2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第8期

2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Ours is a society that tries to keep the world sharply divided into masculine and feminine, not because that is the way the world is, but because that is the way we believe it should be. It takes unwavering belief and considerable effort to keep this division. It also leads us to make some fairly foolish judgments, particularly about language.Because we think that language also should be divided into masculine and feminine we have become very skilled at ignoring anything that will not fit our preconceptions. We would rather change what we hear than change our ideas about the gender division of the world. We will call assertive girls unfeminine, and supportive boys effeminate, and try to change them while still retaining our stereotypes of masculine and feminine talk.This is why some research on sex differences and language has been so interesting. It is an illustration of how wrong we can be. Of the many investigators who set out to find the stereotyped sex differences in language, few have had any positive results. It seems that our images of serious taciturn (沉默的) male speakers and gossipy garrulous (饶舌) female speakers are just that: images.Many myths associated with masculine and feminine talk have had to be discarded as more research has been undertaken. If females do use more trivial words than males, stop talking in mid-sentence, or talk about the same things over and over again, they do not do it when investigators are around.None of these characteristics of female speech have been found. And even when sex differences have been found, the question arises as to whether the difference is in the eye-or ear-of the beholder, rather than in the language.Pitch provides one example. We believe that males were meant to talk in low pitched voices and females in high pitched voices. We also believe that low pitch is more desirable. Well, it has been found that this difference cannot be explained by anatomy.If males do not speak in high pitched voices, it is not usually because they are unable to do so. The reason is more likely to be that there are penalties. Males with high pitched voices are often the object of ridicule. But pitch is not an absolute, for what is considered the right pitch for males varies from country to country.1. The passage implies that the authors attitude towards the division of feminine talk and masculine talk is _.2. What does the word “effeminate” (Para 2) mean?3. The author uses pitch as an example in order to indicate _.4. Which of the following does NOT belong to the stereotype of feminine talk?5. Males do not speak loudly because _.问题1选项A.assertiveB.snobbishC.approvingD.critical问题2选项A.Unfeminine.B.Powerful.C.Obedient.D.Unmasculine.问题3选项A.that pitch is not a good example to explain the sex differences in languageB.that males should talk in low pitched voices and females in high pitched voicesC.that sex differences in language cannot be well illustratedD.that sex differences lie in eye or ear of the beholder, rather than in the language问题4选项A.Always using trivial words.B.Repeat the same thing over and over.C.Stop talking when the sentence is not finished.D.None of the above.问题5选项A.males are unable to do soB.males are afraid of being laughed atC.high pitch is a characteristic of female speech rather than male speechD.anatomy has proved that males tend to have lower pitches than females【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The passage implies that the authors attitude towards the division of feminine talk and masculine talk is _. 1. 这篇文章暗示了作者对女性话语和男性话语划分的态度是_。A. assertive A. 肯定的，独断的B. snobbish B. 势利的C. approving C. 赞成的D. critical D. 批判的【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据第一段最后两句“要保持这种划分，需要坚定的信念和相当大的努力（considerable effort）。它也会让我们做出一些相当愚蠢（fairly foolish）的判断，尤其是在语言方面。”，从considerable和fairly foolish可以看出，作者对于男性和女性语言上的划分是批判的态度。因此，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“肯定的，独断的”、B选项“势利的”曲解原文；C选项“赞成的”与原文相反，反向干扰。2.【选项释义】2. What does the word “effeminate” (Para 2) mean? 2. 第二段中的effeminate是什么意思？A. Unfeminine. A. 不像女性的。B. Powerful. B. 强大的。C. Obedient. C. 顺从的。D. Unmasculine. D. 无男子汉气概的。【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据effeminate定位至第二段最后一句“我们会说自信的女孩是非女性化的（unfeminine），能给予支持和帮助的男孩是effeminate，并试图改变他们，同时仍然保留我们的男性和女性谈话的刻板印象”，从中可知，effeminate与unfeminine是相对应的，自信的女生被认为是非女性化，那么能给予支持和帮助的男孩会被认为非男性化，所以推测effeminate表示“非男性化”的意思。D项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项“不像女性的”与原文相反，属于反向干扰；B选项“强大的”、C选项“顺从的”属于曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. The author uses pitch as an example in order to indicate _. 3. 作者以音高为例来表示_。A. that pitch is not a good example to explain the sex differences in language A. 这个音高并不能很好地解释语言中的性别差异B. that males should talk in low pitched voices and females in high pitched voices B. 男性应该用低音调说话，女性应该用高音调说话C. that sex differences in language cannot be well illustrated C. 语言中的性别差异无法很好地说明D. that sex differences lie in eye or ear of the beholder, rather than in the language D. 性别差异在于观察者的眼睛或耳朵，而不是语言【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先，根据关键词pitch定位至倒数第二段，该段讲述了以pitch为例的内容：我们习惯认为男性是低音调，女性是高音调，但是解剖学也无法解释这种音高差异；也就是说音高中的性别差异无法很好地说明。然后看到上一段讲到“这些女性语言特征都没有被发现。即使已经发现了性别差异，问题还是出在观察者的眼睛上或者耳朵上，而不是语言上。”，可知即使知道了性别差异，也是我们的眼睛或者耳朵发现的，并不能从语言上来很好区分，作者以pitch为例就是做一个类比，所以同样地，语言中的性别差异也无法很好地说明。C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“这个音高并不能很好地解释语言中的性别差异”并不是作者以音高为例的目的，张冠李戴；B选项“男性应该用低音调说话，女性应该用高音调说话”并不是使用音高作为例子的目的，属于曲解原文；D选项“性别差异在于观察者的眼睛或耳朵，而不是语言”也与题干无关，张冠李戴。4.【选项释义】4. Which of the following does NOT belong to the stereotype of feminine talk? 4. 以下哪一项不属于女性谈话的刻板印象？A. Always using trivial words. A. 总是使用琐碎的词汇。B. Repeat the same thing over and over. B. 一遍又一遍地重复同样的事情。C. Stop talking when the sentence is not finished. C. 句子还没说完就停止说话。D. None of the above. D. 以上都不是。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据倒数第三段第二句“如果女性确实比男性使用更多的琐碎词汇，或者在句子中间停止说话，或者一遍又一遍地谈论同样的事情，当调查人员在场时，她们就不会这样做”，以及第四段第一句“这些女性语言特征（characteristics of female）都没有被发现”，综合理解可知，女性语言特征是使用更多的琐碎词汇、话没说完就停止说话和不断谈论同样的事情，这是我们对女性谈话的刻板印象。只有D项“以上都不是”明显和原文相悖，但符合题意，故选择D项。【干扰项排除】A选项“总是使用琐碎的词汇”、B选项“一遍又一遍地重复同样的事情”、C选项“句子还没说完就停止说话”均符合原文，属于反向干扰。5.【选项释义】5. Males do not speak loudly because _. 5. 男性不大声说话是因为_。A. males are unable to do so A. 男性不能这样做B. males are afraid of being laughed at B. 男性害怕被嘲笑C. high pitch is a characteristic of female speech rather than male speech C. 高音是女性说话的特点，而不是男性说话的特点D. anatomy has proved that males tend to have lower pitches than females D. 解剖学证明，男性的音高往往比女性低【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章最后一段“如果男性没有高声说话，通常并不是因为他们不能这样做。原因更有可能是处罚（penalties）。嗓音尖的男性常成为嘲笑（ridicule）的对象。”，综合理解可知，男性不会高声说话的原因是他们怕被别人嘲笑，B项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项“男性不能这样做”与原文相反，属于反向干扰；C选项“高音是女性说话的特点，而不是男性说话的特点”是男性被嘲笑的原因，而不是不能高声说话的原因，属于张冠李戴；D选项“解剖学证明，男性的音高往往比女性低”定位至倒数第二段最后一句“人们发现这种差异无法用解剖学来解释”，其中差异指的是音高差异，可知该项属于反向干扰。2. 单选题_ the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.问题1选项A.PresumablyB.RespectivelyC.ImaginablyD.Plausibly【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. Presumably 大概 B. Respectively 分别地，各自地C. Imaginably 可想象地 D. Plausibly 似真地【考查点】副词辨析。【解题思路】由结果状语从句中的would be可知，这里表示推测，所以空格处填入presumably符合语境。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项都不表示推测，不符合句意。【句意】大概是恶劣的天气延误了航班，所以他们要等好几个小时才能到达。3. 单选题If I see the twin brothers apart I dont know _.问题1选项A.who is whoB.who is whomC.which is whichD.who is which【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. who is who 谁是谁 B. who is whom 谁是谁C. which is which 哪个是哪个 D. who is which 谁是哪个【考查点】习语用法。【解题思路】由if条件句的意思“如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看”，可知I dont know _应该表示“我分不清谁是谁”，而which is which通常用于区分两个十分相似的人或事物。故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A选项表示人们的情况，如姓名、工作、身份等，如When I go to those family reunions, I can never remember whos who.（我去参加那些家庭团圆聚会时，从来记不住谁是谁。）；B、D选项没有这个用法。【句意】如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看，我分不清谁是谁。4. 单选题Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in system of naming. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity (神性) and philosophy have also, in their older strata (阶层), become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild (行会). The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.16. The authors main purpose in the passage is to_.17. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds”, he means that_.18. If the author of the passage wished to study a new field, he would probably_.19. The writer of this article was probably a_.20. It seems that the passage implies that_.问题1选项A.describe a phenomenonB.argue a beliefC.propose a solutionD.stimulate action问题2选项A.it is much easier to become a professional today than it was in the pastB.there is more social intercourse between professionals and othersC.popular science has told their secrets to the worldD.anyone can now understand anything in a profession问题3选项A.call in a dictionary expertB.look to the histories of the words in the new fieldC.pay careful attention to the new fields technical vocabularyD.learn how to coin new jargon in the field问题4选项A.linguistB.scientistC.politicianD.physician问题5选项A.the English language is always becoming larger and largerB.the words of the English language are always changingC.one can never be sure of what a word means without consulting an expertD.technical terms in most non-scientific fields have little chance of becoming part of the main body of the language in these scientific days【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】16.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一步定位到首尾两段中心句，第一段第一句话Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary.（每一种职业或行业，每一种艺术，每一门科学都有自己的技术词汇）第二段的第一句话Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.（然而，不同的职业，其特殊词汇的特点有很大的不同）从这两句可知文章是在描述一种现象，所以答案选A选项“描述一个现象”。B选项“讨论一种信仰”，文章没有提到信仰，这里属于无中生有。C选项“提出建议”，文章没有抛出问题更没有提出解决方案，这里属于无中生有。D选项“刺激作用”，文章没有说要采取行动，这里属于无中生有。17.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到第二段倒数第六句Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild.（大多数新造的词仅限于特殊的讨论，很少涉及一般文学或谈话。然而，现在没有职业像所有职业曾经那样是一个封闭的行会），从这可以看出现在的职业环境与以前有了很大的改变；第二步寻找上下文线索，定位到第二段倒数第四句The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.（律师、医生、科学家和神职人员都可以自由地与他的同伴交往，而不仅仅是以职业的方式与他们打交道），从这里可知以前职业的交流是在一个封闭的小圈子，而现在圈子被打破了，人们不再只是职业往来，还有平时社交也有增强，所以答案选B选项“专业人士和其他人之间有更多的社会交往”。A选项“现在成为一名专业人士比过去容易得多”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。C选项“大众科学已经把它们的秘密告诉了世界”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“任何人现在都能理解职业中的任何事情”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。18.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，联系上下文，作者写这篇文章是向读者介绍专业术语的存在、使用、演变，并揭示其必然性和重要性，因此，如果他去研究某一新领域时，他一定会想到这个领域中的专业术语是什么，有何意义，以便于自己的研究，由此，可以推断出，他会注意专业术语，故C选项“仔细注意新领域的技术词汇”正确。A选项“请一位词典专家来”，定位到文章第二段第六句话Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech.（然而，即使对受过教育的人来说，每一种职业仍然拥有大量本质上是陌生的专业术语）， 从这里可知即使是专家也还是会有大量词汇不认识，所以靠专家来帮助不是很靠谱。B选项“在新领域中查看单词的历史”，这里文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“学习如何在这个领域创造新的行话”，定位到文章第一段倒数第二句Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it.（此外，它们节省时间，因为命名一个过程比描述它要经济得多），这里只是讲述行话的好处，人们刚开始学习不会是从学习创造术语开始的。19.【试题答案】A【试题解析】第一步，寻找上下文线索，定位到文章第一段第一句 Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary.（每一种职业或行业，每一种艺术，每一门科学都有自己的技术词汇）和第二段的第一句话Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.（然而，不同的职业，其特殊词汇的特点有很大的不同），这是两段的中心句，中心句的内容都是在讲职业里面的特殊词汇，根据这里可以推测作者是个语言学家。B选项，文章没有线索证明，这里属于无中生有。C选项，文章没有线索证明，这里属于无中生有。D选项，文章没有线索证明，这里属于无中生有。20.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段倒数第一二句Any important experiment is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace（任何重要的实验都会立即在报纸上报道，很快人人都在谈论它因此，我们的日常用语总是使用新的技术术语，使它们变得司空见惯）由此可知，人们造词之后会使用起来，英语的词汇也就变得越来越多了，所以答案选A选项“英语总是变得越来越多”。B选项“英语的单词总是在变化的”，定位到第二段倒数第七句话Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn（在这里，人们以最大的自由创造出新的术语，而当它们完成了自己的使命时，却被漠不关心地抛弃了），虽然会有新的词汇会产生，但是文章没有提单词产生了变化，这里属于无中生有。C选项“没有咨询专家，一个人永远不能确定一个词的意思”，文章没有表达出每个人都需要语言专家，这里属于无中生有。D选项“在科学时代，大多数非科学领域的技术术语很少有机会成为语言主体的一部分”，文章没有提及语言主体，这里属于无中生有。5. 单选题When seen in this light, the language these reporters use is more complex than it _.问题1选项A.needsB.needs toC.needs to beD.needs to be so【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. needs 需要 B. needs to 需要C. needs to be 需要 D. needs to be so 需要这样【考查点】比较级than的用法。【解题思路】在than的比较状语从句中，与主句相同部分可以省略，而不同部分需要写出；在这个句子中主句是the language is more complex（语言更加复杂），与从句共同的部分是more complex，所以从句需要把主谓写出来，即it needs to be。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项不符合语法；D选项不需要加副词so。【句意】从这个角度看，这些记者使用的语言比需要的更加复杂。6. 单选题With fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes for the recycling of waste. The word “rubbish” could lose its meaning because everything which goes into the dumps would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.The latest project is to take a city of around half a million inhabitants and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw materials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and rubber as well.Another new project is being setup to discover the best ways of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: First, it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that founders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken. Finally, the rubbish will pass under magnets, which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.The first full-scale giant recycling plants are perhaps fifteen years away. Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.51. The phrase “should be well on with.” (Para.1) most probably means _.52. What is NOT mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in paragraph 3?53. Whats the main reason for big cities to build their own recycling plants?54. The first full-scale huge recycling plants _.55. The passage is mainly about _.问题1选项A.have completed what was startedB.get ready to startC.have achieved a great deal inD.put an end to问题2选项A.Breaking up whatever is breakable.B.Sharpening metal bars.C.Separating light elements from the heavy ones.D.Sorting out small pieces of metal.问题3选项A.To deal with wastes in a better way.B.To protect the environment from pollution.C.To get raw materials locally.D.To get big profits from those plants.问题4选项A.began to operate fifteen years agoB.will probably take less than fifteen years to buildC.will be built fifteen years laterD.will probably be in operation in fifteen years问题5选项A.a cheap way to get energyB.the location of recycling plantsC.new ways of recycling wastesD.the probability of city environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】51.【选项释义】51. The phrase “should be well on with.” (Para.1) most probably means _. 51. 第1段中的短语“should be well on with. ”的意思很可能是_。A. have completed what was started A. 已经完成了开始的事情B. get ready to start B. 准备开始C. have achieved a great deal in C. 在方面取得了很大的成就D. put an end to D. 结束，终止【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第一句“15年来，英国和其他国家should be well on with建设巨大的工业综合体（the building of huge industrial complexes），以回收废物”，从huge industrial complexes（巨大的工业综合体）可以看出，这是一个很大的成就，目的是为了回收废物，所以should be well on with的意思应该是“在回收废物方面取得了巨大的成就”，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“已经完成了开始的事情”、B选项“准备开始”和D选项“结束，终止”理解错误，属于曲解原文。52.【选项释义】52. What is NOT mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in paragraph 3? 52. 在第3段所述的回收过程中，哪些部分没有被提及？A. Breaking up whatever is breakable. A. 打碎一切易碎的东西。B. Sharpening metal bars. B. 削尖金属棒。C. Separating light elements from the heavy ones. C. 把轻元素和重元素分开。D. Sorting out small pieces of metal. D. 整理小块的金属。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到第三段，该段对垃圾分类的过程有描述：首先，它会穿过锋利的金属条（pass through sharp metal bars），这些金属条会撕开通常用来包装垃圾的塑料袋；然后它会通过风选机将轻元素从重固体中分离出来（separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids）；在那之后，碾轧机将会打碎所有可以打碎的东西（break up everything that can be broken）；最后，垃圾会从磁铁下面经过，磁铁会把铁屑和钢屑清除掉（remove the bits of iron and steel）；橡胶和塑料将在最后阶段进行分类。从中可知，B选项“削尖金属棒”并没有提及，根据原文描述，金属棒是用来撕开包装垃圾的塑料袋，该项曲解原文。因此，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A选项“打碎一切易碎的东西”、C选项“把轻元素和重元素分开”和D选项“整理小块的金属”都符合原文。53.【选项释义】53. Whats the main reason for big cities to build their own recycling plants? 53. 大城市建立自己的回收厂的主要原因是什么？A. To deal with wastes in a better way. A. 以更好的方式处理废物。B. To protect the environment from pollution. B. 保护环境不受污染。C. To get raw materials locally. C. 在当地获得原材料。D. To get big profits from those plants. D. 从那些回收厂获得巨额利润。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据