2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第39期

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1、2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The novel contains some marvelous revealing（ ）of rural life in the 19th century.问题1选项A.glancesB.glimpsesC.glaresD.gleamed【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项glance“瞥闪，扫视，匆匆一看”；B选项glimpse“瞥见”；C选项glare“怒目而视，瞪眼看；发出刺眼的光”；D选项gleamed“闪烁；隐约地闪现”。句意：这本小说包括对19世纪乡村生活的一瞥，绝妙而富于启发。glimpse“

2、瞥见”，是glance的结果。“take a glance at .”（看一看）的结果便是“get a glimpse of .”（瞥见了），此句中，小说提到的是19世纪的乡村生活，是结果不是看一看的动作。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题The corporation expects only（ ）increases in sales next year despite a yearlong effort to revive its retailing business.问题1选项A.modestB.predictableC.dynamicD.expanding【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A

3、选项modest“适度的，谦虚的”；B选项predictable“可预言的”；C选项dynamic“动态的，动力的，有活力的”；D选项expanding“扩大的，扩展的”。句意：尽管用过去一年的时间去努力恢复零售市场，但是公司仅仅期盼业绩（ ）增长即可。题干中的despite表转折，因此空格所填单词应该与despite所引导的句子产生的结果相反，正常情况下，付出了努力必然期盼有回报，所以这里应填与increase意思相反的词汇。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international m

4、arketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To cope with this syste

5、m, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn

6、 cultureone has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonalds. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are stil

7、l far from converging.The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the

8、 international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important

9、 quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.41. According to the passage, which of the following is true?（

10、 ）42. According to the author, the model of Pepsi（ ）.43. The two schools of thought（ ）.44. This article is supposed to be most useful for those（ ）.45. According to Fortune, successful international companies（ ）.问题1选项A.All international managers can learn culture.B.Business diversity is not necessary

11、.C.Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.D.Most people do not know foreign culture well.问题2选项A.is in line with the theories of the school advocating the business is business the world aroundB.is different from the model of McDonaldsC.shows the reverse of globalizationD.has converged

12、 cultural differences问题3选项A.both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual culturesB.both advocate that dfferent policies be set up in dfferent countriesC.admit the existence of cultural diversity in business worldD.Both A and B问题4选项A.who are interested in researching th

13、e topic of cultural diversityB.who have connections to more than one type of cultureC.who want to travel abroadD.who want to run business on International Scale问题5选项A.earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseasB.all have the quality of patienceC.will follow the overseas local culturesD.adopt t

14、he policy of internationalization【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】41.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段可知，文化在商业中是一个很具挑战性的因素。不同的国家与地区可能会有不同的文化体系。在商业中，应该怎样对待不同的文化，商业界存在着不同的看法。A选项“所有国际经理人都可以学习文化”，根据第一段最后一句话可知，有些知识只能根据经验获得，所以A选项太过绝对；B选项“商业多样性没有必要”说法错误；C选项“在商业世界中如何对待文化有不同的看法”符合题意；D选项“大多数人不了解外国文化”文中没有提到，因此C选项正确。4

15、2. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题意可定位到文章第二段的第二、三句话“Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonalds.（在如何应对文化多样性的问题上，商界存在着两种思想流派。一是商业是世界商业，全球都在效仿百事和麦当劳的模式。）”。A选项“符合倡导商业是世界商业

16、的学派的理论”符合题意；B选项“与麦当劳的模式不同”说法错误，两者在商业模式上相同；C选项“显示了全球化的反面”说法错误；D选项“融合了文化差异”文中没有提到。43. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题意定位到文章的第二、三段。二、三段主要描述了两种商业思想流派。A选项“二者都建议公司应该根据个人文化来调整商业方法”说法错误，这只是第二种流派的建议；B选项“两者都主张在不同的国家应制定不同的政策”也只是第二种流派的建议；C选项“承认商业世界中存在着文化的多样性”符合题意；D选项“A和B都正确”错误，因此C选项正确。44. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据全文可知，文章主要关

17、心的并不是研究多种文化形态，而是文化背景对商业运作的影响。A选项“对文化多样性研究感兴趣的人”不符合文章大意；B选项“与一种以上的文化有联系的人”不符合文章大意；C选项“想要出国旅行的人”不符合文章大意；D选项“想要在国际范围内经营生意的人”符合文章大意，因此D选项正确。45. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段的第二句“The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience.（国际上成功的公司都有一个共同的重要品质：耐心。）”。A选项“海外收入占总收入的

18、20%以上”只能说明公司很成功，并不是成功的原因；B选项“都有耐心的品质”符合题意；C选项“会跟随海外本土文化”和 D选项“采取国际化政策”文中都没有提到，因此B选项正确。4. 单选题He had always had a good opinion of himself, but after the publication of his best-selling novel he became unbearably （ ）.问题1选项A.bigotedB.proudC.conceitedD.exaggerated【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。bigoted意为“偏执的，顽固的，心胸狭窄的”

19、；proud意为“得意的，自豪的”；conceited意为“自负的，骄傲自大的”；exaggerated意为“夸大的，言过其实的”。由句中的but可知前后为转折关系，C选项最符合语境。句意：他一直对自己评价很高，但在他的畅销小说出版后，他变得及其自负。5. 翻译题以前人们常说，英国人享乐时也会郁郁不乐。如今，如果英国人真有什么乐趣可享的话，情况无疑还会依然如此，不过英国的烟酒价格构成了足以令人忧愁的外因。有时我觉得，这种享乐时也郁郁不乐的癖性已经传到了大西洋彼岸，我不由得纳闷：这么多讲英语的人身体又健康，收入又丰厚，怎么人生观却如此消沉。我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这

20、种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。大多数社会改革家认为，若是消除了贫困，有了经济保障，太平盛世就会到来。但是，无论在贵国还是在蔽国，看着坐在豪华轿车里的人们的面孔，却见不到社会改革家引导人们期待的那种喜气洋洋的神情。相反，十有八九，我看到的是一副厌倦不满的神情，以及一种近似疯狂的渴望，想找点东西吊起早已发腻的胃口。【答案】【参考译文】It used to be said that English people take their pleasure sadly. This would no doubt still be the case today if they had any

21、 pleasure to take, but the price of alcohol and tobacco in British has provided sufficient external causes for melancholy. I have sometimes thought that the habit of taking pleasure sadly has crossed the Atlantic, and I have wondered what it is that makes so many English-speaking people somber in th

22、eir outlook in spite of good health and a good income.During my travels in the America, I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer. Most social reformers have held the opinion that, if poverty w

23、ere abolished and there were no more economic insecurity, the millennium would have arrived. But when I look at the faces of people in luxury cars, whether in your country or in mine, I do not see that look of radiant happiness which the aforesaid social reformers had led people to expect. In all li

24、kelihood, on the contrary, I see instead a look of boredom and discontent and an almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded palate.6. 单选题What is her prognosis?问题1选项A.solutionB.symptomC.problemD.expectation【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。prognosis意为“(对病情的) 预断，预测，展望”；solution意为“解决”；symptom意为“症状”

25、；problem意为“问题”；expectation意为“预料，预期，期望”。句意：她的预测是什么？7. 单选题The guests were in a jubilant mood as the wedding began.问题1选项A.exultantB.conciliatoryC.reverentD.receptive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。a jubilant意为“喜庆洋洋的，欢欣鼓舞的”；exultant意为“狂喜的；兴高采烈的”；conciliatory意为“调解的，安抚的”；reverent意为“恭敬的，虔敬的”；receptive意为“乐于接受的”。句意：婚礼开始时，客

26、人们都喜气洋洋。8. 翻译题Peer tutoring is an effective way to improve learning for both the tutee and the tutor, and no one doubts the value of this strategy for meeting individual needs within a classroom. However, it takes more than simply pairing off students to make peer tutoring result in improved learnin

27、g.Although you are likely to use informal tutoring practices in your classroom every day (e.g. asking one student to help another student with a problem), establishing a formalized tutoring program requires more involved planning. The following strategies can help you create and sustain an effective

28、 program within your classroom. As with most initiatives, if you can work with your building administrator and other teachers to establish a school-wide tutoring program, you will be able to serve the needs of all students more successfully. Typically, training will be minimal and will include basic

29、 instruction in modeling, prompting responses from tutees, using corrective feedback and praise/reinforcement, alternating teaching methods and materials (i.e., using multisensory methods), and recording and reporting progress. If this is a school-wide initiative, classroom teachers or even parents

30、or paraprofessionals can train students who will tutor as part of an extracurricular service activity.【答案】【参考译文】同伴教学是一种对受教者和施教者的学习都有改进的有效方法，没有人怀疑这种策略在课堂里满足个人需求的价值。然而，要想让同伴辅导提高学习效果，仅仅把学生配对是不够的。虽然你可能每天在你的课堂里使用非正式的辅导实践（例如，要一位学生去帮助另一位学生解决问题），但是建立一个正式的辅导课程却需要更复杂的设计。下面的策略可以帮助您在课堂里创建并维持一个有效的辅导课程。与大多数的倡议一样，

31、如果您能与大楼管理员和其他教师共同去建立一个全校性的辅导课程，那么您将能够更成功地满足所有学生的需求。通常，培训是小规模的，并且包括建模的基本指令，提示来自受教者的回应，使用矫正反馈和称赞/强化，交替教学方法和材料（如使用多感官的方式），记录和报告进展。如果这是一次全校性的倡议，那么将辅导作为部分课外服务活动的课堂老师，甚至家长或辅导专职人员都可以训练学生。9. 单选题Health experts recommend leisurely meals.问题1选项A.paid forB.deletedC.gatheredD.regular【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。leisurely意为“不慌

32、不忙的，慢悠悠的”；pay for意为“赔偿，付款，为付出代价”；delete意为“删除”；gather意为“聚集，集合”；regular意为“规则的，有规律的”。句意：健康专家建议从容饮食。10. 翻译题If we want to foster a culture of conservation, well have to work at changing a host of things, from ads to zoos, from how we put food on our plates to how we imagine our role in the universe. Out

33、of all these necessary changes, I wish to speak about one that is close to my heart as a storyteller, which is the need to root language once more in the earth. We need to recover the fertile meanings of words that arise out of our long evolutionary contact with dirt and wind, rivers and woods, anim

34、als and plants.At the root of language, we often find an earthy wisdom. Take the word “growth” for example, when Donella Meadows and her colleague published a report in 1972 on the prospects for the continued expansion of the human economy, they called their book The Limits to Growth. The very title

35、 provoked outrage in many circles, because a prime creed in the techno-industrial world is that there are no limits to growth. According to this creed, any constraints imposed by nature will be overcome by technical ingenuity or the free market. Mining, drilling, pumping, clearing, plowing, manufact

36、uring, and consumingalong with the human population that drives it allwill expand forever. Politicians and business leaders speak of growth as unbounded and unambiguously good.【答案】【参考译文】如果我们想要培养一种保护文化，那么我们将不得不进行许多改变，从广告到动物园，从食物的加工过程到对自己在宇宙中角色的界定。在这些所有必要的改变中，我想要以一个讲故事的人的身份来谈及一个我最为关心的改变让语言再次回归本土。在漫长的进

37、化过程中，我们与尘土、风、河流、森林、动物和植物的接触产生了词汇，我们需要恢复这些词汇丰富的含义。分析语言的本质，我们经常发现朴实的智慧。以“growth”一词为例，当德内拉梅多斯和她的同事于1972年发表了一份关于人类经济持续发展前景的报告时，她们将其命名为增长的极限。正是这一标题在很多领域引起了愤怒，因为技术工业世界的一个主要信条是增长不受限制。根据这个信条，自然施加的任何限制将会因技术创新或自由市场而被克服。采矿、钻探、抽水、清除、耕作、制造、消费（连同作为这些行为实施者的人类）都将会不断发展。政治家和商业领袖说增长是不受控制的而且一定是好的。11. 单选题Many people thi

38、nk of deserts as（ ）regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there.问题1选项A.barrenB.virginC.voidD.wretched【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。barren意为“贫瘠的，不毛的”；virgin意为“未开发的，原始状态的”；void意为“无效的，空的”；wretched意为“不幸的，悲惨的”。but前后的内容含义转折关系，再根据人们通常对desert（沙漠）的印象是广阔无垠的荒地，因此选A。句意：许多人认为沙漠是不毛之地，但是许多种类的植

39、物和动物已经适应了那里的生活。12. 单选题This product is（ ）to change without notice.问题1选项A.despiteB.evilC.subjectD.crust【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。be subject to“受支配，从属于；常遭受；有倾向的”。A选项despite的常用搭配有in despite of / despite of不管，不顾；B选项evil的常用搭配有speak evil of 说坏话；诽谤/ do evil 作恶；为非作歹；干坏事；造孽；D选项crust“地壳，地表，坚硬外壳”，常用固定搭配很少；句意：本产品（ ）更换，恕不另

40、行通知。根据句意可知C选项更符合句意，因此C选项正确。13. 单选题The atmosphere contains water vapor, but there is a limit to how much water can be evaporated into a given volume of air, just as there is a limit to how much sugar can be dissolved in one cupful of coffee. More sugar can be dissolved in hot coffee than in cold. A g

41、iven volume of air can hold more water vapor at a higher temperature than at a lower temperature. The air is said to be saturated when it holds as much water vapor as it can at the temperature. At 20C a cubic meter of air can hold about 17 gram of water vapor; at 30 C it can hold about 30 gram. Usua

42、lly the atmosphere is not saturated. Relative humidity (expressed in per cent) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor actually present in a given volume of air to the mass which would be present in it if it were saturated. For example, if a cubic meter of air at 20C contains 12 gram of water vapor,

43、 the relative humidity is 12 gm/17 gm x 100 =71%. Hydrometers are instruments for measuring relative humidity. Readings on wet and dry bulb thermometers can be compared with the aid of a chart from which one can then read off the relative humidity. The basic principle of this is that evaporation is

44、a cooling process. The rate of evaporation from the wet-bulb thermometer will be high when the relative humidity is low, and therefore on such a day the wet-bulb thermometer will read considerably below the dry-bulb one. There is no simple formula for converting this temperature difference to relati

45、ve humidity, and therefore a chart is used.If unsaturated air is cooled, its relative humidity goes up. If the temperature of the air drops sufficiently, saturation is reached and excess moisture precipitates out. The dew point is the temperature to which the air must be cooled to become saturated a

46、nd condensation will just form.1.When the readings on the wet-bulb thermometer and the dry-bulb thermometer are similar, we may assume that（ ）.2.When the temperature of the air rises above the dew point,（ ）.问题1选项A.we have relative humidityB.the air is saturatedC.the thermometer is inefficientD.the t

47、emperature is about to rise问题2选项A.dew will formB.it will rainC.the relative humidity exceeds 100%D.evaporation is likely to take place【答案】第1题:B第2题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Relative humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor actually present in a given volume of air to the mass which would be prese

48、nt in it if it were saturated.（相对湿度是给定体积空气中实际存在的水蒸气质量与饱和时存在的水蒸气质量之比）和The rate of evaporation from the wet-bulb thermometer will be high when the relative humidity is low, and therefore on such a day the wet-bulb thermometer will read considerably below the dry-bulb one.（当相对湿度较低时，湿球温度计的蒸发率将很高，因此在这一天，

49、湿球温度计的读数将大大低于干球温度计）可推测当干湿球温度中的度数相近时，则说明相对湿度高，故相对湿度越高说明空气中实际水蒸气含量越接近饱和，因此选B。2.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的If the temperature of the air drops sufficiently, saturation is reached and excess moisture precipitates out. The dew point is the temperature to which the air must be cooled to become saturated and condensat

50、ion will just form.（如果空气温度下降到足够的程度，就会达到饱和，多余的水分就会沉淀出来。露点是指空气必须冷却到的温度，以达到饱和，然后才会形成冷凝）可推测当空气中的温度上升到高于露点温度时，空气中水汽将不会达到饱和，就会产生蒸发，因此选D。14. 单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can（ ）the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。explore意为“勘查，探测”；expose意为“揭露，揭发

51、”；exploit意为“利用，开采”；expand意为“扩大，增加”。由句中的“the radar（雷达）”可知其作用是用来探测，因此选A。句意：通过将雷达波束缓慢地绕着圈移动，我们可以探测周围环境。15. 单选题The（ ）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.descentD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项origin“起源、来源”，往往与过去的活动、风俗、事件等有关；B选项generation“产生、发生”，通常经过生产、操作等过程；C选

52、项descent“遗传，派生，世系”；D选项cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那个词的起源虽不为人所知，但肯定不是来自希腊语。因此A选项正确。16. 翻译题我国高等教育大众化过程需要更加关注4个问题：理解高等教育规模扩大的本原，加强人文素质教育，平衡优秀与平等的关系，协调大学与政府、市场间的关系。所有这些都要以明析高等教育哲学的一个根本问题为前提，即大学的根本使命和目标如何定位的问题。现代大学一定要使学生和公众都能够理解大学最终和最基本的使命是什么。大学不是提供获利的手段和就业单位的场所，而是要激发他们理性的光辉和力量，培养学生坚持长远地、全面地看待个人、社会与历史的

53、发展所需要的能力。【答案】【参考译文】More attention should be paid to four issues during the massification of Chinese higher education: (1) how to understand the prime cause of the expansion of higher education; (2) how to reinforce liberal education; (3) how to balance the relationship between equality and excellenc

54、e; and (4) how to harmonize the relationship between the university, the government and the market. All these are based on the orientation about the ultimate mission and goal of universities. Modern universities must make students and the public understand their ultimate mission. A university is not

55、 a place where stratagems for profits and opportunities of employment are provided; rather, it should inspire students rationalistic potencies, cultivate their ability to look upon the development of individuals, society and history from a long-term and all-around perspective.17. 单选题His expenditure

56、on holidays and luxuries is rather high in（ ）to his income.问题1选项A.comparisonB.proportionC.associationD.calculation【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项in comparison to“与，与相比，与比较而言”；B选项in proportion to“与成比例的；与相称的”，反义词词组是out of proportion；C选项association“协会，联合，联想”，没有in association to这个说法；D选项calculation“计算，估计，计算的结果，深思熟虑”

57、，也没有in calculation to这个说法，句意：他在度假和奢侈品上的开支与他的收入比起来相当高。因此B选项正确。18. 单选题The Space Age（ ）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched, by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。initiate意为“开始，发起，创始”，指首创某事，但并不意味着将某事进行到底；originate意为“起源于，来自，产生”；e

58、mbark意为“上船，着手，从事”一般开始指新的、困难的会令人激动的事；commence意为“开始发生，开始，着手”，尤指重大的事件及历史时期的开始。句意：1957年10月苏联第一颗人造卫星的发射开启了太空时代。19. 单选题The unique human habit of taking in and employing animalseven competitors like wolvesspurred on human tool-making and language, which have both driven humanitys success, Pat Shipman says,

59、 paleoanthropologist of Penn State University. “Wherever you go in the world, whatever ecosystem, whatever culture, people live with animals,” Shipman said.For early humans, taking in and caring for animals would seem like a poor strategy for survival. “On the face of it, you are wasting your resour

60、ces. So this is a very weird behavior.” Shipman said. But its not so weird in the context something else humans were doing about 2.6 million years ago: switching from a mostly vegetarian diet to one rich in meat. This happened because humans invented stone hunting tools that enabled them to compete

61、with other top predators. Quite a rapid and bizarre switch for any animal. So we invented the equipment, learned how to track and kill, and eventually took in animals who also knew how to huntlike wolves and other canines. Others, like goats, cows and horses, provided milk, hair and, finally, hides

62、and meat.Managing all of these animalsor just tracking themrequires technology, knowledge and ways to preserve and convey information. So languages had to develop and evolve to meet the challenges. Tracking game has even been argued to be the origin of scientific inquiry, said Peter Richerson, profe

63、ssor emeritus (名誉退休的) in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis. One of the signs that this happened is in petroglyphs (史前岩画) and other rock art left by ancient peoples. At first they were abstract, geometric patterns that are impossible to decipher (破译). Then they converge on one subject: animals.There have also been genetic changes in both humans and our animals. For the animals those