2022年考博英语-大连理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第137期

2022年考博英语-大连理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲、物质最基本的成分及生命的奇迹。与此同时，今天，人类所做的及没能做到的事情，不仅危害到这个星球上的生命， 也危害到该星球的寿命。全球化正在使地球变得愈来愈小、愈来愈快和愈来愈富有。尽管如此，9/11、禽流 感及伊朗提醒我们，更小更快的世界决不意味着其更安全。我们正处于一个知识爆炸的世界之中，不过，迫切需要智慧。现在，在(新闻采访 的)原声摘要播出变得愈来愈短，即时信息淘汰了杂记文，个人生活变得如痴如狂之际，这个世界还是需要能够深思的大学生。考虑到这些理由，我过去信仰，而今天甚至更加强烈地信仰大学独特的、无可取代的使命。对今天许多人来说，科学家给人民的形象是他们收集数据，客观地追求真理。科学是如此受到尊重，以至在任何关于智力、教育、能源等话题的讨论中只要一 句话：“科学这样说的”就会把反对意见压下去。研究人员发现存在弄虚作假的现象，即许多科学家对所得资料加以修改，使之有利于学生本人期望的结果的倾向。【答案】The advancement of science and technology are enable us to probe the furthest reaches of the universe, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.At the same time, today, the action and inaction of human beings threaten not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.Globalization is making the world smaller and smaller, faster and faster. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller and faster world is not necessarily a safer world.Our world is bursting with knowledge-but desperately in need of wisdom. Nowadays, when sounds bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow crazier, college graduates who are thoughtful are what our world needs.For all these reasons I believed, and I believe even more firmly today that the mission of the university is unique and irreplaceable.In many peoples eyes today, scientists are those who collect data and pursue truth objectively.Science is so respected that in any discussion on topics of intelligence, education and energy, the simple saying of “science says so” would suppress any dissenting opinion.Researchers discovered the existence of falsifications, which is the tendency that many scientists revise the data they have obtained, to make it favorable for their expected results.2. 单选题Some people think that a （  ）translation, or word-for-word translation, is easier than a free translation.问题1选项A.literalB.literaryC.liberalD.linear【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。literal “照原文的，逐字的”；literary “文学的”；liberal “自由的”；linear “直线的”。句意：一些人认为直译或者逐字的翻译要比意译简单。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Movie directors use music to（  ） the action on the screen.问题1选项A.contaminateB.complimentC.contemplateD.complement【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。contaminate “污染”；compliment “恭维”；contemplate “沉思，注视”； complement “补充”。句意：电影导演用音乐来补充荧幕上的动作。选项D符合题意。4. 翻译题It is simple enough to say that since books have classes- fiction, biography, poetry-we should separate them and take from each what is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve, and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist, and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.【答案】既然书有小说、传记、诗歌之分，我们就应该把它们分类，从中吸收它们应该给予的知识。这说起来很容易。然而很少有人要求书本应该给予的知识。我们总是囫囵吞枣般去看书，要求小说必须真实，要求诗歌必须虚构，要求传记谄媚，要求历史书能加强自己的偏见。如果我们读书之前能抛开这些偏见，将会是一个好的开始。不要去强加你的想法给作者，而是要去理解他，成为他的伙伴。如果你将自己置身事外，并且从一开始就批判他，你就无法从书中获得最大的价值。但是如果你敞开心扉，那么书中精细入微的寓言和暗示便会让你从开头那些晦涩的句子中绕出来，把你带到一个独特的人物面前。把自己沉浸在里面去钻研，你很快会发现，作者正向你阐述的或者是试图向你阐述的东西是一些比原来要明确得多的东西。5. 单选题These instruments, which break up structures only to examine them more fully, demonstrate how details can be（ ） and separated from the whole.问题1选项A.amplifiedB.magnifiedC.exemplifiedD.signified【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。amplify “扩大，放大”，多指将声音或者电流放大； magnify “放大”，多指通过放大镜等物品将影像扩大；exemplify “示例”；signify “表示，意指”。句意：通过将设备打开而进行更详细的检查，这些工具展示了如何将细节扩大并把它们从整体中区分开来。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题 The missile missed the （  ） by 1,500 meters at its first experimental flight.问题1选项A.destinationB.purposeC.targetD.terminal【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。Destination “目的地”；target “目标”；purpose “目的”；terminal “末端，重点”。句意：在第一次试射中，导弹偏离目标1500米。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题 First we should exclude all facts and observations that are not （ ） to the investigation in question.问题1选项A.equivalentB.relevantC.similarD.inferior【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。equivalent “相等的”；relevant “相关的”；similar “相似的”；inferior “下等的”。句意：首先，我们应该排除所有与当下调查无关的事实和意见。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题 I am sure you would have seen her if you （  ）that evening.问题1选项A.had turned outB.had turned onC.had turned inD.had turned up【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。turn out “结果是”；turn on “打开”；turn in “交上”；turn up “出现”。句意：我确信如果你那天晚上出现的话肯定能够看到她。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most（  ） areas in Japanese life.问题1选项A.sophisticatedB.competitiveC.considerateD.superficial【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。sophisticated “久经世故的；复杂的”；competitive “有竞争力的”；considerate “体贴的”；superficial “肤浅的”。句意：因为有一个好的大学文凭就能找到一个更好的工作，所以教育是日本生活中最具有竞争力的领域之一。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题A well-established distinction in memory theory is that between short-term and long-term memory. The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them, the latter-concerns the wide range of ways in which experience can affect behavior many years later. Given the two different kinds of ability, it is reasonable to hypothesize that each is represented differently in the brain. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term memory implies a chemical change in the brain cells, while short-term memory involves patterns of impulses in electric of serve cells.One group of rats were taught to run through a maze. Five minutes after learning the task, they were cooled to 5°C, the temperature at which all electrical activity in the brain ceased. They were ten kept at this temperature for 15 minutes before being allowed to their normal temperature. They were then run through the maze, again.A second group of rats were taught to run the same maze, and then immediately cooled to 5 °C for 15 minutes. Alter being allowed to return to their temperature, an attempt was made to run the second group through the maze again. It was found that rats in the first group had no difficulty with the maze the second time, suggesting that they did not have to relearn the task. Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they apparently could not remember what they had learned.It was conclude from this experiment that short-time memory (in rats, at least) is unlike long-term memory. Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long-term memory, in contrast, is unaffected by the disruption of electrical activity and may involve structural changes in brain cells.1.What is the main idea of this passage?2.Remembering address belongs to（  ） .3.The experiments of two groups（  ） .4.If rats cooled to 5 for 15 minutes immediately, what will happen after being allowed to return to their normal temperature?5.Electrical impulses affect（  ） .问题1选项A.The difference between short-term memory and long-term memory.B.The experiment of two groups of rats.C.The temperature for rats to lose their memory.D.The importance of memory.问题2选项A.short-term memoryB.long-term memoryC.both A and BD.neither A or B问题3选项A.temperature affects rats memoryB.the relationship between temperature and memory is very clearC.there is distinction between short-term memory and long-term memoryD.rats can relearn the task after forgetting it问题4选项A.They have no difficult in crossing the same maze.B.They lose their way in the maze. .C.They can remember the way correctly.D.They go through the maze after several trying.问题5选项A.long-term memoryB.short-term memoryC.structural changesD.brain cells【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.文章主要介绍了关于短期记忆和长期记忆的区别的科学假设，选项A符合题意。2.文章第一段指出记电话号码是短期记忆，所以记地址也是短期记忆，选项A符合题意。3.文章最后一段第一句话it was conclude from this experiment that short-time memory (in rats, at least) is unlike long-term memory明确提出实验证明了短期记忆与长期记忆是不同的。选项C符合题意。4.文章第三段提到第二组老鼠的体温被立即降到5摄氏度，结果是它们没有成功走过迷宫。选项B符合题意。5.文章最后一段Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory 提到短跑受电流脉冲的影响，所以选项B符合题意。11. 单选题The （  ）of the soil can be increased by using more fertilizers.问题1选项A.produceB.productC.productivityD.production【答案】C【解析】考查形似名词词义辨析。produce “产品”；product “产品，结果”；productivity “生产力”；production “成果，产品”。句意：通过使用更多肥料来提高土壤的生产力。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题Trees are a renewable resource that when managed properly can（  ）our needsindefinitely.问题1选项A.sustainB.retainC.maintainD.obtain【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。sustain “维持”；retain “保持”；maintain “维持，维修”；obtain “获得”。句意：树木是可再生资源，如果管理得当，它们无限期地满足我们的需求。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题 He failed to supply the facts relevant （  ）the case in question.问题1选项A.forB.withC.toD.of【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。relevant to “与相关的”，选项C符合题意。句意：他无法提供与设计案件有关的事实。14. 单选题Ours is a society that tries to keep the world sharply divided into masculine and feminine, not because that is the way the world is, but because that is the way we believe it should be. It takes unwavering belief and considerable effort to keep this division. It also leads us to make some fairly foolish judgments, particularly about language.Because we think that language also should be divided into masculine and feminine we have become very skilled at ignoring anything that will not fit our preconceptions. We would rather change what we hear than change our ideas about the gender division of the world. We will call assertive girls unfeminine, and supportive boys effeminate, and try to change them while still retaining our stereotypes of masculine and feminine talk.This is why some research on sex differences and language has been so interesting. It is an illustration of how wrong we can be. Of the many investigators who set out to find the stereotyped sex differences in language, few have had any positive results. It deems that our images of serious taciturn （沉默的）male speakers and gossipy garrulous （饶舌的）female speakers are just that: images.Many myths associated with masculine and feminine talk have had to be discarded as more has been undertaken. If females do use more trivial words than males, stop talking in d-sentence, or talk about the same things over and over again, they do not do it when investigators are around.None of these characteristics of female speech have been found. And even when sex differences have been found, the question arises as to whether the difference is in the eye-or ear-of the beholder, rather than in the language.Pitch provides one example. We believe that males were meant to talk in low pitched voices while females in high pitched voices. We also believe that low pitch is more desirable. Well, it has been found that this difference cannot be explained by anatomy.If males do not speak in high pitched voices, it is not usually because they are unable to do is more likely to be that there are penalties. Males with high pitched voices are the object of ridicule. But pitch is not an absolute, for what is considered the right pitch for males varies from country to country.1.The passage implies that the authors attitude towards the division of feminine talk andmasculine talk is（  ） .2.What does the word “effeminate” (Para 2) mean?3.The author uses pitch as an example in order to indicate（  ） .4.Which of the following does NOT belong to the stereotype of feminine talk?5.Males do not speak loudly because （  ）.问题1选项A.assertiveB.snobbishC.approvingD.critical问题2选项A.UnfeminineB.PowerfulC.ObedientD.Unmasculine问题3选项A.that pitch is not a good example to explain the sex difference in languageB.that males should talk in low pitched voices and females in high pitched voicesC.that sex differences in language cannot be well illustratedD.that sex differences lies in eye of ear of the beholder, rather than in the language问题4选项A.Always using trivial wordsB.Repeat the same thing over and overC.Stop talking when the sentence is not finishedD.None of the above问题5选项A.males are unable to do soB.males are afraid of being laughed atC.high pitch is a characteristic of female speech rather than male speechD.anatomy has proved that males tend to have lower pitches than females【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段最后一句话It also leads us to make some fairly foolish judgments, particularly about language，作者认为男性化与女性化的区分会导致我们做一些愚蠢的判断，所以可知作者对这种男性化谈话与女性化谈话的区分是持批判态度的。选项D符合题意。2.题干中的 effeminate意思是“柔弱的；没有男子汉气概的”，四个选项中选项D符合题意。unfeminine “不温柔的”；powerful “有力量的”；obedient “顺从的”。3.文章最后一段最后一句话but pitch is not an absolute, for what is considered the right pitch for males varies from country to country 提到每个国家男性的音调都是不同的，因此音调并不能用来判断性别之间的语言区别。选项C符合题意。4.文章第四段If females do use more trivial words than males, stop talking in d-sentence, or talk about the same things over and over again, they do not do it when investigators are around提到了女性的一些行为，由此可知选项A、B、C都属于人们对女性的刻板印象，因此选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一段倒数第二句话Males with high pitched voices are the object of ridicule提到如果男性用高音调说话会成为人家的笑柄，所以选项B符合题意。15. 翻译题The most intensive forms of rural land use for agricultural purposes are those concerned with harvestable crops or with the production of animal products. Unlike primitive agriculture, which involved only the temporary removal of natural vegetation and depended for a short period of time natural soil fertility, conventional agriculture today uses large inputs of chemicals, energy and technical skills to produce increased yields of crops or animals. In the technologically advanced countries food production is often greater than population growth, and it is possible to retire former farmlands from use and to produce crops according to demand without approaching the maximum yields obtainable. The so-called Green Revolution has been based on the spread such farming methods to less developed nation of the world. It has been made possible by the breeding of high-yielding forms of grain specifically adapted to the ecological conditions of the countries involved. The decision to use an area of land for high-yield agriculture essentially rules out its use for attar purposes. The intensive production of farm crops in an agricultural region may also have side effects; as has been previously noted, these may include the pollution of other the pesticides, herbicides, or other agricultural chemicals blown or washed from farmlands affect vegetation and animal life elsewhere. Nevertheless, committing an area to intensive agricultural production does not rule out its future restoration for other uses. As long as the soils are well cared for, such areas can be convened quickly to other purposes if it is not necessary to keep them in farm production. Abandoned farmlands in the southern United States, for example, are now highly productive forest areas, and former fanning lands elsewhere are being used to support wildlife and outdoor recreation. In general planning for conservation of natural resources, intensive use and high production in those areas best suited for farming must be of course, that the polluting effects of these activities on the general environment are avoided. Such concentration can spare the destruction of other resources through to use inadequate lands for marginal farming activities.【答案】最密集的农业用途的农村土地使用形式与提高农作物或者动物产品的产量有关。原始农业涉及的仅仅是自然植被的临时迁移，还有短时间内依靠自然土壤的肥力，与之不同的是，今天的传统农业使用大量的化学品，能源还有技术技能，从而农作物和动物产品的产量得到很大的提高。技术先进国家食物产量的增长往往比人口增长快，并有可能让之前的农田荒废，根据需求生产作物，避免其索取接近最高产量。所谓的绿色革命一直立足于向世界欠发达国家传播这种耕作方式。通过播种适应于当地生态环境的高产作物可能实现这一点。决定使用某个地方来种植高产农作物后，基本排除了将这个地方做其他用途。农业地区的集约化农作物生产也有副作用；之前已经提到过，这些可能包括其他地区的污染比如农药、除草剂或者从其他农田风刮过来或者冲过来的农用化学品，这些都会影响到其他地方的植被和动物。然而，将一个地区专项集约化农业生产并不排除将来将其恢复用于其他用途。只要土壤被保护得好，这些地区能够很快被转换到其他目的，其他是没有必要再让它们用于农业生产。例如，美国南部的弃耕地，现在是高生产力的森林地区，其他前耕作土地正在用来支持野生动物和户外休闲。对自然资源的保护，针对最适合耕种的区域的集约化利用和高产量的总体规划当然应该避免这些活动对环境的污染。这种集中通过利用边际农业活动中使用不足的土地可以免除对其他资源的破坏。16. 单选题There was not a single person there（  ） thought you were right.问题1选项A.whomB.asC.butD.whose【答案】C【解析】考查连词的用法。But 用作连词，放在否定词或疑问词之后，作从属关系，表示否定意义，相当于 that not。选项C符合题意。句意：那里没有一个人认为你是错的。17. 单选题Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”一 physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, usedthat a culture produces. Examining a cultures tools and technology can tell us about the groups history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print， but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, peoples aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.One more important part of musics material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic mediaradio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.1.Research into the ma