2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷89（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题The girl began to cry and tears slowly（ ）down her face.问题1选项A.oozedB.trickledC.dribbledD.leaked【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项oozed“渗出，泄漏（有慢慢渗出来的意思）”；B选项trickled“滴，细细地流”；C选项dribbled“流（口水）；滴下”；D选项leaked“使渗漏，泄露”。句意：女孩哭了起来，眼泪慢慢地从脸上_。只有B选项可以与后面的down搭配，意为“一滴滴落下”；A选项与out搭配，表示“泄漏

2、”；C选项一般后面不跟介词；D选项与out搭配，意为“漏出”。而本句表达的是“眼泪一滴滴滑落”，因此B选项符合题意。2. 翻译题The average person sees tens of thousands of images a day-images on television, in newspapers and magazines, and on the sides of buses. Images also grace soda cans and T-shirts, and Internet search engines can instantly procure images f

3、or any word you type. Today, anyone with a digit camera and a PC can produce and alter an image. As a result, the power of the image has been diluted in one sense, but strengthened in another. It has been dilute by the ubiquity of images and the many popular technologies that give almost everyone th

4、e power to create, distort, and transit images. But it has been strengthened by the gradual surrender of the printed word to pictures.We love images and the democratizing power of technologies that give us the capability to make and manipulate images. What we are less eager to consider are broader c

5、ultural effects of a society devoted to the image. Historians have explored the story of mankinds movement from an oral-based culture to a written culture, and later to a printed one. But in the past several decades, we have begun to move from a culture based on the printed word to one based largely

6、 on images. In making images rather than texts our guide, are we opening up new vistas for understanding and expression, creating a new form of communication that is “better than print,” as some scholars have argued? Or are we merely making a peculiar and unwelcome return to forms of communication o

7、nce ascendant in preliterate societies? Two things in particular are at stake in our contemporary confrontation with an image-based culture. First, technology has considerably undermined our ability to trust what we see, yet we have not adequately grappled with the effects of this on our notions of

8、truth. Second, if we are indeed moving from the era of the printed word to an era dominated by the image, what impact will this have on culture?【答案】普通人每天会在电视上、报纸上、杂志上和公交车上看到成千上万的图像。汽水罐和T恤上也有图像，互联网搜索引擎可以立即为你输入的任何单词获取图像。今天，任何人只要有一台数码相机和一台电脑就可以制作和修改图像。因此，形象的力量在某种意义上被稀释了，但在另一种意义上被加强了。它已经被无处不在的图像和许多流行的技术

9、冲淡了，这些技术几乎给了每个人创造、扭曲和传送图像的能力。但印刷文字逐渐向图片屈服，使其更加强大。我们喜欢图像，也喜欢技术的民主化，它让我们有能力制作和处理图像。我们不太愿意考虑的是一个致力于这一形象的社会所产生的更广泛的文化影响。历史学家探索了人类从口述文化到书面文化，再到印刷文化的发展历程。但在过去的几十年里，我们已经开始从一种基于印刷文字的文化转向一种主要基于图像的文化。让图像而非文本成为我们的向导，我们是否为理解和表达开辟了新的前景，创造了一种正如一些学者所说的“比印刷更好”的交流新形式？或者，我们仅仅是在以一种奇特的、不受欢迎的方式回归到曾经在文字出现前的社会中盛行的交流方式？在我们

10、当代与以形象为基础的文化的对抗中，尤其有两件事会处于危险之中。首先，技术大大削弱了我们相信所见事物的能力，但我们还没有充分应对这对我们的真理观念所产生的影响。第二，如果我们真的从印刷文字的时代进入了一个以图像为主导的时代，这将对文化产生怎样的影响?3. 单选题Scientists are already looking（21）the possibility of using some of the（22）ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. In these（23）there are vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fal

11、len over the past 50,000 years. Layer（24）layer of deep snow means that,（25）melted, the snow water would be pure, not salty as sea-ice would be. There is so much（26）pure water here that it would need only a（27）of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world（28）rich farmland. A

12、nd what useful packages it would come in! It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and（29）it! Alternatively perhaps a（30）iceberg could be captured. They are always breaking away from the main caps and floating（31）, pushed by currents,（32）they eventually melt and are wasted. Many icebergs are, o

13、f course,（33）too small to be towed any distance, and would（34）before they reached a country that needed them（35）. It would be necessary to（36）one that was manageable and that was big enough to provide a good （37）of ice when it reached us. Engineers think that an iceberg up to 11 kilometers long and

14、2 kilometers（38）could be transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker! Even then they would cover only 32 kilometers every day.（39）, once the iceberg was at its（40）, more that 7,000 million cubic meters of water could be taken from it!问题1选项A.forB.toC.inD.into问题2选项A.probableB.niceC.a

15、vailableD.possible问题3选项A.partsB.regionsC.countriesD.oceans问题4选项A.ofB.onC.uponD.and问题5选项A.whenB.asC.afterD.before问题6选项A.goodB.possibleC.perpetualD.potential问题7选项A.factorB.fractionC.frameworkD.foundation问题8选项A.toB.inC.intoD.at问题9选项A.transportB.transmitC.transplantD.transcribe问题10选项A.passB.passingC.pas

16、tD.passed问题11选项A.aroundB.aboveC.everywhereD.again问题12选项A.whenB.afterC.beforeD.until问题13选项A.allB.moreC.everyD.much问题14选项A.meltB.resolveC.vaporizeD.disappear问题15选项A.whereB.somewhereC.anywhereD.nowhere问题16选项A.drawB.useC.pullD.harness问题17选项A.supplyB.usageC.potentialD.storage问题18选项A.tallB.broadC.highD.wi

17、de问题19选项A.ThereforeB.HoweverC.ThusD.Although问题20选项A.terminalB.endC.stopD.destination【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:A第12题:D第13题:D第14题:A第15题:C第16题:D第17题:A第18题:D第19题:B第20题:D【解析】21.考查固定搭配。A选项for“为了”；B选项to“给”；C选项in“在里面”；D选项into“到里面”。句意：科学家们已经在_利用北极和南极的一些可用冰的可能性。look into是固定搭配

18、，意为“调查，研究”，而原文中表达的就是科学家在调查研究可用冰，因此D选项符合题意。22.考查形容词辨析。A选项probable“很可能的，可信的（用来指有根据，合情理，值得相信的事物，带有“大概，很可能”的意味）”；B选项nice“很好的”；C选项available“可利用的，可获得的，可找到的”；D选项possible“合理的，合适的（强调客观上有可能性,但常常带有实际可能性很小的含义）”。句意：科学家们已经在研究利用北极和南极的一些_冰的可能性。而本句强调的应该是“可以利用的冰”，因此C选项符合题意。23.考查名词辨析。A选项parts“零件，部件”；B选项regions“地区，地域”；

19、C选项countries“国家”；D选项oceans“海洋”。句意：这些_有巨大的冰帽由过去5万年的降雪形成。而我们根据常识知道，北极和南极只能算是地区，因为那边并没有国家，因此B选项符合题意。24.考查介词辨析。A选项of“的”；B选项on“在上”；C选项upon“在上”；D选项and“和，以及”。句意：一层又一层的厚厚的积雪意味着。B选项和C选项在多数场合下是可以互换的，但是layer upon layer意为“层层”，是固定用法，因此C选项符合题意。25.考查时间状语从句。A选项when“当时”；B选项as“作为”；C选项after“在之后”；D选项before“在之前”。句意：一层又一

20、层的厚厚的积雪意味着，_雪融化，雪水将是纯净的，而不是像海冰那样含盐。这里引导的是一个时间状语从句，意为“当雪融化时，”只有A选项可以引导时间状语从句，因此A选项符合题意。26.考查形容词辨析。A选项good“好的”；B选项possible“可能的，合理的”；C选项perpetual“永久的，不断的”；D选项potential“潜在的，可能的”。句意：这里有如此多的_纯净水，只需一小部分就能将世界上大部分沙漠或灌溉不足的地区变成肥沃的农田。本句可以通过推理得出答案，雪水是需要冰山融化才能获得，也就是说并不是已经存在的，而是需要经过一些步骤才能得到，因此它应该是“潜在的纯净水”，因此D选项符合题

21、意。27.考查名词辨析。A选项factor“因素，要素”；B选项fraction“分数，部分”；C选项framework“框架，结构”；D选项foundation“基础，地基”。句意：这里有如此多的潜在纯净水，只需_就能将世界上大部分沙漠或灌溉不足的地区变成肥沃的农田。本题表达的是，这里的纯净水多到只需一小部分就能帮助很多地区，因此B选项符合题意。28.考查介词辨析。A选项to“对”；B选项in“在上”；C选项into“到里面，转变成”；D选项at“在时”。句意：这里有如此多的潜在纯净水，只需一小部分就能将世界上大部分沙漠或灌溉不足的地区_肥沃的农田。本句表达的是“将沙漠变成肥沃的农田”，只有

22、C选项有“转变”之意，因此C选项符合题意。29.考查动词辨析。A选项transport“运输，流放”；B选项transmit“传输，传播，发射”；C选项transplant“移植，移栽”；D选项transcribe“转录，抄写”。句意：应该可以砍下一点冰，然后把它_！前文说到的是将融化的纯净水分给一些缺水地区，那么这里不难得出，应该是将这些冰“运过去”，给缺水地区使用，因此A选项符合题意。30.考查修饰语。A选项pass“通过（v.）”；B选项passing“经过的（adj.）”；C选项past“过去的，之前的（adj.）”；D选项passed“已经通过的”。句意：或者，也可以捕捉路过的冰山。

23、本句表达的是“捕捉路过的冰山”，需要填入一个形容词，并且没有表示过去时的含义，因此B选项符合题意。31.考查副词辨析。A选项around“在四周，在附近”；B选项above“在上，超过”；C选项everywhere“到处”；D选项again“又一次，此外”。句意：它们总是脱离主帽，_漂浮。这句所表达的意思是，它们会脱离主帽，四处漂浮，因此A选项符合题意。32.考查时间状语。A选项when“当时候”；B选项after“在之后”；C选项before“在之前”；D选项until“直到”。句意：它们总是脱离主冰帽，在洋流的推动下四处漂浮，_最终融化并被浪费掉。而根据句子的逻辑，表达的应该是：它一直四处

24、漂浮，直到最终被融化掉。因此D选项符合题意。33.考查固定搭配。A选项all“所有的”；B选项more“更多的”；C选项every“每一个”；D选项much“大量的”。句意：当然，许多冰山_，无法被拖到远的地区。这里考查much too固定搭配，意为“太，非常”，而本句要表达的是冰山太小，因此D选项符合题意。34.考查动词辨析。A选项melt“融化，溶解”；B选项resolve“决定，使分解”；C选项vaporize“蒸发”；D选项disappear“消失”。句意：当然，许多冰山太小，无法被拖到远的地区，它会在到达那些需要它的国家之前就_。前文有提到过冰山很容易融化，而此处也不难推断出，表达的

25、是“它会在到达之前就融化”，因此A选项符合题意。35.考查副词辨析。A选项where“在哪里”；B选项“在某处”；C选项anywhere“在任何地方”；D选项nowhere“无处，任何地方都不”。句意：当然，许多冰山太小，无法被拖到远的地区，在到达_需要它们的国家之前就会融化。由于它们太容易融化，因此应该是到达任何需要它们的国家之前就会融化，因此C选项符合题意。36.考查动词辨析。A选项draw“拉，拖（通常指拖或拉向自己,多指拖拉较轻的物体，不太费力，有持续平稳地“拉”）”；B选项use“使用”；C选项pull“拉，拖（指用力“拉”，但不强调力的大小和“拉”的方式，用得比较广泛）”；D选项h

26、arness“治理，利用”。句意：有必要_一个易于管理的，而且足够大的（物件），保证当它（冰山）到达我们这里之前能够提供充足的供应。这句表达的是，“利用一个这样的物体，来帮助冰山不融化”，其他选项代入均不符合原意，因此D选项符合题意。37.考查名词辨析。A选项supply“供给，补充”；B选项usage“使用，用法”；C选项potential“潜能，可能性”；D选项storage“存储，储存”。句意：有必要利用一个易于管理的，而且足够大的（物件），保证当它（冰山）到达我们这里之前能够提供充足的_。这句话表达的是“在冰山到达需要它的地方之前要能够有东西提供充足的供应（让冰山不融化）”，而其他几个

27、选项代入可发现与原意并不相符，因此A选项符合题意。38.考查名词辨析。A选项tall“高度（多指由顶到底的长度，尤其指比较细长的东西，如人、树、建筑物等，一般用于口语）”；B选项broad“宽度（侧重于幅面的宽广）”；C选项high“高度（形容高出地面或其他物体的东西，也可修饰任何比普通或一定标准高的事物，一般用于书面语）”；D选项wide“宽度（侧重于一边到另一边的距离）”。句意：工程师们认为，一个长11千米、宽2千米的冰山，如果拖船像超级油轮那么大，就可以运输。根据前面的“长为11千米”，可以判断出此处空格处要表示的是“宽为”，而英语中一般用wide来形容，因此D选项符合题意。39.考查连

28、词辨析。A选项Therefore“因此，所以”；B选项However“然而”；C选项Thus“因此，从而”；D选项Although“尽管，虽然”。句意：_，冰山一旦到达目的地，就可以从其中抽取超过70亿立方米的水！本句需要把握前后两句的逻辑关系，前面一直都在说冰山搬运的困难程度，而这一句却说道“山一旦到达目的地，就可以从其中抽取超过70亿立方米的水”，两句之间有明显得转折关系，因此B选项符合题意。40.考查名词辨析。A选项terminal“航空站”；B选项end“结束，末端”；C选项stop“停止，车站”；D选项destination“目的地”。句意：然而，冰山一旦到达_，就可以从其中抽取超过

29、70亿立方米的水！根据前文的描述，不难得出这句表达的是“冰山一旦到达目的地（需要它的国家）”，因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题The company recommended that a new petrol station be built in the valley.问题1选项A.suggestedB.orderedC.demandedD.insisted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项suggested“建议，推荐”；B选项ordered“命令，要求”；C选项demanded“要求，需求”；D选项insisted“坚持”。句意：公司建议在山谷里建一个新的加油站。A选项与划线词词义最

30、近。因此A选项符合题意。5. 单选题While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping（ ）to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.问题1选项A.occasionallyB.simultaneouslyC.eventuallyD.promptly【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项occasionally“偶尔，间或”；B选项simultaneously“同时”；C选项eventually“最后，终于”；D选项promptly“迅速地，立即地”。句意：海伦打字时，习惯_停下来梳理一下她那飘逸的长发。这里表示的是

31、“偶尔停下来”，因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题Nerve signals may travel through nerve or muscle fibers at speeds as high as two hundred miles per hour.问题1选项A.velocitiesB.impulsesC.ratiosD.atrocities【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项velocities“速度”；B选项impulses“脉冲”；C选项ratios“比率”；D选项atrocities“暴行，残忍”。句意：神经信号通过神经纤维或肌肉纤维的速度可达每小时200英里。句子中的划线部分

32、含义 “速度”，与A选项最为接近，因此A选项符合题意。7. 单选题Jill Ker Conway, president of Smith, echoes the prevailing view of contemporary technology when she says that “anyone in todays world who doesnt understand data processing is not educated.” But she insists that the increasing emphasis on these matters leave certain g

33、aps. Says she: “The very strongly utilitarian emphasis in education, which is an effect of man-made satellites and the cold war, has really removed from this culture something that was very profound in its 18th and 19th century rots, which was a sense that literacy and learning were ends in themselv

34、es for a democratic republic.”In contrast to Platos claim for the social value of education, a quite different idea of intellectual purposes was advocated by the Renaissance humanists. Overjoyed with their rediscovery of the classical learning that was thought to have disappeared during the Dark Age

35、s, they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justificationreligious, social, economic, or political. Its purpose, to the extent that it has one, is to pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutes civilization. “What could man acquire, by virtuous striving

36、, that is more valuable than knowledge?” asked Erasmus, perhaps the greatest scholar of the early 16thcentury. That idea has acquired a tradition of its own. “The educational process has no end beyond itself,” said John Dewey, “It is its own end.”But what exactly is the corpus of knowledge to be pas

37、sed on? In simpler times, it was all included in the medieval universities Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, musiC.and Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic). As recently as the last century, when less than 5% of Americans went to college at all, students in New England establishments were co

38、mpelled mainly to memorize and recite various Latin texts, and crusty professors angrily opposed the introduction of any new scientific discoveries or modern European languages. “They felt.” said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr., the Union Pacific Railroad president who devoted his later years

39、 to writing history, “that a classical education was the important distinction between a man who had been to college and a man who had not been to college, and that anything that diminished the importance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy.”1. The first paragraph

40、 shows that Jill Ker Conway accepts utilitarian emphasis in education（ ）.2. Education for educations sake was probably opposed by（ ）.3. The idea that education transmits knowledge is dated back to（ ）.4. It can be inferred that Charles Francis Adams, Jr. （ ）.5. According to the third paragraph, which

41、 of the following is true?问题1选项A.wholeheartedlyB.with reservationC.against her own willD.with contempt问题2选项A.scholars in the Renaissance periodB.Jill Ker ConwayC.scholars in the Dark AgesD.Plato问题3选项A.the Renaissance humanistsB.the medieval universitiesC.the 18th centurys American scholarsD.the cold

42、 war period问题4选项A.devoted his later years to classical educationB.was an advocate of education in historyC.was an opponent to classical educationD.regretted diminishing the importance of the distinction问题5选项A.Five percent of American college students learnt Latin texts.B.Students in New England lear

43、nt Latin texts in official organizations.C.Students were compelled to learn modern European languages.D.American college students had to learn Latin texts by reading.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段第二句But she insists that the increasing emphasis on these matters leave certain g

44、aps.（但她坚持认为，对这些问题的日益重视留下了一定的差距。）我们可以知道知道，虽然吉尔克尔康维支持实用主义教育，但是她认为实用主义教育仍然有一些欠缺，因此B选项“仍然有余地”正确。A选项“全心全意地”；C选项“与她的意志相违背”以及D选项“带有目的性的”，都不正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段第一句和第二句In contrast to Platos claim for the social value of education, a quite different idea of intellectual purposes was advocated by the Renaissa

45、nce humanists. Overjoyed with . they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justificationreligious, social, economic, or political.（与柏拉图对教育的社会价值的主张相反，文艺复兴时期的人文主义者提倡一种完全不同的关于智力目的的观点。他们为重新发现被认为在黑暗时代已经消失的经典知识而欣喜若狂，他们认为知识的传授不需要任何理由宗教的，社会的，经济的或政治的。）通过这两句话我们知道，柏拉图认为教育应该具有社会价值，而文艺复兴时期的人文主义者持有与柏拉图完

46、全不同的观点，提出知识的传授不应该具有宗教、社会、经济、政治目的，由此我们可以推断出，文艺复兴时期的人文主义者建议“教育只为教育而生”即“education for educations sake”的观点，综合考虑，最有可能反对“教育的目的就是教育本身。”的是柏拉图，因此D选项“柏拉图”正确。A选项“文艺复兴时期的学者”没有提到；B选项“吉尔克尔康维”，她虽支持实用主义教育，但仍认为它有一些欠缺，因此不正确；而C选项“黑暗时代的学者”，没有提及。3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段第二句In simpler times, it was all included in the mediev

47、al universities Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, musiC.and Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic).（在较简单的时代，它全部被包括在中世纪大学的四科（算术、几何、天文学、音乐）和三科（语法，修辞，逻辑）中。）通过这句话我们知道，在简单时代，中世纪大学向学生传授四门学科（算术、几何、天文、音乐）和三学科（语法、修辞、逻辑）的知识，因此我们可以判断出教育传授知识的观点可以追溯至中世纪大学，因此B选项“中世纪的大学”正确。A选项“文艺复兴时期的人文主义者”；C选项“18世纪的美国学者”以及

48、D选项“冷战时期”，都不符合原文。4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段 “They felt,” said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr. , the Union . distinction between a man who had been to college and a man who had not been to college, and that anything that diminished the importance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary a

49、nd tended to anarchy.（“他们的感受。小查尔斯弗朗西斯亚当斯遗憾地说。“联合太平洋铁路总统晚年致力于书写历史，”一个古典教育的重要区别是一个人上大学，一个人没有上大学，任何削弱这种区别的事本质上都是革命，倾向于无政府状态。”）作者在引用这段话时用了regretfully（遗憾地）一词，从而说明Charles Francis Adams, Jr. 是反对古典教育的，因此C选项“是古典教育的反对者”正确。A选项“晚年致力于古典教育”；B选项“是历史上教育的倡导者”以及D选项“遗憾的是降低了区别的重要性”都属于抓住这一段引语中的个别词句进行发挥，都与原文不符，也无法由原文推知。5

50、.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到第三段第三句As recently as the last century . or modern European languages (近至上个世纪，当美国上大学的人总共还不到5%的时候，新英格兰教育机构里的学生却在被迫着记忆和背诵各种拉丁文本，那些顽固的教授愤怒地反对引进任何新的科学发现或现代欧洲语言)。B选项中的official organizations是该句中establishments的改写，意思上与原文相符，因此B选项“新英格兰的学生在官方机构学习拉丁文”正确。A选项“百分之五的美国大学生学习拉丁文”；C选项“学生们被迫学习现代欧洲语言”以及D选

51、项“美国大学生必须通过阅读来学习拉丁语”都不符合原文。8. 翻译题如果将保护地球的自然系统视作某种道德选择的话，就完全误解了当今人们所面临的危机。当前的挑战是关乎于人类社会的未来，而不是交给某些博爱慷慨的善心人士来做一些随意的慈善。并不是要保护自然免受人类的侵害，而是为了人类而保护自然能让这样的观念深入人心才是改变思路的核心内容。要知道，我们正承受着自身所作所为带来的一系列后果。全世界都需要知道，一个健康的自然世界并不是某些偶然善举带来的，而是一系列重要物质资产的集合。如果这样的观念能够产生实际的效果，那么保护自然并不只是环境上的挑战，而必须上升为经济上的挑战。只要有一天人类仍在自欺欺人一面提

52、倡保护环境，一面却又不顾对环境的损害而急于追求经济增长，那么取得实质性的进展仍会是一件遥遥无期的事情。【答案】To see the preservation of the planets natural systems as a moral choice is to completely misunderstand the crisis we face today. The challenge now is about the future of human society, not about giving random charity to some philanthropic, gene

53、rous person. Its not about protecting nature from man, its about protecting nature for mans sakeand getting that idea into peoples minds is at the heart of the change in thinking. You know, were living with the consequences of what we do. The world needs to know that a healthy natural world is not t

54、he result of some random act of kindness, but of a collection of important material assets.If such ideas are to have any practical effect, conservation of nature must become not just an environmental challenge, but an economic one. As long as human beings continue to deceive themselves by protecting

55、 the environment while pursuing economic growth without regard to environmental damage, substantial progress will remain a long way off.9. 单选题I gave the car a thorough（ ）before buying it.问题1选项A.inspectionB.reviewC.surveyD.check-up【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项inspection“视察，检查（更加仔细）”；B选项review“回顾，检查”；C选项survey“

56、调查”；D选项check-up“检查，核对（比较随意）”。句意：我把车_了一遍才买下来。本句表达的是“将车子彻底检查一遍才买下来”，因此A选项符合题意。10. 单选题Diaspora networksof Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many othershave always been a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 21

57、5m first-generation migrants around the world: thats 3% of the worlds population. If they were a nation, it would be: little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are scattered all over the globe. Small concent

58、rations of ethnic and linguistic groups have always been found in surprising places.These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across borders. They speed the flow of information: a Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a gap in the market for cheap umbrellas will alert his

59、cousin in Shenzhen who knows someone who runs an umbrella factory. Kinship ties foster trust, so they can seal the deal and get the unbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends. Trust matters, especially in emerging markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture

60、. That is why so much foreign direct investment in China still passes through the Chinese diaspora. And modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of business.Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging worlds brightest minds are educated at Western universities.

61、 An increasing number go home, taking with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to their families; they also help comp

62、anies in their host country operate in their home country. A Harvard Business School study shows that American companies that employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a joint venture with a local firm.Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they are a drain on the public purse; and that