2022年考博英语-复旦大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解28

2022年考博英语-复旦大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题As is known to all, a vague law is always（ ） to different interpretations.问题1选项A.invulnerableB.immuneC.resistantD.susceptible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。invulnerable“不会受伤害的，无懈可击的”；immune“免疫的”；resistant“抵抗的，有抵抗力的”；susceptible“容许的；易受影响的”。句意：众所周知，一条含糊不清的法规总允许有不同的解释。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题The train from the capital was derailed last night in the mountain area, but fortunately there were no（ ）, police said.问题1选项A.catastrophesB.cataractsC.casualtiesD.caprices【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。 catastrophe “大灾难”；cataract “大瀑布，洪水”；casualty “伤亡人员”；caprice “任性，反复无常；随想曲”。句意：昨晚，从首都出发的火车在山区脱离轨道，庆幸的是没有人员伤亡。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题She was unimpressed by the actor, describing him as “a vain man and （  ）dull”.问题1选项A.intensivelyB.intenselyC.downrightD.actual【答案】A【解析】考查词性词义辨析。题干中的dull为形容词，所以应该用副词修饰。排除选项C和D：downright “直率的，真实的”；actual “真实的”。intensively “强烈地，集中地”；intensely “强烈地，热情地，紧张地”，常用来形容某种性质或者感情到达的程度很高。intensively包含intensely的意思，但是更强调 “精细地；集中地”。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题In the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks, many Americans feel we may begin to see the erosion of some of our civil liberties. There is concern we may be subject to personal searches and increased monitoring of our activities, all in the name of safety and security. On the computing front, I would argue that we already have had to surrender many of our liberties to protect ourselves from computer viruses and other security breaches.As much as vendors and network administrators try to make scanning for viruses an unobtrusive process for the end user, we still are inconvenienced by the routines mandated by the guardians of our corporate computing security. However, inconvenience takes a back seat to the outright need for security. Viruses are more than inconvenient; they cause real damage. Computer Economics estimates the cost of virus attacks on information systems around the world, including cleanup costs and lost productivity, has already reached $10.7 billion so far this year. Compare that figure with $17.1 billion for all of 2000 and $12.1 billion for 1999.I know youre thinking: “Im only one person. How can I spend the necessary time to safeguard my company against viruses and security holes and still do my regular job?”Realistically, you cant. But there are resources to help you.Microsoft has just announced a new initiative called the Strategic Technology Protection Program. Among the services being offered are tree technical support related to viruses and a security tool kit that includes patches and service packs that address security vulnerabilities in Windows NT and 2000.The FBI and SANS Institute have just released their top 20 list of the most critical Internet security vulnerabilities. The majority of successful attacks on computer systems via the Internet can be traced to exploitation of security flaws on this list. Study the list at www.sans.org.The Center for Internet Security provides methods and tools to improve monitor and compare the security status of your Internet-connected systems. Find out how to benchmark your organizations status at wvw.cisecurity.org.Software vendors such as Network Associates, Symantec and Computer Associates have very informative virus resource centers. The Symantec Anti Virus Research Center (www.S avcenter) has an online newsletter and in-depth information about viruses. Likewise, the CA Virus Information Center offers tips on managing virus incidents and protecting messaging systems.Just like our national defense, the best protection against a debilitating virus attack is knowledge of the vulnerabilities and the means to plug the security holes. Be proactive and vigilant, and make use of the numerous resources at your disposal.1.The writer seems to feel that（ ）.2.The two figures " $ 17.1 billion” and “ $ 12.1 billion” are mentioned for the readers to（ ）.3.To obtain detailed information about viruses，we can resort to（ ）.4.By simply checking the top 20 list， we may（ ）.5.A proper title for this passage might be（ ）.问题1选项A.the concern about the erosion of liberties is unnecessaryB.the routine scanning of viruses causes much inconvenience to end usersC.the need for computing security makes inconvenience tolerableD.liberty can be guaranteed only if security is achieved first问题2选项A.make sense of the damages that have been done so far this yearB.see the decrease of the cost of virus attacksC.calculate the cost of virus attacks for the year 2001D.pay more attention to anti-virus resources问题3选项A.the Strategic Technology Protection ProgramB.www.sans.orgC.www.cisecurity.orgD.www.S问题4选项A.obtain a picture of major successful attacks on computer systemsB.identify a possible security hole in our computer systemsC.improve the security status of our computer systemsD.protect our computer systems from virus attacks问题5选项A.The Aftermath of Sept. 11B.Liberty vs SecurityC.Strategies for Battling VirusD.Virus AttackAnother Form of Sept 11【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:文章第一段最后一句on the computing front，I would argue that we already have had to surrender many of our liberties to protect ourselves from computer viruses and other security breaches, 提到我们需要牺牲一些自由来免受电脑病毒和其他风险的威胁。选项D “有了安全才能有自由”符合题意。第2题:文章第二段提到病毒不仅仅让人们不方便，更严重的是导致了真正的损失。然后列举了有关清理病毒的费用，是为了强调病毒的破坏性。选项A符合题意。第3题:文章倒数第二段第二句话The Symantec Anti Virus Research Center (www. Symantec, com/ avcenter) has an online newsletter and in-depth information about viruses 提到了了解关于病毒的信息可以到网站上去找，选项D符合题意。第4题:文章第六段第二句The majority of successful attacks on computer systems via the Internet can be traced to exploitation of security flaws on this list 提到之所以这些系统会被病毒侵蚀是因为安全系统中存在漏洞，所以列出的名单中的网址都可能存在一些漏洞。选项B符合题意。第5题:文章主要是在讲述如何战胜电脑病毒，所以选项C符合题意。5. 单选题It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the（ ）way the store was organized.问题1选项A.logicalB.haphazardC.orderlyD.tidy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。logical “有逻辑的”； haphazard “偶然的；随意的”；orderly “有秩序的”；tidy “整洁的”。句意：找到这个工作所需要的零件很难，因为商店摆放的方式很随意。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Mississippi also upholds the Souths well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people；balmy year-round weather and truly（ ）cuisine.问题1选项A.destructiveB.horribleC.amiableD.delectable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。destructive “破坏性的”；horrible “可怕的”；amiable “亲切的”； delectable “美味的”。空格处用来修饰cuisine （烹饪）这个单词，前文是讲密西西比为什么这么出名，所以选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Were in an era when computer hackers are stealing credit-card numbers and other technologically adept criminals are（ ）national borders.问题1选项A.transplantingB.transgressingC.transformingD.transmitting【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。 transplanting “移植”；transgressing “违反，违法，越界”；transforming “转化，转变”；transmitting “传递，传送”。句意：我们处在电脑黑客盗取信用卡密码，其他技术犯罪不断侵犯国界的一个时代。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题_ nothing more to say, the man got to his feet, said goodbye and left the room.问题1选项A.There wasB.As there beingC.BeingD.There being【答案】D【解析】考查there be句型。there be结构的独立主格的用法。选项D符合题意。句意：男子没有多说什么，起身道别，离开了房间。9. 单选题Some people find that certain foods（  ） their headaches.问题1选项A.introduceB.triggerC.summonD.create【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。introduce “介绍”；trigger “引发，引起”；summon “召唤”；create “创造”。句意：有些人发现某些食物会引发头痛。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea.Had she died as she nearly did upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different； her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War； and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs； but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingales own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world； but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system； her heart was affected ； she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting； why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last； now, when the iron was hot, and it was time to strike? No； she had work to do； and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain； in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad possessed perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For months at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest. At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid for life. She could not help that； there was work to be done； and, as for rest, very likely she might rest. when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the Army Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure. rest? How could she rest while these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life. “ You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them，” she said. After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. “Yes，this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16, 000 men. ” Scutari had given her knowledge ； and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before her； but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army.1.According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingales life was，when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following except（ ）.2.Paragraph 2 paints a picture of a woman who is（ ）.3.The primary purpose of Paragraph 3 is to（ ）.4.The authors attitude to his material is（ ）.5.In her statement (Paragraph 3, Sentence 8) Miss Nightingale intended to（ ） .问题1选项A.less dramaticB.less demandingC.less well-known to the publicD.more important问题2选项A.mentally shatteredB.stubborn and querulousC.physically weak but mentally indomitableD.purposeful yet tiresome问题3选项A.account for conditions in the armyB.show the need for hospital reformC.explain Miss Nightingales main concernsD.argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions问题4选项A.disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB.over-inflation of a reputationC.debunking a mythD.interpretation as well as narration问题5选项A.criticize the conditions in hospitalsB.highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD.ridicule the dangers of army life【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:南丁格尔女士后五十年的工作，作者认为是费尽心力的，选项B less demanding显然是错误的；作者用legend来形容南丁格尔后来在克里米亚的经历，What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important,虽然不那么广为人知，但是却更为重要。选项B符合题意。第2题:文章第二段第二句提到南丁格尔女士的身体状况：undermined her nervous system, her heart was affected, fainting-fits, physical prostration，这都说明她的身体是虚弱的，但是她却依然不忘记工作，显然她的精神依然没被击垮，选项C符合题意。第3题:文章第三段主要讲述了南丁格尔女士对军队医疗条件的担忧，选项C符合题意。第4题:作者讲述了南丁格尔女士在克里米亚战后的生活，整篇文章都是对主人公的赞美，但并没有吹捧，选项B排除；选项A与C是否定意味，排除，所以选项D符合题意。第5题:南丁格尔关注的是军队的医疗条件，最后一段最后一句话but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army，她认为最迫切的问题就是去救助军队里的生命，所以选项B符合题意，她是为了指出普通士兵所生活的不卫生的环境。11. 单选题He saw university as a community of scholars, where students were （  ）by teachers into an appreciation of different philosophical approaches.问题1选项A.extractedB.deductedC.inductedD.conducted【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。extracted “提取”；deducted “扣除，减去；演绎”；inducted “引导；感应”；conducted “管理，引导；表现”。induct 和conduct都有“引导”的意思，但是前者有教授知识的意味，所以选项C符合题意。12. 单选题I spent most of my money in the first week and（ ）had very little to eat during the last few days of the holiday.问题1选项A.after allB.consequentlyC.otherwiseD.anyhow【答案】B【解析】考查副词词义辨析。after all“毕竟”；consequently“因此，结果”；otherwise“否则，不然”；anyhow“无论 如何，总之”。句意：我第一周就花掉了大部分的钱，因此在假期的最后几天只能吃一点点东西。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题The aim of making self-criticism for the mistake is to help us _ so that we shall not repeat them later.问题1选项A.show offB.hold outC.measure upD.sober up【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。show off“炫耀”；hold out“主张”；measure up“合格”；sober up“（使）清醒”。句意：对错误进行自我批评是为了让我们更加清醒，不再重蹈覆辙。选项D符合题意。14. 单选题Mary was a shy Woman and took _ behind a rather forbidding bluntness of manner.问题1选项A.refugeB.kindnessC.frightD.appearance【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。refuge“避难”；kindness“好意”；fright“惊吓”；appearance“外貌”。句意：玛丽是一个害羞的女人，遇到令人害怕的直率行为就赶紧躲避。选项A符合题意。15. 单选题（  ） down than the telephone rang.问题1选项A.Not until I layB.No sooner had I lainC.Hardly had I lainD.Scarcely did I lie【答案】B【解析】考查倒装句。lie “躺；位于”，其过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别是：lay, lain, lying； lay “放，搁，下蛋”，其过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别是：laid, laid, laying。句意：我刚躺下，电话就响了。No sonnerthan为固定句式，且前半句需要部分倒装，所以选项B符合题意。16. 单选题If there is one thing interpreters working for the European Union dread, it is attempts at humour. It is not just that jokes are hard to translate; because of the time needed for interpretation, they can prompt laughter at the wrong moment. A speaker once began with an anecdote, and then mourned a dead colleague to be met by a gale of giggles, as listeners got his joke.The time-lags have grown worse with the expansion of the EU, to make a total of 25 countries. Finding interpreters who can translate directly from Estonian to Portuguese is well-nigh impossible. So now speeches are translated in relays, first into English and then into a third language. If only everybody would agree to speak one or two official tongues, it would be easier. Or would it? In fact, misunderstandings can abound even when all parties speak fluent English or French. Cultural differences mean that a literal understanding of what someone says is often a world away from real understanding. For example, how many non-Brits could decode the irony (and literary allusion) which lies behind the expression “up to a point”, which is used to mean “no, not in the slightest”?The problem is now so widely recognized that informal guides to what the French or the English really mean, when they are speaking their mother tongues, have been drawn up by other nationalities.One has written for the Dutch, trying to do business with British. Another was written by British diplomats, as a guide to the language used by their French counterparts. The fact that the Dutch so eerily fluent in English should need a guide to Brit-speak is particularly striking. But the problem to judge by the guide, which was spotted on an office wall in the European Court of Justice is that Brits make their points in an indirect manner that the plain-speaking Nederlanders find baffling.Hence the guides warning that when a Briton says “I hear what you say”, the foreign listener may understand: “He accepts my point of view.” In fact, the British speaker means: “I disagree and I do not want to discuss it any further.” Similarly the phrase “with the greatest respect ” when used by an Englishman is recognizable to a compatriot as an icy put-down, correctly translated by the guide as meaning “I think you are wrong, or a fool.”The British, the French and the Dutch are old sparring partners who know each others little ways. So the capacity for misunderstanding is amplified when nationalities that are less familiar with each other come into contact. Often the problems are less to do with the meaning of words than their unexpected impact on an audience. Take the European summit last December, when it fell to Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian prime minister, to try to wrap up sensitive negotiations over a proposed constitution for the European Union.When EU leaders filed into lunch, they were braced for tough negotiation; so they were startled when Mr. Berlusconi suggested that they discuss “football and women” and that Gerhard Schroder, the German chancellor, should lead the discuss, as he has been married four times. Some European diplomats conclude that Mr. Berlusconi must have been deliberately bating Mr. Schroder. But when the Italian leader was questioned about his chairmanship at a press conference, he grew hot under the collar, pointing out that he would hardly have become a billionaire unless he were fully capable of chairing a meeting. And indeed his defenders say that in Italian business circles it can be perfectly normal to set a jocular and relaxed tone before a difficult meeting, by discussing last nights football, or even teasing your colleagues about their love lives.These sorts of misunderstandings are unlikely to be erased even if all Europes political leaders and bureaucrats were both willing and able to speak English. But ever-inventive Brussels is coming up with a solution of sorts through the emergence of “Euro-speak” a form of dead, bureaucratic English.1.According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, which statement is TRUE?2.Why do the Dutch need a guide to Brit-speak?3.What does “they were braced for tough negotiation” probably mean in Paragraph 7?4.What can we infer from Paragraph 8?5.Select a title for this article: （ ）.问题1选项A.Interpreters dread jokes because they take more time to translate.B.Despite a little difficulty，translators between any two languages spoken in the EU countries can still be found.C.The problems between EU countries can be solved if they can decide on one or two official languages.D.The statement “I understand, up to a point” means “I dont understand at all”.问题2选项A.The Dutch dont speak English very well.B.A precise understanding of the English language is required in a court of law.C.Literal understandin