the quality of their brake linings问题2选项A.the safety measures employed vary a great dealB.Tthere are far more of themC.Tthe wealth of evidence has not yet been analyzedD.Iit is difficult

62、to trace the cause of some diseases问题3选项A.An analysis of a few past disasters.B.Mathematical probability calculations.C.A comparison of “cancers” and “corpses”.D.Reports of a companys capital.问题4选项A.unreliable and riskyB.invaluable and subjectiveC.too rough and readyD.clinical and inhumane问题5选项A.How

63、 much do you think a persons life is worth?B.Would you say you enjoy taking risks at work?C.How much would you work in an asbestos factory for?D.What reward would you expect for saving someones life?【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。文章第一段提到公司计划减少工厂排放至空气中的石棉含量，即每毫升空气中纤维含量最多0.5，这是卫生安全局定下的范围（The company is just instituting a programme to re