English new words translation英语专业毕业论文

English new words translationAbstractThanks to the advancement of the science and technology, and the development of society, there are more and more neologisms emerging in English vocabulary. But what is neologism? A neologism is a newly coined word, or a phrase, or familiar word used in a new sense. They are created by following some rules, which called to be the processes of word-formation. As an in dispensable and natural part of language, neologism has been arousing wide interests. Many linguists and scholars have studied this linguistic phenomenon from the perspectives of rhetoric, semantics, pragmatics and sociolinguists.This article, firstly, introduces the present condition of the neologism. Secondly, the body is divided into four parts, including the emerging reasons, the methods of word-formation, the translation and the development part. The conclusion indicates that the neologisms are getting more and more important in our everyday life. Studying the neologisms well can make communication smoothly.The paper would help you to study the practical value of English neologisms, stimulate your interest, and help you enlarge your vocabulary. Besides, it will help the English learners overcome the obstacle in their English learning. At the same time, neologism constantly changes with the societys development, so people should pay more attention to this phenomenon.Key words: neologisms; reason; word-formation processes; translation; development摘要由于科学技术的进步和社会的发展,现代英语词汇中涌现出了越来越多的新词。但是，什么是新词呢？新词是一个新创造出来的词或者短语,或者是一个大家所熟悉的词语被赋予新的意义。这些新词的构成遵循了一定的构词规则,即英语构词法。新词是语言中不可或缺的一个组成部分,引起了人们广泛的关注。许多语言学者已从修辞学、语言学、语用学及社会语言学的角度对新词进行了研究。本文首先介绍了新词的发展状况。然后,全文又分四个部分,分别从产生的原因,构词方法,翻译方法和以后的发展趋势进行了解说。结尾指出了新词在我们日常生活中变得越来越重要，学习新词可以使我们更好的交流。文章旨在探索新词的实用价值,激发英语学习者对学习英语的兴趣,并帮助他们有效的扩大词汇。除此以外,还能帮助他们克服在英语学习中因新词的出现而导致的学习障碍。同时新词会随着社会的发展而不断变化，人们应该更多的关注这一现象。关键词：新词；原因；构词法；翻译；发展ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.1Chapter 2 The Reasons about the Production of Neologism.22.1 Plitical Reasons.22.2 Economic Reason.22.3 Technological Reason.32.4 Cultural Reason.3Chapter 3 The Methods of Word-formation.53.1 Traditional Methods.53.1.1 Derivation.53.1.2 Compisition53.1.3 Conversion.63.1.4 Abbreviation.63.1.5 Analogy.83.1.6 Backformation.93.2 Other Methods.93.2.1 Changes in meaning.93.2.2 Borrowing123.2.3 Coinage12Chapter 4 Translation of Neologisms134.1 Literal Translation.134.2 Free Translation.134.3 Transliteration.134.4 Chromatic Semi-free Translation.134.5 Supplemental Explantion.13Chapter 5 The Development of the Neologisms in the Future.14Chapter 6 Conclusion. 16Notes.18Bibliography.19Acknowledgements.2019Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction What is neologism? Do you hear of these words? Such as, cyberia(电脑咖啡屋), moonquake(月震), hot war(热战）, whack(老土）, foot-and-mouth(口蹄疫)？All these words are neologisms. That is to say, “ neologism is a newly coined word, or a phrase or familiar word used in a new sense.” 1English language is a living language. It is creating a large number of neologisms constantly. Social factors and linguistic factors contribute to language changes. “According to the counting of the Barnhart Dictionary Companion Magazine, 1500-1600 new words are entering their computer database each year.” 2 “English has a vocabulary of 500,000 words, and 2/3 of them are created during the latest 300 years.” 3 When we read the English newspapers and magazines or listen to the English broadcast, we must encounter neologisms very frequently. If we always depend on the dictionaries, we are wrong. Because so many neologisms do not appear in the dictionaries. As a result of that it is very important for English learners to study neologisms.As a famous linguist said, “without grammar, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” 4 However, in the English linguistic system, the grammar is the most stable, but the vocabulary is the most changeable. From the beginning of studying English to now, the grammar which we have learned is still that things, but in this period, we have learned so many new words that we never heared before. The reason is that social and technological development demands new words. And on the contrary, neologism witnesses the changes of English and the changes in the life of the people who use it as their native language. However, English neologisms are not produced freely; most of them are subject to some rules as well as the word-formation processes. The prospects of new English words are characterized by continuous increase in number, various sources in borrowing and a terse form. Neologism plays a more and more important role. In order to have a better understanding and propertly using of English neologisms, we should pay more attention to them.Chapter 2 The Reasons about the Production of NeologismChapter 2 The Reasons about the Production of NeologismNew English words develop at a dramatic speed and are formed in various sources. They are distributed in many areas and reflect the ever-changing contemporary world in an all-round way. New English words are not only residues of historical social development but signposts of future developments. Everprogressive science and technology and everchanging social, political, economic life result in an enormous increase of new words in these fields.2.1 Political ReasonsSince the Second World War, the world situation was changed rapidly, which has a profound influence on the development of English neologisms. Because of the antagonism between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Capitalism America, these new words emerged, such as, cold war(冷战), armrace(军备竞赛), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization (北大西洋公约组织),Warsaw Pact(华沙条约组织),superpower(超级大国), The Third World(第三世界) etc. After the Third World there is the Fourth World (refers to the poorest country). When the Gulf War had happened, many words were used to describe the war, ban out(从飞机上发射), BCR（battlefield casualty replacement 战场伤亡人员补充）, BDA（bomb-damage assessment(对轰炸后果的评价), terrain alteration(地面轰炸效果), all these words belong to this category. Election is an important segment in the west countries political system, every big election contributes to the emergence of new words in these years, compaignathon(马拉松式的竞选), walkathon(挨家挨户上门游说争取选票), election-speak(竞选时所有政治性语言的风格), negative commercial(攻击竞选对手的广告), electaralism(拉选票), forerunner(在竞选中暂时领先者), basket case(在竞选中不会获胜的候选人). On the other hand, the “9.11”takes terrorism(恐怖主义), Chechen(车臣武装), Taliban(塔利班组织), United Nations Protection Force(联合国维和部队). Besides, the movement of womens emancipation also takes some new words to our life. Such as chairwoman(女主席), feminism（男女平等主义）, male chauvinist（大男子主义), girlcott(抵制).Social politics changes are inevitablely reflected in new words, and on the contrary, the new words witness the changes of politics.2.2 Economic ReasonWith the rapid development of world economy and the coming of economic globalization, there are more and more neologism is created to suit to this situation. In these years, we always hear and say these words, as follows: WTO(World Trade Organization,世界贸易组织)；EEC(European Economic Community,欧洲共同体). Because of economic crisis, inflation and the development of business, those words have emerged, for example, stagflation(经济滞涨), added-value tax(增值税), revenue sharing(国库分享). In order to carry out the nuited currency, EURO（欧元）is created, with the emergence of EURO, the Euroland come out. On the cyber-economy(网络经济), and many other related to it, for instance, cyber-commerce(电子商务), cyber-shopping(网上购物), cyber-money(电子货币), e-tail（电子零售业).The world economy plays a very important role in the emerging of neologism. Moreover the coming of economic globalization brings in more neologisms. 2.3 Technological Reason21st Century is a century filled with development and changes in science and technology. Because of the continuous changes and the development of the social science in recent years, the new phrases in English pile up one after another. A long time ago, we never heard these words, such as, behavior science(行为科学), psycholinguistics(心理语言学), ybernetics(控制论), bionics(仿生学), choreography(生态地理学), genetic engineering(遗传工程), etc, all these words are neologisms during this period of time. With the research of space, many new words emerge, space station(太空站), spacesickness(宇航病), cosmonaut(宇航员). In recent years, after our country lauched the spaceship successfully, Shenzhou Four, Shenzhou Five, Shenzhou Six, Shenzhou Seven, were coined one by one. Cyberchat and instant messaging are getting increasingly popular with the computer-literate youth. Because of it, new English words develop at a dramatic speed. For example, eshopping(网上购物), emarket(电子市场), ecash(电子现金), erevenue(电子商务收入), ebusiness(网上交易), eservice(电子服务), ecampaigning (电子竞选), eprecinct (电子选区) , eprecinctcaptain (电子选区负责人), “erate”program (资助上网计划), elife (网络生活), internetrecruiting (网上招聘) , deadtreeedition (电子杂志) , digithead (电脑迷) , emailaffair (网恋) , blog (博客), etc. At the same time, the advanced medical science also brings a lot of English new words. For example, bikercise (健身车运动), binge(on) (大量食用,暴饮暴食), bioastronautics (太空生物医学), biobrane(合成皮肤移植物).With the rapid development of society and science-technology, there appear many new words in English language. 2.4 Cultural ReasonWith the development of modern society, a lot of new phenomena are arisen, which produce a lot of new words. And these words may be sound intresting. We all know white-collar(白领), after it, there are blue-collar(蓝领) , pink-collar(粉领) and gold-collar(金领). Besides, credit card (信用卡), hire purchase (分期付款) , fast food(快餐), testtube baby(试管婴儿) are familied to us. At the same time, with the development of economy, the entertainment industry is getting prosperous. This situation needs new words to describe it. When we are free, we can go to pedestrian mall(步行街) to consume. On the weekend , people can choose mutiplex (多万影院) to watch movie. In order to have a healthy body, you could go to fitness center (健身中心) to try the aerobics (有氧体操). Some people like ecotourism(生态旅游), most of the young people may like to try the extreme sports(极限运动), such as, bungee jumping (蹦极), rock climbing (攀岩) , and so on. Education is important to every country, and so does it in English countries. So , there are many new words about education emerging in English vocabulary. For instance, Open University (电视大学), Alternativeschool(不按传统课程上课的中小学), and so on. Television programs also produce many new words, call-in(听众通过电话与主持人通话的节目), hot line(热线), talk show(脱口秀), soapoperating（肥皂剧）, because of some new athletic sports give rise to some new words. Such as roller hockey(旱冰曲棍球), surf-riding(冲浪运动), sky riding(特级跳伞), and so on.Language is an indispenable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation though language use, especially, in vocabulary. Therefore, many new words keep emerging in our culture.Chapter 3 The Methods of Word-formationChapter 3 The Methods of Word-formationThere are many methods of new words-formation. They are divided into traditional methods and other new methods. The following text will tell you the details.3.1 Traditional Methods3.1.1 Derivation Derivation is also called Affixation, which refers to creating neologisms by attaching suffix or prefix to the root. The process of derivation plays an very important role in the history of English, especially in the technological English. For example, non-friend(假朋友),multimedia(多媒体), preschooler(学龄前儿童), micro-wave oven(微波炉), these words are also new words which created by attaching affix. There is a table as follows, examples for deriviationSuper-SuperpowersuperjumbosuperrichSuperbargerAnti-AntifatantifreezeantifebrileAnticrinemaCyber-Cyber-revolutionCyber-phoiaCyber philiaCyberizing-holicWorkaholicbeeraholiccolaholicMovieholic-speakNetspeakartspeaktechnospeakBureau-speak-nikBeatnikcinemanikjobnikJazznikFrom the examples, we would find that the process of derivation allows us to expand our vocabulary without specifically memorizing new words, because we have known the affix already, maybe very familiar. So it is one of the most important ways of word-formation.3.1.2 CompositionNew words can be formed from existing words by a process known as composion or compounding, which means independent words are put together to make one word. Compounds could be composed by the words that have the same or different gender. For example, brain-drain(人才外流), consists of two different gender words, one is noun, and the other is verb; picture phone(可视电话) is composed by two noun; opening-to-the-outside-world policy(开放政策), consists of six different gender words.Compounds are written in different ways. Some can be written in different ways, some can be written as a single word, such as picturephone, discopy(整盘拷贝), braintrust(智囊团), moonwalk(月球漫步), laserbomb（激光炸弹）. Some can be joined with a hyphen“-”, such as customer-centric（顾客至上), after-sale service(售后服务), genetically-modified food(转基因食品), job-seeking idea(择业观念). Among many others, and some can be written with ordinary space between the defferent parts, such as, boy toy(俊男,玩偶女子), gay marriage(同性恋婚姻), opinion leader(舆论导向人), initial public offering(首期上市股票).Usually the right-hand member not only determines the category of the whole compound, but also determines the major part of the sense of the compound. In this sense, the right member senses as the head. For example, Four-two-one syndrome(4-2-1综合症,中国因计划生育而形成的四祖,双亲,独生子女家庭以及由此带来的社会问题), even it consisits four words, but the centrial meaning is the“syndrome”. Besides, environment-friendly policy, soft-landing economy(软着陆经济), brand-named product(名牌产品), all could show that.3.1.3 ConversionConversion is a word-formation which means a word is shifted into another speech without changing the word form. Essentially, it is an extention of grammar founction, which can change the nouns to verbs or adjectives, or make the verbs with the founction of nouns. In this conversion, nouns are shifted into verbs occurring most frequently. For example, A. The purpose of the new scheme is to skill up these people, “skill ”was a noun before, but in the sentence, “skill up ”is verb.B. The witness Ided the suspect. Here, Id shifts noun to verb. Besides, some noun phrases, also come from other genders, the haves and have nots(有钱人和没钱人), ins and outs(执政党和在野党), pros and cons(赞成者和反对者), ifs and buts(借口,托词), ifs and fores(条件和结果). Adjectives can become verbs, such as“dirty, empty, total, crazy and nasty”etc. Other forms, such as up and down, can also become verbs, as in they up the price.3.1.4 AbbreviationShorting is a method of shortening a word without changing its meaning. It is an important process of forming new words in mordern English. There are four types of Abbreviation:A. ClippedClipped consists of apocope, aphaeresis, front and back and syncope.a. apocope: it means to clipping the back of one word, we will get ad from advertisement, coke from cocacola, con from conference, chemo from chemotherapy,slo-mo from slow movement, des res from desirable residenle.a. aphaeresis, clipping the front part of a word, we will get burguer from hamburger, cgute from parachute, fiche from microfiche, wig from periwig, scope from telescope, dozer from bulldozer.b. front and back clippingWe will get flu from influenza, fridge from refrigerator, script from prescription, tec from detective, dept from department, asst from assistant.c. syncope, means clipping the middle part of the word.We will get fluidics from fluidonics, fossilation from fossilization, idolatry from idololatry, pacifist from pacificist, symbology from symbolology.A. InitialismInitialisms are these words formed by joining the fist letters or syllables of different words.Some examples are as follows:SARS:severe acute respiratory syndromeMMS:Multimedia Messaging ServiceAQI:air quality indexFF:functional foodJV:joint ventureVR:virtual realityACM:automated chek out machineB. AcronymAconyma are wods formed from initial letters and pronounced as a normal word.Some examples as follows:SOHO,so-ho:small office/home officeNAFTA:North American Free Trade AgreementDINK:dual income, no kidsDEWK:dual employed, with kidsNILKY:no income, lots of kidsD. Blending Blending is a combinanation of clipping and compounding, which makes new words by putting together parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. For example, comsat is created from “communication and satellite”, smog from “smok and fog”, motel from“motor and hotel”.Blending is a very productive process, which has four types accrording to the morphological structures.a. head+tailguess+estimate=gusetimatedemocrat+repnblican=demopublicancinema+complex=Cineplexhit+sitcom=Cineplexkid+adult=kidultb. head +headsituation+comedy=sicomchigh+technology=hitechteletype+exchange=telexc. head+wordmedical+care=medicarelanguage+sign=lansignd. word+tailnews+broadcast=newscastgreen+technology=greentech3.1.5 AnalogyAnalogy is a process which produces new words by replacing one constituent of a model word with a new one. By this way, analogy consists of two kinds, one is the semantic association analogy and the other is the semantic contrast analogy. When you read the following examples, you would understand them very well.A. Semantic association analogy:Spaceman-earth man-moon manMissilegap-communication gap-credibibity gapWhite collar-no collar-bright collarB. Semantic contrast analogy:hardware-softwarebraindrain-braingainflash back-flash forwardsunrise job-sunset jobSemantic association analogy is the method coined new words by the similarly meaning between words and words, while, semantic contrast cion new words by using the opposite meaning between words and words.3.1.6 BackformationBackformation comes from the wrong judgement of the words meaning. It is a type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from an already existing longer word in the vocabulary. Words formed by this method are mostly verbs. Look at the following sentences:A. “Information technology informates as well as automates.” 6 In this sentence, the verb “informate” comes from the noun, information.B. “It is the only place where I came and cool out. Everybody gets together and just conversates Folk talk about sports, the news, genersl staff.” 7 In this sentence, the verb “conversate” also comes from the noun, conversation.Some more examples:television-televiseenthusiasm-enthuselaser-lasebaby sitter-baby sitAt the same time, there is an interesting phenomenon. That is backform new words from mans name, place and brand. Such as: banting(节食减肥疗法)comes from the candian doctor Frederik Banting, and the bant was coined, that mean to use the banti