2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷65

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1、2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Helen apologized for（ ） the party.问题1选项A.her not being able to attendB.her being not able to attendC.her being able not to attendD.not her being able to attend【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。apologize for sb. doing sth. “因为某人做了某事而道歉”。否定词not应该放在being之前，选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Relief org

2、anizations have contributed （ ）money to famine in Africa.问题1选项A.both time andB.time butC.neither time andD.neither time nor【答案】A【解析】考查连接词的用法。句意：救援组织为非洲的饥荒出钱出力。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题The history of film reflects the（ ） inherent in the medium itself: film combines still photographs to represent continuous moti

3、on and, while seeming to present life itself, can also offer impossible and dreamlike unrealities.问题1选项A.trivialitiesB.biasesC.constraintsD.paradoxes【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。triviality “浅薄，轻浮，琐事”；bias “偏见，偏爱”； constraint “约束，局促”；paradox “悖论，反论，似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：电影的历史反映了这种媒体本身具备的矛盾：电影将静止的照片结合在一起区别表现连续的动作

4、，而当呈现生活时，也经常提供一些不可能的和不真实的东西。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Smell is the most direct of all the senses. It is thought to be the oldest sense in terms of human evolution, which may explain why smell is hard-wired into the brain. The olfactory nerve, which manages the perception of smells, is essentially an extension o

5、f the brain. The olfactory nerve provides a direct link from receptors at the top of the nose to the portion of the brain that controls memory, emotion, and behavior.The olfactory system detects certain airborne chemicals that enter the nose and then transmits this chemical information to the limbic

6、 system in the brain. The olfactory region at the upper end of each nostril is yellow, moist, and full of fatty substances. The shade of yellow indicates the strength of the sense of smell: the deeper the shade, the keener and more acute it is. Animals have a very strong sense of smell, so their olf

7、actory regions are dark yellow to reddish brown, while those of humans are light yellow.When an odorous substance enters the nose, it binds to olfactory receptor cells, the neurons lining the yellow upper portion of the nasal cavity. Olfactory receptor cells contain microscopic hairs called cilia th

8、at extend into the layer of mucus coating the inside of the nose. Odor molecules diffuse into this region and are absorbed by the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells. What this means is that when we hold a rose to our nose and inhale, odor molecules float up into the nasal cavity, where they are a

9、bsorbed by five million olfactory receptor cells. The receptor cells alert the olfactory nerve, which sends impulses to the brains olfactory bulb, or smell center. Thus, olfactory information about the rose enters the brains limbic system, where, in most of us, it stimulates a feeling of pleasure.Th

10、e limbic system of the brain integrates memory, emotion, and behavior. The system is composed of a group of related nervous system structures that are the functional center of emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness. The components of the limbic system are linked to the cerebral cortex,

11、the part of the brain involved in complex learning, reasoning, and personality. The cerebral cortex makes decisions about the emotional content of these unique human qualities after “consulting” the limbic system and the other brain centers in processing and retrieving memories. It may, in turn, use

12、 memories to modify behavior.Scent may be the strongest trigger of memory and emotions. When we inhale a scent,receptors in the brains limbic center compare the odor entering our nose to odors stored in our memory. Along the way, memories associated with those odors are stimulated. A smell can be ov

13、erwhelmingly nostalgic because it triggers powerful images and emotions. The waxy fragrance of crayons can instantly transport us to our second-grade classroom, or the scent of freshly mown grass can flood us with the joy of summer freedom. What we see and hear may fade quickly in short-term memory,

14、 but what we smell is sent directly to long-term memory.Smells can increase alertness and stimulate learning and retention. In one study, children memorized a word list, which was presented both with and without accompanying scents. The children recalled words on the list more easily and with higher

15、 accuracy when the list was given with scents than without, showing the link between smell and the ability to retain information. In another study,researchers examined how various smells can increase alertness and decrease stress. They found that the scent of lavender could wake up the metabolism an

16、d make people more alert. They also found that the smell of spiced apples could reduce blood pressure and avert a panic attack in people under stress.1.Why does the author use the term “hard-wired” in describing the sense of smell and the brain?2.Of what significance is the color of the olfactory re

17、gion at the upper end of each nostril?3.What happens when the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells absorb odor molecules?4. Why does the author mention “crayons” and “freshly mown grass” in Paragraph5?5.What can be inferred from Paragraph 6 about learning?问题1选项A.To describe the texture and feel of

18、the olfactory nerveB.To emphasize the close connection between smell and the brainC.To compare the power of smell with that of other sensesD.To explain how the sense of smell evolves in early humans问题2选项A.The color changes with different airborne chemicals.B.The significance of the color is little u

19、nderstood.C.The color becomes darker when an odor is present.D.The color shows the strength of the ability to smell.问题3选项A.The tiny hairs inside the nose become darker in color.B.The nervous system activates the digestive system.C.The olfactory nerve sends impulses to the brain.D.Some receptor cells

20、 die and are replaced by new cells.问题4选项A.To give examples of smells that can trigger memories and emotionsB.To compare typical responses to two common smellsC.To explain why smells are likely to affect persons behaviorD.To identify smells that can increase alertness and work efficiency问题5选项A.Learni

21、ng cannot take place unless all of the senses are stimulated.B.Scents can strengthen the ability to hold new information in the memory.C.It is easier to recall previous learning than it is to retain new information.D.Children will not learn much if they are distracted by offensive odors.【答案】第1题:B第2题

22、:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段提到了嗅觉神经实际上就是大脑的延伸，嗅觉神经直接将鼻子的鼻受体与大脑中管理记忆、情感和行为的部分相连。可以推出嗅觉与大脑是紧密联系的。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句中提到the shade of yellow indicates the strength of the sense of smell (黄色阴影代表的是嗅觉的强度)。选项D符合题意。3.文章第三段作者提到了嗅觉受体纤毛细胞吸入了气味分子后发生的情况。句子中提到了受体细胞会刺激嗅觉神经，然后嗅觉神经发送脉冲到大脑的嗅觉神经或者嗅球。选项C符合题意。4.文章第五段第一句作者

23、提出气味可能是记忆和情绪的最强出发点。由此可知，作者提到的蜡笔和新割的草地是为了证实他的观点，并且说明气味是如何触发记忆和情绪的。选项A符合题意。5.文章第六段提出气味可以提高警觉，促进学习，增强记忆力。之后举了孩子记忆单词的例子，如果需要记忆的单词表上有香味，他们会记得又快又好。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题According to psychologists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When person feels like running away

24、 from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. If the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside wo

25、rld; it can be created by a persons thoughts.Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only leams his emotions, but also learns how to act in certain situati

26、ons because of an emotion.Psychologists think that there are two types of emotion: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include ange

27、r, fear, despair, sadness, and disgust. In growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy.Emotions may be weak or strong. Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them. In order to feel happy, the person may choose un

28、usual ways to avoid the emotion.Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to what he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drai

29、ns valuable mental energy he needs for the examination.1.We learn from the passage that an emotion is created by something that（ ）.2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? （ ）3.The authors purpose of writing this passage is to（ ）.4.We can safely conclude that a student may fail

30、 in an exam if（ ）.5.As used in the last sentence, the word“drains”means（ ）.问题1选项A.one thinks bad or goodB.one feels in dangerC.one faces in the outside worldD.one tries to escape from in real life问题2选项A.Children learn emotions as they grow up.B.Babies are born with emotions.C.Emotions fall into two

31、types in general.D.People can cope with the negative emotions in life.问题3选项A.explain why people have emotionsB.show how people avoid the negative emotionsC.explain what people should do before emotionsD.define and classify peoples emotions问题4选项A.he cannot think properlyB.he cannot pay attention to i

32、tC.he cannot adjust himself to itD.he is not full of energy问题5选项A.stopsB.tiesC.weakensD.flows gradually【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一句according to psychologists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good提到人的情感是由于人或者动物将某物视作好或坏的时候。选项A符合题意。2.文章第二段第二句many

33、psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions提到婴儿被认为生下来没有情感。所以选项B符合题意。3.文章主要介绍了什么是人类的情感，有哪些种类，所以选项D符合题意。4.文章最后一段倒数第二句for example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly提到参加考试的学生害怕考试失败而难以正常思考。如果不能正常思考，考试就可能失败。所以选项A符合题意。5.题干中的 drain

34、的意思是“流干”。在文中指的是担忧将人们所需的经历削弱，选项C符合题意。6. 单选题“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers”, wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaiis last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members ofHawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted ov

35、er construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanitys view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMTs planned location on Mauna Kea, dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Maun

36、a Kea is also home to some of the worlds most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises above the bulk of our planets dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A smal

37、l but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, the

38、y forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Keas fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science

39、has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find to what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaiis shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to

40、ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestra

41、l homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change it use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescopes visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the e

42、nd of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.1.Queen Liliuokalanis remark in Paragraph 1 indicates,（ ） .2.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site

43、due to （ ）.3.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because （ ）.4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in todays astronomy（ ） .5.The authors attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of （ ）.问题1选项A.the conservative view on the historical role of astr

44、onomy.B.the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.C.the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.D.her appreciation of star watchers feats in her time.问题2选项A.its geographical featuresB.its protective surroundingsC.its religious implicationsD.its existing infrastructure问题3选项A.i

45、t may risk ruining their intellectual lifeB.it reminds them of a humiliating history.C.their culture will lose a chance of revivalD.they fear losing control of Mauna Kea问题4选项A.is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.B.helps spread Hawaiian culture across the worldC.may uncover the origin of Ha

46、waiian cultureD.will eventually soften Hawaiians hostility.问题5选项A.severe criticismB.passive acceptanceC.slight hesitancyD.full approval【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段Star watchers were among the most esteemed members ofHawaiian society提到观星人曾是夏威夷社会中最受人尊敬的群体，由此可以推测出当时天文学在夏威夷的重要性，选项B符合题意。2.文章第

47、二段提到了莫纳克亚山的优越位置使得它成为理想的天文观测点（Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises above the bulk of our planets dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity）。选项A符合题意。3.文章第三段A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their prese

48、nce as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation提到少数夏威夷人和环保主义者把那些天文望远镜看作是对那边神圣土地的亵渎，并且会让他们想到这个曾经的主权国家被占领的惨痛经历，所以选项B “让人想起一段羞辱的历史”符合题意。4.文章第五段the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we ar

49、e, where we come from and where we are going提到天文学和夏威夷文化都在试图回答我们是谁，我们从何处来，去往何处这些重大的问题，由此可以推断现在的天文学和夏威夷文化一样都揭示了相关的起源问题。选项C符合题意。5.文章最后一段The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescopes visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact提到TMT的选址将最大程度缩小天文望远镜在岛上的可见度，来避免对考古及

50、环境产生的影响，由此可推测作者对此是全力支持的，选项D符合题意。7. 单选题When the family gathered to discuss financial matters, father started （ ）, by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could use it.问题1选项A.offB.throughC.awayD./【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。start off by doing sth. 选项A符

51、合题意。8. 单选题The Internet began in the 1960s as a small network of academic and government computers primarily involved in research for the U. S. Military. Originally limited to researchers at a handful of universities and government facilities, the Internet has quickly become a worldwide network provi

52、ding users with information on a range of subjects and allowing them to purchase goods directly from companies via computer. By 1999, 84 million U.S. citizens had access to the Internet at home or work. More and more Americans are paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stoc

53、ks via computer over the Internet.Internet banking is also becoming increasingly popular. With lower overhead costs in terms of staffing and office space, Internet banks are able to offer higher interest rates on deposits and charge lower rates on loans than traditional banks. Brick and mortar banks

54、 are increasingly offering online banking services via transactional websites to complement their traditional services. At present, 14 percent of Internet households conduct their banking by means of the Internet, and the figure is expected to double or triple during the next two or three years.Incr

55、easing commercial use of the Internet has heightened security and privacy concerns. With a credit or debit card, an Internet user can order almost anything from an Internet site and have it delivered to their home or office. Companies doing business over the Internet need sophisticated security meas

56、ures to protect credit card, bank account, and social security numbers from unauthorized access as they pass across the Internet. Any organization that connects its networks to the global Internet must carefully control the access point to ensure that outsiders cannot disrupt the organizations inter

57、nal networks or gain unauthorized access to the organizations computer systems and data.1.According to the text, Internet banking（ ） .2.The term “brick and mortar banks”(Line3, Para. 2) refers to（ ） .3.The last sentence of the third paragraph tells us that（ ） .4.What is this text mainly about?5.Whic

58、h commercial usage of the Internet does the author NOT refer to?问题1选项A.requires minimal usage feesB.offers price advantages to usersC.is more efficient than traditional bankingD.is environmentally-conscious问题2选项A.banks with dependable reputationB.banks with competitive interest ratesC.banks with tra

59、ditional walk-in servicesD.banks with reliable on-line services问题3选项A.any organizations networks may be at risk of security breachesB.current technology cannot safeguard against unauthorized access to online networksC.information security should be a pressing concern for Internet commerceD.organizat

60、ions must secure their networks and data against unauthorized use问题4选项A.Conveniences brought to consumers through use of the Internet.B.Implications of increasing commercial use of the Internet.C.Security risks posed by commercial use of the InternetD.Advantages of Internet banking versus traditiona

61、l banking问题5选项A.Buying airline tickets.B.Trading stocks.C.Applying for a credit cardD.Opening a bank account.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.文章第二段Internet banks are able to offer higher interest rates on deposits and charge lower rates on loans than traditional banks提到网上银行存款利率更高，贷款利率较低，选项B符合题意。2.

62、文章第二段Brick and mortar banks are increasingly offering online banking services via transactional websites to complement their traditional services 提到这类银行就是通过交易性网站提供在线银行服务，来补足它们的传统服务。选项C “提供传统的进入店面服务的银行”符合题意。3.文章第三段最后一句Any organization that connects its networks to the global Internet must carefully c

63、ontrol the access point to ensure that outsiders cannot disrupt the organizations internal networks or gain unauthorized access to the organizations computer systems and data 提到自身网络连接到全球网络的任何一个机构必须小心地控制接入点，来确保外人不能破坏该机构的内部网络或未经授权地访问该机构的计算机系统和数据。选项D符合题意。4.文章主要讲述了互联网的发展给人们的生活带来了便利，人们可以进行网上购物、支付账单等，基于物联网的网上银行相比传统银行更有价格优势（存款利率变高，取款利率变低），但是物联网的使用也有亟待提高的地方：安全和隐私问题。选项B符合题意。5.文章第一段最后一句More and more Americans are paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stocks via computer ov