2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第18期

2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题As journalism becomes more and more competitive, all of us - whether in broadcast news or in print (some may want to argue that this is true more of broadcast news, and I perhaps wouldnt want to debate that) - are falling back on the tried and true local news formulas. We have, by and large accepted the proposition that people don't care about foreign news, don't really care much about hard news-at all - that "feel-good news, entertainment, “info-tainment”，features, and gossip sell better than anything serious and certainly sell better than anything too disturbing.I believe that kind of talk is wrong. I believe that kind of talk is dangerous. And 1 know that kind of talk has nothing to do with leadership and public service. Using public opinion polls, focus groups, and other market research techniques in a limited role as informational tools is one thing: using them as an excuse to duck our responsibility to the public trust is quite another. And for journalists to become slaves to market research - like the politicians before us - is, I submit, most dangerous of all. Where are the publishers, editors, and reporters of grit, gumption, and guts? Where are the ones who will follow their conscience or even their “nose for news” instead of the public opinion polls? Harry Truman once said that, if Moses bad taken a public opinion poll, he would never left Egypt.Of course. There is one special problem for those of us who earn, our living reporting the news that others make. Leadership requires definite opinions on which course to take, what path to follow; but those of us in the mainstream media are trained to set our opinions aside as far as humanly possible. We try to keep open minds; by and large, we aren't joiners. We know (often better than were given credit for) that we dont have any secret formulas for answering the important questions. So we can justifiably ask: “How are we to lead?” I know that we in the media are. George Bernard Shaw once observed that newspapers are unable to distinguish between a bicycle accident and the collapse of civilization. For us, leadership should be the willingness to distinguish between whats merely interesting and whats vitally important.Now, when someone says that some stories are more important than others, he or she is often labeled an elitist, someone, who just doesn't understand what “real people care about. This is, of course, the familiar defense for trash television and trash tabloids. And it's also the reason given for reducing foreign news coverage as well as coverage political campaigns. There are a lot of people in the business who say “real people wont care unless it bleeds or bums. There are a lot of doctors and market researchers out there who insist that "real people” don't care much what happens in the rest of the world - they want the words American and the United States plastered all over their news like flags crowding a campaign platform.1. Which of the following words can substitute duck in the second paragraph?2. What did Harry Truman mean by saying that “if Moses had taken a public opinion poll, he would never have left Egypt?3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?4. The tone of the passage is（ ）.5. According to the writer, the media should（ ）.问题1选项A.shoulderB.assumeC.dodgeD.confront问题2选项A.Moses did not want to leave Egypt, but he was forced to.B.Moses should have taken a public opinion poll before he made the decision.C.Moses left Egypt because he did not take a public opinion poll.D.Anyone who wants to do something great shall act resolutely.问题3选项A.In the U.S., local news had a wider coverage than foreign news.B.Local news is more serious than foreign news.C.“Real people” favor foreign news over local news.D.Foreign news is forbidden in the U.S.问题4选项A.commandingB.criticalC.ironicalD.appreciative问题5选项A.report what the "real people ' likeB.base their decisions on the public opinionC.have their own judgment in what is to be broadcastD.learn from the politicians in making strategies【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.词义题。Using public opinion polls, focus groups, and other market research techniques in a limited role as informational tools is one thing: using them as an excuse to duck our responsibility to the public trust is quite another. 利用民意调查、焦点小组和其他市场调查技术作为有限的信息工具是一回事，利用它们作为借口（ ）我们对公众的责任是另一回事。由借口可推测出是逃避对公众的责任。故C项正确。2.语义题。Harry Truman once said that, if Moses bad taken a public opinion poll, he would never left Egypt.哈里杜鲁门曾经说过，如果摩西巴特过去做了民意调查，他就不会离开埃及。由此可知摩西巴特过去没做过民意调查，并且他已经离开了埃及。故C项正确。3.细节事实题。由第一段“As journalism becomes more and more competitive, all of us - whether in broadcast news or in print (some may want to argue that this is true more of broadcast news, and I perhaps wouldnt want to debate that) - are falling back on the tried and true local news formulas. 随着新闻变得越来越有竞争力,我们所有人无论是在广播新闻或已出版的新闻(有些可能会认为这是正确的广播新闻,我也许不想辩论)回落在尝试和真正的本地新闻公式。由此可知在美国，人们更关注当地新闻。故A项正确。4.观点态度题。本文第二三四段所提到的内容都带有作者的评论。故本篇文章的口吻是评论性的。B项正确。5.判断推理题。由第二段“And for journalists to become slaves to market research - like the politicians before us - is, I submit, most dangerous of all. Where are the publishers, editors, and reporters of grit, gumption, and guts? Where are the ones who will follow their conscience or even their “nose for news” instead of the public opinion polls? 我认为，记者成为市场研究的奴隶就像我们之前的政客一样是最危险的。那些关于勇气、进取心和胆量的出版商、编辑和记者在哪里?那些凭良心、甚至凭嗅觉而不是凭民意来判断新闻的人在哪里？”可知作者认为记者应该有自己的判断力，而不是听信民意调查。故C项正确。2. 单选题As is the Chinese cooks custom, my mother always made（ ） remarks about her own cooking.问题1选项A.optionalB.pluralC.negativeD.slender【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。optional“可选的”；plural“复数的，多样的”；negative“消极的，否定的”；slender“细长的，苗条的”。句意：就像许多中国厨师一样，我母亲经常对自己的厨艺予以否定评价。能修饰remarks的只有C项。3. 填空题The chemical（ ） （fertile） is widely used in the rural area.【答案】fertilizer【解析】放在形容词后，故用名词形式。4. 单选题What he said in the meeting （ ） everybody present.问题1选项A.disgustedB.dismissedC.disposedD.disabled【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。disgust“使厌恶，使作呕”；dismiss“解散，解雇”；dispose“处理，处置”；disable“使失去能力”。句意：他在会议上说的话使在场的每个人都（ ）。只有A项符合句意。5. 写作题Directions: From June 1, 2008, China will ban shops from offering free plastic bag and has called on consumers to use baskets and cloth sacks instead to reduce environmental pollution. What do you think about this policy? Please write a composition of approximately 200 words on the following topic:Should We Ban Free Plastic Bags From Shops?In the first part, you should stale clearly your viewpoint on this issue. In the second part, you should support your viewpoint wilh appropriate details. In I he last part, you should bring what you have written Io a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in the loss of marks.Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET. 【答案】略6. 单选题When he saw what had happened to the black girl, his face（ ） extreme disapproval and dissatisfaction.问题1选项A.registeredB.suggestedC.reflectD.enhance【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。register“登记；记录；（用表情等）流露出”; suggest“提议;建议；暗示”；reflect“反映;反射;照出”；enhance“提髙；加强；增加”。句意：当他看到那个黑人女孩的遭遇吋，他脸上流露出极其反对和不满的表情。由face以及 extreme disapproval and dissatisfaction“极其反对和不满的情绪”可知，他应该是流露出这种情感。故A项正确。7. 单选题Planes keep in touch with the control tower（ ）.问题1选项A.on the radioB.by radioC.over the radioD.by the radio【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。on the radio“在广播中”；by radio“用无线电”。句意：飞机用无线电与控制塔保持联系。只有B项符合句意。8. 单选题The first priority is to（ ） a good reference book to identify the pest and choose the most effective control.问题1选项A.concedeB.conciseC.consentD.consult【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。concede v.“承认；退让”；concise“简明的；简洁的”；consent“同意；赞成”；consult“査阅；商量”。由空后的a good reference book“一本好的参考书”可知D项正确。consult a reference book查阅参考书。句意：首要任务就是查阅好的参考书来确定害虫并选择最有效的控制方法。9. 单选题 In the Americans minds, there are boundaries that other people are simply not supposed to cross. When the boundaries are crossed, Americans will（ ） stiffen and their manner will become cool.问题1选项A.visiblyB.tragicallyC.uneasilyD.tremendously【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。visibly“明显地，显然地”；tragically“悲剧地，悲惨地”；uneasily“不自在地，不稳定地”；tremendously“非常地，可怕地”。句意：在美国人的心目中,有些界限人们是不能跨越的。当这些界限被越过时,美国人会（ ）变得僵硬,他们的态度会变得很冷酷。and表示并列关系，其前后表示的内容的性质一致，由and后面的内容“他们的态度也很冷酷”可推知空格处意为美国人明显变得很僵硬，故A项正确。10. 单选题Careful planning and hard work will（ ）our final success.问题1选项A.ensureB.encloseC.dischargeD.deny【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。ensure“保证，确保”；enclose“围绕，装入”；discharge“准许，释放，排出”；deny“否定，否认”。句意：认真的计划和努力的工作将确保我们最后的成功。只有A项符合句意。11. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence （AI） predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. 35. Never mind something as complex as conversations the most powerful computers strugule to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brain's neural, network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”, he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today（ ）.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from（ ）.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（ ）.4. What's the authors opinion about the new AI movement?5. Which of the following is closet in meaning to the underlined phrase “the only game in town” （para.4）?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the Shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs.C.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child.D.the efforts made by scientist in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.问题5选项A.The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B.The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C.The only area worth studying in computer science.D.The only game they would like to play in town.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段Never mind something as complex as conversations,the most powerful computers strugule to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. 更不用说像会话这样复杂的事情，最强大的计算机现在正竭力地识别物体的形状，这对于10个月大的孩子来说是最基本的任务。可知D项“最强大的计算机仍然不能用人类的语言与人类交流。”正确。A项“计算机能够识别物体的形状”与原文不符，原文提到计算机正竭力地去做这件事。B项文中未提及，C项“现在的计算机与50年代的计算机表现不一样”，文中提到50年代人们预测到20世纪末计算机能做家务，能与人交流，但如今计算机仍然离与人类交流还有很长的路要走。故C项不正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs.”越来越多的人工智能研究人员认为，他们知道错误在哪里。科学家们说，问题在于，人工智能一直在试图分离最高、最抽象的思维层次，比如语言和数学，然后用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制它们。另一方面，人工智能领域的新动向则更近距离地审视了自然产生智能的更为迂回的方式。这些研究人员中的许多人研究进化和自然适应，而不是形式逻辑和传统的计算机程序。可知人工智能的新动向源于发现了以前的错误，即人工智能不能用逻辑程序来复制抽象的思维。于是人工智能有了新动向。故B项正确。3.推理判断题。由第二段“Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. 有些人想研究脑细胞和蛋白质，而不是数字计算机和晶体管。这些早期努力的结果是有希望的，因为他们是独特的，和新的自然为基础的人工智能运动是缓慢的，但肯定会走向该领域的前沿。”以及第三段“Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. 具体地说，康拉德认为，大脑的许多能力源于组成每个脑细胞的单个分子的模式识别能力。他声称，制造人工智能设备的最佳方法，是围绕同样的分子技术来制造。可知康拉德及其AI研究团队将把大脑的分子技术运用于人工智能设备上，发起了以自然为基础的人工智能运动。故C项“该团队对了解智力是如何在自然界中发展的作出了巨大努力。”正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. 这些早期努力的结果是有希望的，因为他们是独特的，虽然新的以自然为基础的人工智能运动是缓慢的，但肯定会走向该领域的前沿。可知作者认为人工智能运动将走向该领域前沿，也就意味着人工智研究的方向是正确的。故D项“尽管没有人能确定它的未来前景，但它被证明是在正确的方向上。”正确。5.由倒数第二段The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. 他声称，制造人工智能设备的最佳方法，是围绕同样的分子技术来制造。和最后一段“Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. 目前，对于传统的计算机和软件根本无法匹配大脑中发生的过程仍然存在争议。但如果这是真的，那么康拉德和他的同伴们的努力可能是唯一的游戏。联系上下文可知，如果传统的计算机和软件根本无法匹配大脑过程这个观点是正确的，那么康拉德和其团队的观点，即将大脑同样的分子技术运用于人工智能设备的制造上是唯一可行的制造新的人工智能计算机的方法。故A项“这是制造人工智能计算机的唯一方法”正确。12. 单选题I have long believed that trouble between the races is seldom what it appears to be. It was not hard to see after my first talks with students that racial tension on campus is a problem that misrepresents itself. It has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflictwhite racism and black protest. And I think part of our concern over it comes from the fact that it has the feel of a relapse, illness gone and come again. But if we are seeing the same symptoms, I dont believe we are dealing with the same illness. For one thing, I think racial tension on campus is the result more of racial equality than inequality.How to live with racial difference has been Americas profound social problem. For the first 100 years or so following emancipation it was controlled by a legally approved inequality that acted as a buffer between the races. No longer is this the case. On campuses today, as throughout society, blacks enjoy equality under the lawa profound social advancement. No student may be kept out of a class or a dormitory or an extracurricular activity because of his or her race. But there is a paradox here. On a campus where members of all races are gathered, mixed together in the classroom as well as socially, differences are more exposed than ever. And this is where the trouble starts. For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time -bring to this site of freedom, exploration, and now, today, equality, very deep fears and anxieties, not fully developed feelings of racial shame, anger, and guilt. These feelings could lie hidden in the home, in familiar neighborhoods, in simpler days of childhood. But the college campus, with its structures of interaction and adult-level competition一the big exam, the dorm, the “mixer”is another matter. I think campus racism is born of the rub between racial difference and a setting, the campus itself, devoted to interaction and equality. On our campuses, such concentrated micro-societies, all that remains unresolved between blacks and whites, all the old wounds and shames that have never been addressed, present themselves for attention-and present our youth with pressures they cannot always handle.1. According to the author, （ ）.2. Nowadays racial tension on campus most probably starts with（ ）.3. The phrase “coming into their own on Line 8 of Paragraph 2 probably means（ ）.4. When young adults enter college for the first time, （ ） .5. The passage is mainly about（ ）.问题1选项A.people have misunderstood the causes of racial tensionB.people dont understand the causes of racial tensionC.racial tension keeps the same typical pattern in historyD.racial tension on campus is the same as racial tension in society问题2选项A.racial inequalityB.sudden awareness of racial differencesC.white racismD.racial interaction and competition问题3选项A.entering their own homesB.showing their own valuesC.entering their own collegesD.having their own problems问题4选项A.they bring freedom and exploration to campusB.they suffer from racial inequality and differencesC.they bring with them fear, anxiety and other feelingsD.they suffer from competitions in big exams问题5选项A.racial inequality in American societyB.racial tension in American societyC.racial equality on campus and in societyD.the causes of racial tension on campus【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由第一段“It has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflictwhite racism and black protest.校园种族矛盾与美国永恒的种族冲突的经典模式-白人种族主义与黑人抗议是相同的。”可知种矛盾在历史上有相同的模式。故C项正确。A项“人们误解了种族紧张的原因”以及B项“人们不理解种族紧张的原因”是对“It was not hard to see after my first