虚拟语气知识点总结.doc

虚 拟 语 气第一节 语气英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。第二节 虚拟语气的概念虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。它能实现下列交际功能：a. 用来表达一个假设或纯粹的意愿（这种假设或意愿在多数情况下是与事实相反或不太可能实现的。b. 经常用来缓和语气，使之更加委婉、礼貌、得体，使句子带有推测性和尝试性。c. 表示烦恼、不耐烦等情绪。d. 表示适度的责备或批评。e. 表示美好的祝愿或祝福。 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。第三节 虚拟语气在条件句中虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were)The platform would collapse if all of you stood on it.假如你们都站在上面，这个平台就会塌下来的。主语+should,would,might,could动词原形如果鲁迅还活着，看到新中国的伟大成就他会多么高兴啊！与过去相反的假设If+主语+had +过去分词If the doctor had been available,the child would have been saved. 如果有医生在，这个小孩就会得救了。主语should, would, might, couldhave done如果飓风发生在白天，死亡的人数会更多。与将来相反的假设1、If+主语+动词过去式2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形3、If+主语+should +动词原形I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes if I were to go to the moon some day. 如果有一天我登上了月球，就能亲眼目睹月球的表面是什么样子了。主语should, would might, could动词原形如果明天是星期天，我就去看望我奶奶。NOTE：使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点：当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整If you had followed my advice , you would be better now.如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式（后面详细讲解）If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Had you come earlier, you would have met him.1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （ would, might， could）+ have 过去分词。She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)； should动词原形；were to动词原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）4. 混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。 He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用if I were.，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了。(were表过去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。(were表现在)第四节 虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用一、虚拟语气在主语从句中A.在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，表示某事重要、奇怪、自然、必要等；that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 （should可以省略） Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once Its strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way. 这类的形容词还有advisable（可取的），appropriate（适当的），compulsary（必须的），crucial（关键的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），important(重要的)，possible（可能的），preferable（更好的），probable（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（急迫的），vital（极为重要的）等。B. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/recommended/requested/required/.that-clause句型中从句用(should )+动词原型，表示愿望，建议，请求等主观意愿等。 It is demanded that we should work out a plan. It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建议推迟会议。It is settled that you leave us, then?C. 在 It is a pity/a shame/ no wonderproposal/recommendation/suggestion/surprise/advice that.句型中从句也常用(should )+动词原型,表示建议，命令，请求，道歉，怀疑，惊奇等。 Its a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。二、用于宾语从句宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。The teacher suggested that we should clean the blackboard after class.老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意He insisted that all of us be there on time by any means.他坚持要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那里。The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他没有偷钱The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。 wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿这是真的。 I wish I were a bird. （were 与wish 发生在同一时间平面上） 从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。 I wish that the rain could stop soon. 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词” I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。 I wish you had come to our Christmas party. We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。would rather，would sooner, would as soon,would prefer + 从句 也常用虚拟语气，表示宁愿、但愿之意。这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式：I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。 I would rather you left today.我宁愿你今天走。 I would sooner my daughter attended a public school. 但愿我的女儿能上公立学校。 I would prefer he didnt stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在这儿待得太久。 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义： I would rather I hadnt seen that film yesterday. 我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。有些动词，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。She did not expect that you should come.她没有预料你会来。三、用于表语从句和同位语从句在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /desire/ recommendation/resolution 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should动词原形”should可以省略 My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你要尽可能经常地练习说英语。The suggestion that the mayor should present the prizes was accepted by everyone.每个人都接受由市长颁发奖金这一建议。名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。My advice is that you (should) treat her well. 我的忠告是你应该善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once. 他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。四. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式 It is (high / about ) time that从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should动词原形，should不能省略 Its high time we went to the laboratory. 该是我们去实验室的时候了。It is time the children went to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。It is time we left.我们该走了。It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。五. 虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中国共产党万岁！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 该死的！The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那样吧。第五节 虚拟语气在其他从句中If only 引导的感叹句（要是该有多好啊；但愿)；1 表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。用过去时或would/could+动词原形表示；If only you listened to us!要是你听我们的话该多好啊！2 与过去事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时。例如：If only I had listened to the doctors advice! 我要是听了医生的话就好了。 as if ( as though) 看起来even if ( even though)即使 常用虚拟形式，其构成形式与wish后宾语从句里的虚拟语气的构成形式相同，表示与现在事实相反（从句意上判断），用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done)，would/could +动词原形。例如：The football fans of act as if they were crazy. 那些足球迷们经常就像疯了似的。（act与were发生在同一时间平面上）He often talks about London as though he had been there. (had been there发生在talkes之前) 他常常谈起伦敦，就好像他去过那里似的。She often talks and talks as if she would never stop. (would never stop后于talks and talks 发生)她常常讲起来没完没了。 虚拟语气在in order that,so that,in case，lest，for fear that引导的目的状语从句中的应用，从句中的谓语动词用"may(might)动词原形"或"should动词原形"。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用"should动词原形"。例如：He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.他拿上了雨衣以防下雨。He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again. 他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。He put his coat over the child for fear that he (should) catch cold.他把外套给孩子穿上以防孩子感冒。虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系：从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。1) 用于主语从句。试比较：It is important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。2) 用于宾语从句。试比较：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建议我们明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建议我们第二天走。She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她说，“我如是男孩，就参军。”She said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她说她如是男孩就参军。但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said.“假如我知道它是如何运行的话，我就会告诉你该怎么办，”他说道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话，他就会告诉我该怎么办。“If I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said.“我如知道你所有问题的答案，我就是天才了。”他说道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他说他如知道我所有问题的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气，其后从句的时态则多受其影响，现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。如：I would think he was wrong.我看他是错了。(须用was,试比较：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是对的。(须用was,试比较：It seems that she is right)第六节 . 连词if的省略如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。第七节 . 含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。I would like to come. 我愿意来。第八节. 不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。虚拟语气专项练习1. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A. studiedB. had been studyingC. studyD. had studied2. The millions of calculation involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had lostB. would loseC. would have lostD. should have lost3. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.A. must be sentB. are senw.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mC. will be sentD. be sent4. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly.A. has made sureB. must make sureC. made sureD. make sure5. It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline.A. must be sentB. be sentC. would高考资源网 be sentD. were sent6. Its necessary _ the dictionary immediately.A. that he will returnB. that he returnC. that he returnedD. that he has to return7. It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.A. be collected B. was collected C. must be collected D. can be collected8. I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. is assignedB. be assignedC. will be assigned D. has been assigned9. The www.ks5u.comsuggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A. would presentB. present w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mC. ought to presentD. presents10. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.A. be put offB. should put offC. was put offD. is to put off11. You _ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A. shouldnt have been followingB. mustnt followC. couldnt have been followingD. shouldnt follow12. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office.A. does not workB. had not workedC. not to workD. did not work 13. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early?A. goB. would goC. wentD. goes14. Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A. dontB. didntC. wouldntD. shouldnt15. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.A. staying notB. that he would not stayC. not to stayD. that he not stay 16. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A. had been takenB. be takenC. would be takenD. to be taken17. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _ after 11:00 p.m.A. not to play loud musicB. dont play loud musicC. shouldnt play loud musicD. couldnt paly load music18. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans.A. informB. informsC. informedD. has informed19. He suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition together.A. us to goB. we shall goC. we wentD. we go20. Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.A. be livingB. would liveC. were livingD. would have lived21. I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have sleptB. might have sleptC. sleptD. have slept w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m22. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.A. has to getB. had gotC. were to getD. could have got23. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. was not plannedB. had not been plannedC. has not been plannedD. were not planned24. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.A. must have got throughB. would get throughC. would have got throughD. could get through25. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A. Had they arrivedB. Were they arrivingC. Would they arriveD. Were they to arrive26. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday.A. Would she leaveB. Were she to leaveC. If she leavesD. If she had left27. _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.A. Not beingB. Without beingC. Had it not beenD. Not having been28. _ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A. Had it not beenB. Werent itC. It were notD. Had not it been29. If it _ too much trouble, Id love a cup of tea.A. isntB. werentC. wasntD. hadnt been30. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.A. wouldnt be smilingB. wont smileC. couldnt have smiledD. didnt smile31. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we _ him.A. would have telephonedB. would telephoneC. must have telephonedD. had telephoned32. He must have had an accident, or he _ then.A. would have been hereB. should be hereC. had to be hereD. would be here33. Some women _ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.A. must makew.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m B. should have madeC. would make w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m D. could have made34. We _ to start our own business, but we never had enough money.A. have hopedB. had hopedC. would hopeD. should hope35. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself.A. injureB. injuredC. had injuredD. would injure36. "You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world", Edgar said to his boss angrily.A. realizedB. realizeC. have realizedD. should realize37. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _ ?A. we are going homeB. we went homeC. we go homeD. we can go home38. If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A. approveB. can approveC. will approveD. would approve39. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.A. followB. would followC. had followed D. have followed40. Im sure he is up to the job _ he would give his mind to it.A. if onlyB. in caseC. until D. unless答案与解析1. D译文：杰克宁愿在大学学的是商务而不是历史。本句是wish 后接虚拟语气的用法。在wish 后面所接的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气结构。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m其主要形式有三种：表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish +主语+动词过去式；表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish +主语+had+过去分词；表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish +主语+would+动词原形。2. C译文：数以百万计的相关计算，如果由人工操作的话，到计算完成时早已失去其实用价值。本句是条件句中与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构的用法。由省略if 的从句(had they been done by hand)中的时态可知，C为正确答案。3. D译文：这些申请表尽快寄出是极其必要的。本句涉及主语从句中的虚拟语气用法。在It is important/necessary/ that-clause 结构中，that 从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should)+动词原形。这一结构是否用虚拟语气取决于主句It is important/ that 中的形容词（如本句中的important ）。4. D译文：旅馆接待员必须确保旅客登记正确，这点是很重要的。本句涉及主语从句中的虚拟语气的使用。5. B译文：申请表务必在截止日期之前寄回。本句涉及主语从句中的虚拟语气的使用。6. B译文：他必须马上归还字典。本句涉及主语从句中的虚拟语气的使用。7. A译文：重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。本句涉及主语从句中的虚拟语气的使用。8. B