2022年考博英语-南昌大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第44期

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1、2022年考博英语-南昌大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The most technological success in the twentieth century is probably the computer revolution.问题1选项A.prominentB.prosperousC.productiveD.prevalent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Prominent “显著的，突出的”；prosperous “繁荣的，兴旺的”；productive “能生产的” ；prevalent “流行的，普遍的”。句意：二十世纪最卓越的技术可能是计

2、算机革命。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Competition, many people believe, the national character rather than corrupt it.问题1选项A.enforcesB.confirmsC.intensifiesD.strengthens【答案】D【解析】than决定了这里的corrupt(腐坏，破坏)与空格处的词相对，所以空白处应填入D，表示“加强”的意思。句意：很多人相信竞争会加强民族性格而不是破坏它。3. 单选题Another important issue the new republic is the problem of

3、 the education of its citizens.问题1选项A.confiningB.confrontingC.facingD.conforming【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。confine“限制，禁闭”；confront“面对，遭遇”；face“面对”；conform“遵照，符合”。句意：新共和国面临的一个重要问题是公民的教育。选项B符合题意。4. 填空题The Food and Drug Administration on Friday proposed two important rules _1_ at preventing the contamination of

4、 produce and processed foods. The _2_ rule represent a sea change in the way the agency polices food, a process that currently _3_ taking action after contamination has been identified.Changes include requirements for better record keeping, contingency （应急的）plans for handling outbreaks and measures

5、that would prevent the spread of contamination in the first place. While food producers would have latitude in 4 how to execute the rules, farmers would have to ensure that water used in irrigation meet certain standards and food _5_ need to find ways to keep fresh that may contain bacteria from com

6、ing into _6_ with food that has been cooked. New safety measures might include requiring that farm workers wash their hands, _7_ portable toilets in fields and ensuring that foods should be cooked at temperatures high enough to kill bacteria.Whether consumers will _8_ bear some of the expenses of th

7、e new rules was unclear, the agency estimated that the proposals would cost food producers tens of thousands of dollars a year. President Obama requested $220 million in his 2013 _9_, but Dr. Margaret Hamburg, commissioner of the F. D. A, said “resources remain an ongoing concern.” Nonetheless, agen

8、cy officials were _10_ that the new rules would protect consumers better.【答案】1.A 2.N 3.H 4. F 5.M 6.D 7.G 8.O 9.C 10.I【解析】1.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：美国食品和药物管理局在周五提出了两项重要规定，_防止生产和加工食品的污染。从选项中的动词可以判断aim针对、目的在于符合句意，aim at为固定搭配。2. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由上文内容“proposed two important rules ”可判断空格部分“The _ru

9、le”。从选项中的形容词可以判断 proposed 被提议的、建议的符合句意。3. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：这项规定标志着该机构监管食品的方式发生了巨大变化，目前这一过程_在确定污染后采取行动。从选项中的动词可以判断involve包含符合句意，involve doing sth包含。4. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商可以自由_如何执行这些规定。从选项中的动词可以判断determine决定符合句意。5. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。由上文内容“While food producers would have”可判断空格部分“f

10、ood _”。句意为：食品_需要找到保持新鲜的方法。从选项中的名词可以判断producers生产者、制造者符合句意。6. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商需要找到保持新鲜的方法，防止可能含有细菌的食品_煮熟的食品。从选项中的动词可以判断contact接触符合题意，come into contact with和接触、接触到。7. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：新的安全措施可能包括要求农场工人洗手，在田地里_便携的洗手间，确保食物在足够高的温度下烹饪以杀死细菌。从选项中的动词可以判断install安装符合句意。8. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填

11、入副词。句意为：消费者_是否会承担新规定的部分费用尚不清楚。从选项中的动词可以判断ultimately最后、最终符合句意。9. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。句意为：奥巴马总统在2013年的_中要求2.2亿美元。这里提到金额，因此从选项中的名词可以判断budget预算符合句意。10. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由Nonetheless尽管如此可以判断空格部分需要填入一个与前文相反的态度，从选项中的动词可以判断optimistic乐观的符合句意。5. 单选题She expressed her strong determination that nothing cou

12、ld her to give up her career as a teacher.问题1选项A.induceB.deduceC.reduceD.attract【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。induce “诱导，引起”；deduce “推论；推断”；reduce “减少”；attract “吸引”。Induce sb. to do sth. “诱导某人做某事”。句意：她表达了自己坚定的决心，任何事都不可能诱使她放弃教师这个职业。6. 单选题Some analysts consider the process of automation a second industrial revolu

13、tion with the potentiality for a social upheaval that marked the birth of the factory a century and a half ago. Others insist it is just another step in industrys progress toward greater efficiency, no different in its basic attributes from any of the technological advances that have helped raise Am

14、erican wages, employment totals and living standards.Congressional investigations, puzzled about what action the government should take, have been told by union leaders that automation threatens mass unemployment and by business executives that it will bring unparalleled prosperity.Engineers say tha

15、t push-button factories may eventually permit a work schedule in which the week-end will be longer than the week. Educators see all this leisure promoting a scholastic renaissance in which cultural attainments will become the yardstick of social recognition for workers and boss alike. Gloomier obser

16、vers fear the trend toward “inhuman production” will end by making men obsolete.1. The passage is primarily concerned with .2. Which of the following statements is true?3. The position of the author is to .4. Whose opinion indicates that automation is a great threat to social stability?问题1选项A.robots

17、 at workB.machines vs. mankindC.speculations on automationD.our rising standard of living问题2选项A.The government favors automation.B.Industry has made great advances in the past 150 years.C.Engineers oppose automation.D.More people favor automation than oppose it.问题3选项A.present unfavorable opinions on

18、 automationB.convince the readers of the benefits of automationC.present different opinions on automationD.urge the government to promote automation问题4选项A.EducatorsB.Union leadersC.Some analystsD.Some observers【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了不同人对automation(自动化)的看法，因此选项C符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第三段第

19、一句话提到工程师们认为自动化的工厂可能最终会使那些能在一周内完成的工作延长时间（Engineers say that push-button factories may eventually permit a work schedule in which the week-end will be longer than the week），由此可以推测出工程师们对自动化是持反对意见的，因此选项C符合题意。3.主旨大意题。作者客观陈述了不同人对自动化的看法，并没有带有自己的观点或者评价，因此选项C符合题意。4.判断推理题。文章第二段提到工会领导人认为自动化会导致大规模失业（union leade

20、rs that automation threatens mass unemployment），而大规模失业肯定会影响社会安定，因此选项B符合题意。7. 单选题It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical sys

21、tems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one s

22、uspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. D.Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not l

23、ikely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting, and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social

24、 system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of or even of earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories

25、are worked out. If we define the “security” our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the b

26、iological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of bi

27、ological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, co

28、ntradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.1. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because_.2. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are th

29、e biggest because_.3. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because_.问题1选项A.the records of social systems are more reliableB.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of dataC.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencesD.it is not based

30、 on personal experience问题2选项A.new information is constantly coming inB.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurateC.the direction of their development is difficult to predictD.contradictory theories keep emerging all the time问题3选项A.theories of its origin and history are variedB.our knowledge o

31、f it is highly insecureC.only a very small sample of it has been observedD.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。文章第一段提到尽管我们对社会制度的认识在许多方面不准确，但也不太可能被新的发现彻底推翻（Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not

32、 likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries），由此可知选项A“关于社会制度的记录更为可靠”符合题意。2.推理判断题。文章第二段第一句话提到我们对于天文宇宙（属于自然科学）甚至地球地质历史的图像形象都很容易发生受到革命性的变化，因为会不断有新的数据和理论出现来推翻之前的理论（In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of or even of earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionar

33、y changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out），由此可知自然科学之所以不断变化是因为时刻有不同的理论出现，选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第二段倒数第一句话提到人类对于天文宇宙的记录是非常有限的（Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme），所以人们对天文宇宙的了解很少。选项D符合题意。8. 单

34、选题I didnt send out my application form last week, but I .问题1选项A.had toB.would doC.should haveD.might have to【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。should have done表示“本应该做某事而实际上没做”。句意：我上周没有提交申请表格，这本是我应该去做的。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Methods for typing blood were developed around the turn of the century, about the same time that fingerp

35、rints were first used for identification. Only in the last decade or two, however, have scientists begun to believe that genetic markers in blood and other bodily fluids may someday prove as useful in crime detection as fingerprints.The standard ABO blood typing has long been used as a form of negat

36、ive identification. Added sophistication came with the discovery of additional subgroups of genetic markers in blood and with the discovery that genetic markers are present not only in blood but also in other bodily fluids, such as perspiration and saliva（口水）.These discoveries were of little use in

37、crime detection, however, because of the circumstances in which police scientists must work. Rather than a plentiful sample of blood freshly drawn from a patient, the crime laboratory is likely to receive only a tiny fleck of dried blood of unknown age from an unknown “donor” on a shirt or a scrap o

38、f rag that has spent hours or days exposed to air, high temperature, and other contaminants.British scientists found a method for identifying genetic markers more precisely in small samples. In this process, called electrophoresis, a sample is placed on a tray containing a gel through which an elect

39、rical current is then passed. D.A trained analyst reads the resulting patterns in the gel to determine the presence of various chemical markers.Electrophoresis made it possible to identify several thousand subgroups of blood types rather than the twelve known before. However, the equipment and speci

40、al training required were expensive. In addition, the process could lead to the destruction of evidence. For example, repeated tests of a blood-flecked shirt-one for each marker-led to increasing deterioration of the evidence and the cost of a week or more of laboratory time.It remained for another

41、British researcher, Brian Wrexall, to demonstrate that simultaneous analyses, using an inexpensive electrophoresis apparatus (电冰器)，could test for ten different genetic markers within a 24-hour period. D.This development made the study of blood and other fluid samples an even more valuable tool for c

42、rime detection.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with describing .2.It can be inferred from the passage that electrophoresis resembles finger printing in that both _.3.The author put the word “donor(Para. A.3) into quotation marks in order to .4.The passage contains information that

43、 would answer which of the following questions:5.According to the passage, all of the following may reduce the usefulness of a fluid sample for crime detection EXCEPT_.6.The passage implies that electrophoresis may help scientists determine .问题1选项A.how advances in crime detection methods have led to

44、 new discoveries in scienceB.various ways in which crime detection laboratories assist the policeC.the development of new scientific tools for use in crime detectionD.areas of current research in the science of crime detection问题2选项A.provide a form of negative identification in crime detectionB.were

45、first developed by British scientistsC.may be used to help identify those who were present at the time of a crimeD.were developed by scientists at around the same time问题3选项A.emphasize that most of the blood samples received by crime laboratories come from anonymous sourcesB.underscore the contrast b

46、etween the work done in a crime laboratory and that done in a blood bankC.call attention to the fact that, because of undemanding, crime laboratories are forced to rely on charitable contributionsD.indicate that the blood samples received by crime laboratories are not given freely问题4选项A.Is evidence

47、of genetic markers in bodily fluids admissible in courtB.Can electrophoresis be used to identify genetic markers in salivaC.How many subgroups of blood types are currently identifiableD.How accurate is the process of electrophoresis问题5选项A.the passage of timeB.discoloration or stainingC.exposure to h

48、eatD.the small size of the sample问题6选项A.whether or not a sample of blood could have come from a particular personB.the age and condition of a dried specimen of blood or other bodily fluidC.when and where a crime was probably committedD.the cause of death in homicide cases【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:

49、D第6题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出血型分析、指纹以及遗传标记都可以在犯罪侦查中起作用；第二段提出遗传标记不仅仅存在于血液中，还存在于像汗液和唾液这类的体液中；第三段讲述了以上这些发现在犯罪侦查方面用处不大的原因；第四段讲述了英国科学家发现了一种在小样本中更精确识别基因标记的方法，这个过程叫作做电泳；第五段讲述了电泳技术的优缺点；第六段提到以为英国研究员的发现使得血液和其他液体样本的研究成为犯罪检测的工具。由此可知本文主要讲述的是新的科学工具用于犯罪侦查，选项C符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章中并没有提及指纹是由谁最先提出的，因此选项B可以排除；根据文章第二段第一句话可知negat

50、ive identification是ABO blood typing，因此选项A可以排除；文章并没有提及电泳的时间，因此选项D可以排除。综上，选项C符合题意。3.判断推理题。文章第三段主要讲述了为什么指纹、血型分析这些不能在犯罪侦查中发挥作用，是因为警察科学家工作的环境导致的（These discoveries were of little use in crime detection, however, because of the circumstances in which police scientists must work）。他们没有新鲜的血液来分析，有的只是从一个不知名的“捐赠

51、者”那里得到的一小块干血斑，由此可知警察科学家所需要的样本不是免费的，选项D符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据文章第四段的内容In this process, called electrophoresis, a sample is placed on a tray containing a gel through which an electrical current is then passed可知选项D符合题意。5.细节事实题。根据文章第三段最后that has spent hours or days exposed to air, high temperature, and other co

52、ntaminants可知选项A、B、C都会影响样本，因此选项D符合题意。6.推理判断题。文章第五段提到电泳技术使鉴定几千种血型成为可能（Electrophoresis made it possible to identify several thousand subgroups of blood types rather than the twelve known before），意味着可能鉴别出样本来自于谁，因此选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments w

53、ith electronic instruments. First, a human “guinea pig” is tested using a regular tool. Measurements are taken of the amount of work done, and the buildup of heat in the body. Twisted joints and stretched muscles cannot perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positi

54、ons. The same person is then tested again, using a tool designed according to the suggestions made by Dr. Tichauer. All these tests have shown the great improvement of the new designs over the old.One of the electronic instruments used by Dr. Tichauer, the myograph, makes visible through electrical

55、signals the work done by human muscle.Another machine measures any dangerous features of tools, thus proving information upon which to base a new design. One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs.This work has a

56、ttracted the attention of efficiency experts and time-and-motion-study engineer, but its value goes far beyond that. Dr. Tichauers first thought is for the health of the tool user. With the repeated use of the same tool all day long on production lines and in other jobs, even light manual work can p

57、ut a heavy stress on one small area of the body. In time, such stress can cause a disabling disease. Furthermore, muscle fatigue is a serious safety hazard.Efficiency is the by-product of comfort, Dr. Tichauer believes, and his new designs fortraditional tools have proved his point.1. What are invol

58、ved in the design of a new tool according to the passage?2. From the passage we know that joints and muscles perform best when .3. A “myograph” (Para. A.2, Line 1) is an electronic instrument that .4. It can be inferred from the passage that .5. Dr. Tichauer started his experiments initially to .问题1

59、选项A.Electronic instruments and a regular toolB.A human “guinea pig” and a regular toolC.Electronic instruments and a human “guinea pig”D.Electronic instruments, a human “guinea pig” and a regular tool问题2选项A.they are twisted and stretchedB.they are in their normal positionsC.they are tested with a hu

60、man “guinea pig”D.they are tested with electronic instruments问题3选项A.is able to design new toolsB.measures the amount of energy usedC.enable people to see the muscular movementsD.visualizes electrical signals问题4选项A.a stepladder used to have four legsB.it is dangerous to use toolsC.a tripod is safer i

61、n a tool designD.workers are safer on production lines问题5选项A.improve efficiencyB.increase productionC.reduce work loadD.improve comfort【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段前面两句Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments with electronic instruments. First, a

62、human “guinea pig” is tested using a regular tool可知做该实验涉及到了electronic instruments, a human “guinea pig”和a regular tool，选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第四句话Twisted joints and stretched muscles cannot perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positions可知选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段内容

63、the myograph, makes visible through electrical signals the work done by human muscle可知选项C符合题意。4.推理判断题。文章第三段第二句提到用新机器做实验的一个结论是，三脚架的活梯比四脚活梯用起来更稳定、更安全（One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs），由此可知以前的梯子都是四脚的，因此选项A符合题意。5.推理判断题。文章倒数第二段第二句提到Dr. Tichauer最初的想法是为了工具使用者的健康（Dr. Tichauers first thought is for the health of the tool user），随后提到使用新机器可以减少人的