《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释.doc

跨文化交际英语实用教程名词解释Define the following terms:1. Culture: it refers to a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people. 文化：它是指一组学习者对信仰、价值观、规范和社会实践的共同理解，从而影响了一个相对大的群体的行为。2. Intercultural communication: It is communication between people from different cultural backgrounds, or it refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际：它是来自不同文化背景的人们之间的交流，也就是说，人们的文化观念和符号系统之间的沟通是不同的，足以改变交际活动。3. Denotative meaning tends to be described as the definitional, literal, obvious or commonsense meaning of a word. 外延意义往往被描述为定义，文字，一个词明显或常识性的意义。4. Connotative meaning is used to refer to the socio-cultural associations of the word. 内涵意义是指词的社会文化协会。5. In case of inductive reasoning, one stores a number of specific instances and induces a general law or rule or conclusion that governs or subsumes the specific instances. 在归纳推理的情况下，一个存储一些特定的实例，并导致一般的法律或规则或结论规范或包含的具体实例。6. Deductive reasoning is a movement from a generalization to specific instances: specific subsumed facts are inferred or deduced from a general principle. 演绎推理是一种运动从一个泛化的具体情况：具体包括事实推断或从一般原理推导。7. Analytical thinking patterns：analyze and dissect things into elements in order to understand them properly. The emphasis is upon the parts rather than the whole of things. 分析思维模式：对事物进行分析和剖析，以便理解它们。重点是对部分而不是整体的东西。8. Synthetic thinking patterns： synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on the “whole”. 综合思维模式：将元素合成为一个单元，重点是“整体”。9. Verbal Communication ：refers to communication done both orally and in written language口头交流：指口头和书面语的交流10. Linguistic Determinism: is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought. 语言决定论：语言及其结构的限制，决定人类知识或思想的思想。11. Linguistic Relativity: holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world. 语言相对论：认为语言的结构会影响其扬声器能够感知世界的方式。1/2页12. Nonverbal Communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. 非语言交流：包括源和他或她使用的环境中所产生的所有非语言的刺激，并具有潜在的消息来源或接收信息。13. Body language ：refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements. It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate. 肢体语言：指与身体运动有关的所有非语言代码。它包括手势，头部动作，面部表情，眼睛的行为，姿势和其他可以用来交流的显示器。14. Monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. 单一时间（时间）：这一事件在一个时间安排。在这些文化时代，时间被认为是一种线性结构，就像一条从过去到未来的丝带一样。15. Polychronic time (P Time) ：It schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 多元时间（时间）：它安排一些活动的同时。在这些文化中，人们强调的是人们的参与程度超过了时间表。他们不知道约会那样经常打破他们的承诺。16. Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons. 禁忌是指一组特定的人，或在某些特定的宗教或社会原因所避免的一些词语或行动17. Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. 委婉语指的是一种温和、间接或模糊的术语，这种行为被认为是苛刻的，生硬的，或是攻击性的。18. Paralanguage refers to the rate, pitch and volume qualities of the voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. 副语言是指速度，音高和音量的品质，而暂时中断或演讲的地方和影响消息的意义19. Individual culture: individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to others. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings. 个体文化：个体倾向于通过在不同的程度上定义自己，而不是与其他人相似。鼓励人们自信和自信，个人的思想和感情的表露。20. Collectivist culture: place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. It has been labeled as “we” culture because basic unit is the in-group or collective. 20。集体主义文化：个人身份和大的群体认同的价值的地方价值不大。它被贴上了“我们”的文化，因为基本单位是集体或集体。