2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前模拟强化练习题43（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg,

2、 or matured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civiliz

3、ed. To be good at fighting is to be good in the way which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means kill

4、ing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than be seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed the most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the r

5、ight. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or seriously injured. And while today it is true that peo

6、ple in the streets while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just star

7、ted. Mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life. The past of man has been on the whole a pretty beastly business. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is that they will sometimes have done something else.41. According to the author, whic

8、h of the following cases may be regarded as an advancement of civilization?42. In the first sentence of paragraph 2, “It is just possible they are” means that（ ）.43. The author suggests that civilized people should settle disputes by（ ）.44. In the authors view, the nations and countries of today（ ）.

9、45. By the last paragraph, the author implies that（ ）.问题1选项A.The act of conquering the other nations.B.The ability to get others to fight for you.C.The breaking of legs.D.The way to fertilize a field.问题2选项A.it is possible that most people believe in the greatest countriesB.it is possible that the co

10、nquerors are the greatest countriesC.it is possible that the greatest countries may beat the greatest number of countriesD.it is possible that the conquerors can rule over other countries问题3选项A.going to warsB.gaining the rightC.having the mightD.adopting non-violent ways问题4选项A.are quite friendly to

11、one anotherB.can keep the rules and behave properlyC.are still fighting against one anotherD.know how to settle disputes问题5选项A.people are born savage and its hard for them to changeB.civilization is a thing that cannot be expected too muchC.civilized people will never do any savage thingsD.human bei

12、ngs will forward the civilization as they mature【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】41. 推理判断题。A选项“征服其他国家的行为”，第一段I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.（我想大多数人都认为最伟大的国家是那些在战争中打败

13、最多其他国家并以征服者的身份统治它们的国家。）第二段有转折It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.（他们可能是，但他们不是最文明的。）故可排除A选项。B选项“让别人为你而战的能力”，根据原文Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently is not being civilized.（即使是善于让别人为你而战，并告诉他们如何做才最有效，也不是文明

14、。）可排除B选项。C选项“断腿”定位在第一段第二句We do not know who first set a broken leg, or matured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers.（我们不知道谁最先接上折断的腿骨，还是成熟了一片田；但我们知道所有关于杀手和毁灭者的事。）句中是接上断腿的人，而非断腿。D选项“给土地施肥的方法。”在作者眼里推动文明发展的不是这些征服者，将军或者士兵，也不是通过野蛮行为解决纷争的人。A，B，C选项在作者眼中都不是文明的，均可排除，故选D。42. 推理判断题。定位在第一段最后

15、一句I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.（我想大多数人都认为最伟大的国家是那些在战争中打败最多其他国家并以征服者的身份统治它们的国家。）可知they指代的是最伟大的国家。A选项“大多数人可能相信最伟大的国家”与题意无关。B选项“征服者可能是最伟大的国家”，置换主语，有误。C选项“可能最伟大的国家打败最多

16、的国家”与句意契合，正确。D选项“征服者有可能统治其他国家”与主干无关，可排除。故选C。43. 推理判断题。定位在第二段People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than be seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying t

17、hat the side which has killed the most has won.（人们靠打架来解决争议。战斗意味着杀戮，文明的人民应该能够找到解决争端的方法，而不是看哪一方杀死另一方的人数更多，然后说，杀死最多的一方赢了。）由此可知，作者认为武力不是解决问题的办法。A选项“参战”，与武力有关不符合。B选项“赢得权利”，和平解决问题是不会有输赢的，C选项“有强权”，And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it

18、means saying that might is right.（它不仅赢了，而且因为赢了，它是正确的。因为这就是参战的意义；它意味着说强权即公理。）在文中作者对强权即公理的这种说法是不赞成的。由此可排除C选项。D选项“采用非暴力方式”符合题意，故选D。44. 推理判断题。根据原文And while today it is true that people in the streets while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other

19、 in daily life nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.（虽然现在，人们并不会在街上相互残杀，也就是说，我们已经到了遵守规则和在日常生活中相互之间行为得体的阶段。但各个民族和国家还没有学会这样做，仍然表现得像野蛮人。）由此可知，如今的一些民族和国家还存在着对抗战争，故C选项“仍在互相争斗”正确。A选项“他们彼此很友好”，B选项“遵守规矩，举止得体”，D选项“知道如何解决争端”均与句意不符，可排除，故选C。45. 推理判断题。根据原文But we must

20、 not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. Mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life.（但我们不能期望太多。毕竟，人类的进化才刚刚开始。人类才刚刚开始文明生活。）由此可知，我们还处在文明世界的开端，不能期望过高。A选项“人天生野蛮，很难改变”错误。根据原文And while today it is true that people in the streets while, that is to say, we have got

21、 to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life.（虽然现在，人们并不会在街上相互残杀，也就是说，我们已经到了遵守规则和在日常生活中相互之间行为得体的阶段。）可以知道人们已经有改变了。B选项“文明是一种不能过分期待的东西”，作者是以目前阶段的文明而言，我们不能够期待太多，并没有让人不去期待，属于歪曲意思。C选项“文明人决不会做野蛮的事”说法过于绝对，根据原文We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done t

22、hese things.（我们不能期待即使是文明人也不会做这些事。）可知文明人绝对不做野蛮的事是很难保证的。D选项“随着人类的成熟，人类将推进文明的发展”，作者说到人类文明才刚开始，可以推出现在的文明随着人类的成熟，还能够有所进步，故D选项正确。2. 单选题To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be（ ）, and display interest in the job.问题1选项A.swiftB.instantC.timelyD.punctual【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项swift“迅速的；敏捷的”；B选项

23、instant“立即的；紧迫的”；C选项timely“及时的；适时的”；D选项punctual“准时的；守时的”。句意：为了给未来的雇主留下印象，职员应该穿戴整洁，显示对工作的兴趣。目的是impress a future employer“给未来雇主留下好的印象”，应该要dress neatly“穿戴整洁”，be punctual“守时的”，而且显示出对这份工作的兴趣。就像是一场面试，最重要的还是要守时。因此D选项符合题意。3. 单选题The fox watched them（ ）from the safety of a nearby field.问题1选项A.going passedB.to

24、 go passC.going pastD.to go past【答案】C【解析】考查感官动词的搭配。感官动词watch后面需要接省略to的不定式，表示动作发生的过程已经结束。因此可排除CD选项，后接doing作宾语补足语时通常表示动作正在进行中或状态。句意：那只狐狸在旁边安全的地方看着他们经过。A选项passed是动词pass的过去式，而句中需要一个副词来修饰动词go，由此C选项的past作副词时表“经过”，符合句意，故选C。4. 单选题The sewage system of the city（ ）the water so that swimming was forbidden.问题1选项

25、A.dilutedB.divertedC.culminatedD.contaminated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项diluted“稀释；削弱”；B选项diverted“转移；使转向”；C选项culminated“使结束；达到顶点”；D选项contaminated“污染；弄脏”。句意：城市的污水系统了这片水域，因此游泳被禁止。关键词sewage“污水”和后面的结果swimming was forbidden“游泳被禁止了”由此可知是污水会污染这片水域。本句使用的是过去式，因此空格内应填入谓语动词的过去式。因此D选项符合题意。5. 单选题Taking charge of yourse

26、lf involves putting to rest some very prevalent misconceptions.（46）the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is（47）by your ability to solve complex problems, to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of（48）asserts formal education

27、and bookish excellence as the true measures of self fulfillment. It（49）a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have（50）to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline, is “intelligent”.（

28、51）mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day an each present moment of every day.If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything its worth, then you are an intell

29、igent person. Problem（52）is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or（53）a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness,（54）you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate

30、weapon（55）the big N.B.D.Nervous Break Down.“Intelligent” people do not have N. B. D.s because they are in（56）of themselves. They know how to choose happiness（57）depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of（58）lives.You can begin to think of yourself（59）truly intelligent on the basi

31、s of（60）you choose to feel（61）the face of difficult circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has（62）difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of（63）it means to be human. S

32、imilarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which（64）problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make（65）to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while other collapse or have an N. B. D. Thos

33、e who recognized problems as a human condition and dont measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also the most rare.问题1选项A.AtB.OnC.UnderD.Over问题2选项A.measuredB.meantC.machinedD.molded问题3选项A.notionB.disabilityC.intelligenceD.misconception问题4选项A.exper

34、iencesB.encouragesC.encountersD.exploits问题5选项A.comeB.graduallyC.beenD.being问题6选项A.HenceB.ThereforeC.ThusD.Yet问题7选项A.findingB.trackingC.solvingD.killing问题8选项A.forB.withC.toD.at问题9选项A.thenB.butC.sinceD.as问题10选项A.oppositeB.againstC.towardD.across问题11选项A.powerB.placeC.chargeD.danger问题12选项A.againstB.from

35、C.underD.over问题13选项A.theirB.ourC.itsD.his问题14选项A.forB.atC.whenD.as问题15选项A.howB.whyC.whenD.where问题16选项A.upB.inC.toD.against问题17选项A.sameB.obviousC.varyingD.similar问题18选项A.whatB.howC.whenD.which问题19选项A.proposeB.presentC.prosecuteD.proceed问题20选项A.themB.thatC.theirD.it【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A第6题:D第7

36、题:C第8题:D第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:D第13题:A第14题:D第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:D【解析】46. 考查固定搭配。A选项At“在”；B选项On“在上”；C选项Under“在之下；Over“越过；在之上”。句意：排在首列的是这样一种观念。固定搭配At the top of the list“在列表的顶部”。On the top of一般是用来说明在某物的上部。句中的主语不是一个具体的事物，可排除。Under与top词义相反，不可搭配使用。Over the top of一般是指悬空在上方，可排除。因此A选项符合题意。47.

37、考查动词辨析。A选项measured“测量”；B选项meant“意味着”；C选项machined“机器加工”；D选项molded“用模子塑造”。句意：排在首位的是这样一种观念：智力是由你解决复杂问题的能力来的。而且根据后面的介词by，可知空格内填入measured最为恰当。短语be measured by“由来衡量”。因此A选项符合题意。48.考查名词辨析。A选项notion“概念；见解”；B选项disability“无能；无资格”；C选项intelligence“智力；才智”；D选项misconception“误解”。句意：这种观认为正规教育和优秀的书卷气是衡量自我实现的真正标准。根据指示代

38、词this指代上一句的the notion，由the notion后面的that引导的同位语从句内容可知谈论的是关于intelligence的看法。因此C选项符合题意。49. 考查动词辨析。A选项experiences“经历”；B选项encourages“鼓励；激励”；C选项encounters“遭遇”；D选项exploits“开发；剥削”。句意：它了一种智力偏见，并带来了一些令人沮丧的结果。由后面说到的带来了一些令人沮丧的结果可知，一定是智力偏见加剧后从而得到的结果。encourage也有“助长”的意义，因此B选项符合题意。50. 考查固定搭配。A选项come“来”；B选项gradually

39、“逐渐地”；C选项been“是；有”，be的过去分词；D选项being“是；有”，be的现在分词。句意：我们相信。固定搭配have come to do“已经开始”，因此A选项符合题意。51. 考查语义逻辑。A选项Hence“因此”；B选项Therefore“因此”；C选项Thus“因此”；D选项Yet“然而；但是”。前一句说的是我们开始相信，那些获得更多教育奖章、擅长某种形式的学校纪律的人是“聪明的”。空格后的内容是精神病院的病人都拥有所有正确的证书。两个句子存在一种转折，得了很多证书拿了奖项的人是聪明的，然而精神病院的病人也大多收获了很多证书。因此D选项符合题意。52. 考查动词辨析。A选

40、项finding“发现”；B选项tracking“追踪；跟踪”；C选项solving“解决”；D选项killing“杀死”。句意：问题对你的幸福是有帮助的。可以与problem“问题”搭配的是发现问题，或者是解决问题。根据后一句的关键词resolve“解决”可知，这里是在说解决问题对幸福是有帮助的。因此C选项符合题意。53. 考查固定搭配。A选项for“为了；对”；B选项with“和；具有”；C选项to“朝；位于”；D选项at“在；以”。句意：或者拒绝选择不快乐。固定搭配at a minimum“至少”。因此D选项符合题意。54. 考查语义逻辑。A选项then“那么”；B选项but“但是”；C

41、选项since“因为”；D选项as“因为；正如”。前面的句子是if引导的条件状语从句。句意：但如果你知道自己无法解决某个特定的问题，你仍然可以为自己选择快乐，或者至少拒绝选择不快乐，你是聪明的。此句的逻辑关系是，如果那么。因此A选项符合题意。55. 考查介词辨析。A选项opposite“在对面”；B选项against“反对；针对”；C选项toward“向；对于”；D选项across“穿过”。句意：你很聪明，因为你有神经崩溃的终极武器。由此可知，句中是因为有武器可以对抗神经崩溃。因此B选项符合题意。56. 考查固定搭配。A选项power“力量；权力”；B选项place“地方；住所”；C选项cha

42、rge“费用；掌管”；D选项danger“危险；威胁”。句意：聪明的人不会有神经崩溃的时候，因为他们能自己。固定搭配be in charge of“负责；掌控”。与文中第一段的Taking charge of yourself相呼应。因此C选项符合题意。57. 考查介词辨析。A选项against“反对；针对”；B选项from“从；从到”；C选项under“在下面”；D选项over“在上面，穿越”。句意：他们知道如何沮丧选择快乐，因为他们知道如何处理他们生活中的问题。意思是聪明的人知道如何选择快乐而不是沮丧，在沮丧面前直达快乐的方法是越过沮丧，不去沾染。因此D选项符合题意。58. 考查物主代词辨

43、析。A选项their“他们的”；B选项our“我们的”；C选项its“它的”；D选项his“他的”，本句的主语是they他们。句意：因为他们知道如何处理生活中的问题。物主代词应该与主语保持一致。因此A选项符合题意。59. 考查固定搭配。A选项for“为了；对于”；B选项at“在；向”；C选项when“何时”；D选项as“作为；像”。句意：你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的。固定搭配think ofas“认为是”，因此D选项符合题意。60. 考查连接词辨析。A选项how“怎样；如何”；B选项why“为什么”；C选项when“什么时候”；D选项where“在哪里”。句意：你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的

44、，根据你是在艰难环境中是选择的。连接词中不需要使用疑问语气，后面接的是肯定句。因此可排除B，C，D选项。how可以用作从句中feel的表语，因此A选项符合题意。61. 考查固定搭配。A选项up“在之上”；B选项in“在内”；C选项to“朝；对于”；D选项against“反对；针对”。句意：你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的，取决于你在面对困境时所选择的感受。固定搭配in the face of“面对”，因此B选项符合题意。62. 考查形容词辨析。A选项same“相同的；同一的”；B选项obvious“明显的；显著的”；C选项varying“不同的；易变的”；D选项similar“相似的”。句意：每

45、个人在任何社会背景下与其他交往的人都有的困难。后面就开始解释我们都可能会遇到的困难，而每个人的处境不同所遇到的困难是无法达到一模一样的。根据后面的Similarly“相似地；类似地”，可以更加肯定空格内应填入相似的困难，刚好也能与后文相呼应。因此D选项符合题意。63. 考查语法结构。A选项what“什么”；B选项how“怎样”；C选项when“什么时候”；D选项which“哪一个”。空格前是介词of后需要一个连接词，构成宾语从句。疑问副词不能够充当宾语成分，可首先排除B，C选项。可以看到宾语从句的形式主语是it，to be human才是真正的主语。句中谓语动词means“意味着”缺少宾语。句

46、意：各种分歧、矛盾、妥协是人类存在的真正意义的一部分。因此A选项符合题意。64. 考查动词辨析。A选项propose“建议；求婚”；B选项present“提出；出现”；C选项prosecute“检举；起诉”；D选项proceed“开始；进行”。句意：同样，金钱、衰老、疾病、死亡、自然灾害和事故是所有的几乎给所有人困难的事件。这些不可抗力的事情都是会给人带来困难的。presentto“给予；出现在”；此处是给予不美好的事物，可译为“带来”。因此B选项符合题意。65. 考查固定搭配。A选项them“他们”；B选项that“那；那个”；C选项their“他们的”；D选项it“它”。句意：但是有些人能

47、够做到。固定搭配make it“成功；成功做到”，因此D选项符合题意。6. 单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year

48、, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopo

49、ly they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain: trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail indu

50、stry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governmen

51、ts Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the

52、 same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the p

53、osition of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit

54、 with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes: still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with W

55、all Street cheering them on. Consider the 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers

56、 fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers railway, monopoly is unlikely because（ ）.32. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 th

57、at（ ）.34. The word “arbiters” (Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those（ ）.35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by（ ）.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will continue to existD

58、.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a government board

59、ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】31. 客观细节题。定位在第二段Any

60、threat of monopoly they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.（他们认为，来自卡车的激烈竞争消除了任何垄断的威胁）由此可以推论对于那些支持合并铁路的人来说，做到垄断运输是不可能的，因为还有卡车以及其他运输工具的威胁。因此C选项“外部竞争者将继续存在”，正确，符合题意。A选项“成本的降低是基于竞争”与题意不符可排除，B选项“服务需要跨贸易协调”定位到第二段第一句Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow fo

61、r substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.（新的超级系统的拥护者认为，这些合并将大幅降低成本，更好地协调服务。）只是谈及合并的好处，与题意不符，可排除。D选项“托运人将扼住铁路的咽喉”，根据原文trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.（卡车运输成本太高，因此被铁路公司扼住了咽喉）表述有误，偷换主语，可排除。故选C。32. 观点态度题。定位在第二段But many shippers complain that

62、 for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain: trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.（但是，许多托运人抱怨说，对于长途运输的大宗商品，如煤炭、化学品和粮食，卡车运输成本太高，因此铁路就会扼住他们的咽喉。）第五段句首Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.（许多受控制的托运人还担心，他们很快将遭遇一轮大幅涨价。）以及Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.（许多托运人担心随着诺福克南方公司和统一铁路公司牢牢控制住市场，他们将可能成为买单人。）综上可知，托运人对铁路行业的整合是有顾虑和担忧的。A选项“漠不关心的”，B选项“支持的”，C选项“愤怒的”，D选项“忧虑