2022年考博英语-云南大学考前模拟强化练习题91（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题He is proud of his children that he often（ ）about their small achievement.问题1选项A.exaggeratesB.assertsC.boastsD.toasts【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。exaggerate“夸大”；assert“断言”；boast“吹嘘”。exaggerate符合句意。本句意为“他为他的孩子们而感到骄傲，他经常夸大他们的小成就”，因此A选项正确。2. 单选题The early retirement of experienced

2、 workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting

3、retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65

4、will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement

5、among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Althoug

6、h incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they

7、 disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401(k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the l

8、ikelihood of large inheritance, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the reports recommendations:

9、 Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income, provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it, may take real and fru

10、itful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.1.According to Hudson Institute researcher, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the US

11、economy is（ ）.2.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may（ ）.3.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that （ ）.4.The word hinder” in the last sentence of Paragraph 1 refers to （ ）.5.Which of the following statements is true?问题1选项A.cons

12、tructiveB.significantC.inconclusiveD.detrimental问题2选项A.do harm to younger generationsB.end up with few or no benefitsC.give- play to their potentialsD.shed light on social trends问题3选项A.there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futureB.baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic outputC.g

13、overnment policies concerning older people are outdatedD.older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits问题4选项A.helpB.preventC.promoteD.drag问题5选项A.Some government policies at present discourage work and savingsB.Senior citizens occupy the largest percentage of the population now.C.Inc

14、ome seldom rises with additional years of work.D.The Hudson Institute belongs to the Government Administrations【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “根据哈德逊研究所研究报道，在美国经济中有经验的合格工作人员提前退休的影响是什么？”文章第一段第一句话提到 “有经验的工作人员提前退休严重损害了美国的经济发展”(The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously har

15、ming the U.S. economy)。因此，选项D符合题意。constructive “建设性的” ；significant “重大的，有效的” ；inconclusive “不确定的” ；detrimental “有害的”。2.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “年龄大的经验工人往往会提前退休是因为他们的长期服务可以会怎么样？”文章第三段最后一句提到 “尽管随工作年限增长工资会增加，但是他们所缴纳的税也会增加，所获得的利润变少” （Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases af

16、ter the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits）。因此，选项B “获得很少甚至没有好处”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “第二段主要是为了表明什么？”第二段作者通过对比老年人（65岁）和青壮年（11-44岁）的人口增长率，分别是60%和4%，说明美国社会劳动力的短缺。选项A “在不久的将来劳动力将会急剧短缺”符合题意。4.词义题。题目所问的是 “ hinder的意思是什么？ ” hinder 出现的句子是there will be a lab

17、or shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century，在该句中，hinder的主语是a labor shortage，宾语是economic growth，根据前文可知这里提到的是年老工人的提前退休对经济发展有害，因此hinder在这里是否定意义， hinder the economic growth “阻碍经济发展”。因此，选项B符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “下列说法哪个是正确的？” 根据文章最后一段第一句提到“哈德逊研究所提倡改革政府那些不鼓励工作和存储的政策” （The Hud

18、son Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings）可知美国政府目前所存在的问题就是 “目前一些政策阻碍了工作和存储”，因此选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Here is a great irony of 21st-century global public health; while many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, po

19、litical corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food

20、security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use

21、extra income to eat more and be less active. Market economies encourage this. They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television sets, and computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaini

22、ng weight is good for business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than they needanother irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adultsof all ages, incomes, educa

23、tional levels, and census categoriesare overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3,800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and ca

24、mpaigns directed towards children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet, or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more, an

25、d all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.1.The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to（ ）.2.To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is（ ）.3.As we can learn from the passage, the

26、 second irony refers to（ ）.4.As a result of the third irony, people（ ）.5.Which of the following can be excluded based on the passage?问题1选项A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of foo

27、d securityD.the consumption of food and the increased risk of diet-related diseases问题2选项A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health问题3选项A.affluence and obesityB.food energy a

28、nd nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity问题4选项A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB.complain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain问题5选项A.The economic dimension.B.The

29、 political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段“Here is a great irony of 21st-century global public health; while many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruptio

30、n, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases”, 这是21世纪全球公共卫生的一个巨大讽刺；虽然由于经济不平等、政治腐败或战争，数以亿计的人缺乏足够的食物，但还有数以亿计的人体重过重，已增加了患与饮食有关的慢性疾病的风险。因此D选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved p

31、rosperity”, 这种失衡的原因同样具有讽刺意味：繁荣程度的提高，最后一段“All flourish when people eat more, and all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating”，当人们吃得更多的时候，所有国家都繁荣昌盛，所有国家都雇佣成群的说客来阻止政府采取任何措施抑制过度饮食。由此可知，要解决肥胖的流行，要从经济和政治方面进行管理。因此A选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“The caus

32、e of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less active”, 这种失衡的原因同样具有讽刺意味：繁荣程度的提高。人们用额外的收入吃得更多，少做运动。由此可知，人们在变得富裕的同时，却也有了肥胖症同样也是一种讽刺。因此A选项符合题意。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章最后一段“Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, h

33、ealth claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed towards children. Food marketing promotes weight gain.”，过多的食物迫使公司通过广告、健康宣传、新产品、更大的份量和针对儿童的活动来竞争销售。食品营销促进体重增加。由此可知，人们在这种食品过剩的大环境中，被迫摄入过多的热量，最后体重增加。因此D选项符合题意。5.细节事实题。文中并未涉及到人文维度。因此C选项符合题意。4. 翻译题Read the following passage and then tran

34、slate the underlined parts into Chinese.Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.

35、 But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity.No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs science: exceptions can be found to any

36、rule. (Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community, and in particular, may not fully share its values.The urowth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more

37、complex training implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison o

38、f British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile r

39、esearch in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result

40、 has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical

41、 consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs h

42、ave tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth cen

43、tury. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.【答案】另一结果是科研活动的日益专业化。然而，“业余”这个词的确包含这样一个内涵，即所提到的人无法完全融入科学界，尤其是，他们可能无法完全认同这个群体的价值观。十九世纪，由于长期而复杂的专业训练，专业化的发展给从事科研的业余人员带来了更大的问题。作为这一发展的合理结果，不同的期刊面向不同的读者，专业的或者业余的。

44、尽管职业化和专业化进程在19世纪的英国地质界进行得非常深入，但是它所产生的影响到20世纪才体现出来。5. 单选题With this sensitive machine, we can find the （ ）of a milligram of aspirin in an Olympic-size swimming pool.问题1选项A.counterpartB.equivalentC.averageD.installation【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。A选项counterpart “对应的事物，副本”;B选项equivalent “ （价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的”；C选项ave

45、rage “平均数，平均水平”；D选项installation“安装，就职”。题目强调的是与游泳池中的一毫克的阿司匹林相等重量的物质， 所以B选项。6. 翻译题Read the following passage and then translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.By charting out the typical cognitive development of children, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget has heavily influenced how psychologists de

46、lineate the progress of juvenile psychological growth. Beginning in the 1920s and up until his death in 1980, he studied the errors school children made on various tests and realized that children of the same age made the same kinds of reasoning errors. Based on these recurring patterns, he identifi

47、ed stages in a childs cognitive development, beginning from infancy and extending through adulthood. Essentially, he proposed that there was a common timetable by which children initially develop simple cognitive skills and gradually refine them into more abstract ways of thinking. While more recent

48、 theories on the matter suggest that there is more overlap among these stages and that different environments affect childrens progress. Piauet s theory was nonetheless extremely important to initial studies of cognitive development. According to Piaget, the first stage that children go through is t

49、he sensorimotor stage, an eventful and complex period that Piaget further divided into six sub-stages. The sensorimotor stage begins at birth and lasts roughly until the child is two years old. During this time, the child experiences the world through his senses and motor skills, and he will initial

50、ly develop and master the basic reflexes of infants, such as grasping, sucking, looking, and listening. Moreover, the infants begin to develop the fundamentals of basic cognitive functions. He develops awareness of himself and of subjects as separate entities and begins to manipulate his external en

51、vironment, usually by kicking, moving objects, and chewing on toys.The child also learns that certain actions will have certain effects, and he may perform an action to recreate these effects. For instance, he may accidentally suck his thumb and find it pleasurable, so he repeatedly sucks his thumb

52、to experience the pleasure again. Finally, the child also shows the basic capacity for understanding symbols, and he develops a rudimentary use of language toward the end of this stage, most notably by identifying parents with words like “Mama” and “Dada”. In the next stage, the preoperational stage

53、 (ages 2-7) the child expands his capacity for symbolic thinking, and he can envision the environment and manipulate it with his imagination. Imagination thus develops more fully, as seen in the childs tendency to role-play other people (like his parents, firefighters, ect.), and to pretend that obj

54、ects are other things, like pretending that a broom is a horse. This Stage is marked by two other distinctive characteristics. The first is egocentrism.While Childs language develops more fully for the purpose of social interaction, his thought process is still limited by individual experiences, and

55、 these cognitive limitations exclude any alternative viewpoints. The other characteristic is that thought occurs in an illogical and irreversible manner. A child can easily believe that things can magically increase, decrease, or vanish, as perceptions often dictate their reality.In the concrete ope

56、rational stage (ages 7-11), the child shows evidence for logical thought and becomes less egocentric in his thinking. He begins to grasp concepts such as mass, length, volume, time, and other abstract measurements, and he becomes capable of solving basic logical problems and understanding reversible

57、 logic. He can perform simple arithmetic like addition, subtraction and multiplication and his understanding of how these concepts relate to each other increased. In the fourth and final stage, the formal, operational stage, (from puberty to adulthood), the child is finally able to think in complete

58、ly abstract terms. He is able to perform algebra, calculus, and other mathematics that utilize symbols, formulas and logic, and he is capable of other complex critical and some may never fully or adequately grasp these skills, even as adults.【答案】而最近关于这个问题的理论表明，这些阶段存在很多重叠部分，不同的环境对孩子们的成长都有影响。尽管如此，Piau

59、et的理论对孩子们认知能力发展的最初研究是非常重要的。孩子也明白，某些特定的行为将会带来特定的影响和结果，他可能会发出一种行为再创这些结果。比如，他可能偶然吮吸自己的大拇指，发现这相当有趣，所以他会重复吮吸他的大拇指来再次体验这种快乐。在下一阶段，前运算阶段（2-7岁），孩子会发展他象征性思维的能力，他能够想象一个环境，并且用自己的想象力去处理操控它。尽管孩子的语言能力得到完全发展，能够适应社会交流的目的，但是他的思维能力仍然因为个人的经历而受限，并且这些认知限制排除任何不同的观点。在具体运算阶段（7-11岁），孩子表现出逻辑思维能力，并且在他的思想里存在更少的利己主义思想。7. 单选题The

60、 students have（ ）more interesting English classes as they like without any restrictions in any specified field.问题1选项A.committed themselves toB.given way toC.come up withD.signed up for【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。sign up for“报名参加”，本句意为“学生们可以自由选择更有趣的英语课程，不受任何特定领域的限制”。此D选项正确。8. 单选题Unlike the hyena,（ ） related, the

61、 aardwolf has weak teeth and jaws.问题1选项A.which is itB.which it is toC.which is itD.to which it is【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格为非限制性定语从句，先行词为hyena，因为固定搭配relate to，所以which为关系代词，代替hyena在定语从句中充当to的宾语，介词to可以放到定语从句的末尾，也可以提到which的前面。句意：与自己有血缘联系的鬣狗不一样，土狼的牙齿和咽喉都比较虚弱。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Darwin stated that the more survi

62、val characteristics a creature has （ ）the chance that new species will adopt these characteristics.问题1选项A.the bestB.the betterC.better thanD.as good as【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。“The+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越就 越”，B选项正确。句意是达尔文指出，一个生物拥有的生存特征越多，该物种拙有这些特征的机会越大。10. 单选题What our society suffers from most today is the absence o

63、f consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the

64、present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the Unit