机电一体化外文翻译

附录 1The development of modern science and technology, which greatly promoted the different subject crossing and permeability, leading to the siege spirit the technological revolution of the transformation and jade. In engineering, electronic and computer technology because of the rapid development and to the penetration of mechanical industry by the formation of the electromechanical integration, the mechanical industry technical structure, product structure, function and composition, production methods and management system changed, that industrial production by “the mechanical electrification“ entered the “mechanical and electrical integration“ is the characteristic of stage of development.1. Mechanical and electrical integration overview Mechanical and electrical integration refers to the winner in institutions, power function, the function of information processing functions and control function introduce electronic technology, mechanical and electronic device design and software combined form the floorboard of the system Mechanical and electrical integration development so far has also become a has its system of new disciplines, along with the science and technology development not only, also will be with new contents. But its basic characteristics can be summarized as: mechanical and electrical integration from the viewpoint of system, the integrated use of mechanical technology, microelectronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology and information technology, sensing measurement and control technology, power electronic technology, interface technology, information technology and software programming technology transformation groups such as technology, according to the system function target and optimize organizational goals, reasonable configuration and layout the function units, in a multi-function, high quality, high reliability, low energy consumption on the significance of achieving specific function value, and to make the whole system optimization system engineering technology. This leads to the function of the system, becomes a mechanical and electrical integration system or mechanical and electrical products Therefore, “mechanical and electrical integration“ covered “technology“ and “product“ two aspects. Just, electromechanical integration technology is based on the group technology of the organic integration of a comprehensive technology, not mechanical technology, microelectronics technology and other new technology, piecing together the simple combination. This is mechanical and electrical and mechanical and electrical integration by the formation of the mechanical electrification in the fundamental difference between the concept. Mechanical engineering technology is pure technical development to the mechanical electrification, still belongs to the traditional mechanical, its main function is still in place and magnified physical strength. But development to the electromechanical integration, one of the microelectronics except can replace some mechanical parts of the original functions, but also can give many new features, such as automatic detection, automatic processing information, automatic display, automatic regulation and control record automatic diagnosis and protection, etc. That is an electromechanical product not only human hand and body extension, or human senses and the look in the eyes of the mind, with the characteristics of the intelligent mechanical and electrical and mechanical electrification on the function of the essential difference between 2. Mechanical and electrical integration development situation The development of mechanical and electrical integration can be divided into three stages. Before the 1960 s for the first stage, the stage is called the primary stage. In this period, consciously or unconsciously people using electronic technology to improve the preliminary results of mechanical products performance. Especially in the second world war, war stimulated mechanical products and electronic technology, combined with some combination of these military technology, to civil war, to the post-war competitive recovery plays an active role. Then the research and development, from the overall perspective is still in a spontaneous state. As the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level, mechanical technology and electronic technology union is not wide and deep development, has developed product can more easily 20 century 70 80 s for the second stage, can be called a vigorous development stage. This time, the computer technology, control technology, the communication technology development, the development of the electromechanical integration is established. A large, very large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer of rapid development, and for the development of the electromechanical integration for good material base. The period of the features are: 1 a word in Japan mechatronics first is generally accepted, to about 1980 s in the world scope from a widespread recognition; 2 the electromechanical integration technology and products to get great development; 3 countries are beginning to electromechanical integration technology and products to a lot of attention and support The 1990 s, began the electromechanical integration technique to intelligent direction of the new stage, electromechanical integration into the further development period. On one hand, optical, communication technology, into the electromechanical integration, microfabrication technology is also in the electromechanical integration work in four feet, the emergence of a light machine electricity integration and microelectromechanical integration and other new branch; On the other hand the mechanical and electrical integration system model design, analysis and integration method, mechanical and electrical integration and development trend of the subject system are studied. At the same time, because of artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology. The great progress made, for electromechanical integration technology of wide space opened up development. These studies, will enable the electromechanical integration further the establishment of a complete basis and gradually formed a complete system of science From the 1980 s in China started in this study and application. The state council established electromechanical integration leading group and the technology as “863“ plan. The “ninth five-year plan and the 2010 years when the program for the development of the full consideration of the international on of the electromechanical integration technology development trend and the possible impact of. Many colleges and universities, research institutions and some large and medium-sized enterprise of this technology and the development of application, do a lot of work, not obtained some achievements, but with Japan and other advanced countries still have quite the gap 3. Mechanical and electrical integration trend of development Mechanical and electrical integration is the collection of machinery, electronics, optical, control, computer, information science of overlapping comprehensive, its development and progress depends on the development of related technologies and promote and progress. Therefore, the mechanical and electrical integration of the main development direction are as follows: 3.1 intelligent Intelligence is the 21 st century electromechanical integration technology development an important development direction. Artificial intelligence in the mechanical and electrical integration of attention paid to the builder, robot and numerical control machine tool of the intelligent application is important. Here said the “intelligence“ is the description of the behavior of the machine, is in the control theory, and on the basis of absorbing artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, and fuzzy mathematics, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics and other new ideas, new method, simulation human intelligence, make it has judgment reasoning, logical thinking and decision-making ability and so on, in order to get higher control goals. Admittedly, make the mechtronie product with people exactly the same intelligence, it is not possible, is unnecessary. But, high performance, high speed of the microprocessor make the mechtronie product endowed with low intelligence or partially intelligence, it is entirely possible and necessary 3.2 modular Modularity is an important and difficult engineering. Due to mechanical and electrical products and various manufacturers, research and development with the standard machine interface, electrical interface, power interface, environmental interface electromechanical integration of the products unit is a very complicated but it is very important things. Such as developmentcollection slowdown, intelligent speed regulation, motor in one of the power unit, has the visual, image processing, identification and function of distance control unit, and various can complete typical operating mechanism. So, can use standard unit quickly develop new products, at the same time it can expand the scale of production. The need to develop the standard, so that all the parts, the matching of the unit and interface. Due to the conflicts of interest that the recent international or domestic it is difficult to make a standard, but can be by some big enterprises established gradually formed. Obviously, from electrical product standardization and serialization of the benefits of to be sure, no matter whether the production standard electromechanical integration unit of production enterprise or mechanical and electrical products enterprises, scale will give electromechanical integration enterprise to bring the bright future 3.3 network In the 1990 s, computer technology, outstanding achievements is network technology. The rise of the network technology and the rapid development of science and technology, to industrial production, political, military, education act? Someone daily life has brought a great change. All kinds of network will the global economy, production to link a piece, the competition between enterprises will globalization. New mechanical and electrical products once developed, as long as the original function, reliable quality, will soon sell well all over the world. Due to the popularity of the network, the network based on all kinds of remote control and monitoring technology is in the ascendant, and remote control terminal equipment itself is mechanical and electrical products. The fieldbus and local area network technology is household appliances network has become a half, using the home network homenet will all kinds of home appliances connected to computer as in the center of computer integrated home appliance system computerintegratedappliancesystem, CIAS, so that people in the home to share all kinds of high technology bring convenience and joy. Therefore, mechanical and electrical products in development direction is network 3.4 miniaturization Miniaturization emerged in the 1980 s, refers to the electromechanical integration to miniature machine and the trend of the development of the micro field. Foreign called it microelectromechanical system MEMS, referring to geometry size does not exceed 1 cm3 electromechanical integration of the products, and to the micro, to the nanometer level development. Microelectromechanical integration product volume small, less energy consumption, sports flexible, in biological and medical treatment, military and information etc, it has incomparable advantage. Microelectromechanical integration is the bottleneck of micro mechanical technology, microcomputer electricity integration products processing and the precise processing technology, namely the ultra precision technology, it includes photolithography technology and etching technology two kinds 3.5 greening Industry developed to give people the life brought the great changes. On one hand, the material is rich, life and comfortable; On the other hand, the resources, reduce, and the ecological environment is serious pollution. And so, people to protect the environment resources, a return to nature. Green product concept in this call next arises at the historic moment, green is the trend of The Times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of life process, meet certain to protect the environment and human health, at the request of the ecological environment harmless or harm is few, resource utilization rate is extremely high. Design the green electromechanical integration of the product, has broad prospects. Mechanical and electrical integration of green product is mainly refers to, when using, polluting the ecological environment, is disposed to recycling 3.6 systematized Systematic features of the system structure is one of the open and patterns of further bus structure. System can be flexible configuration, for any clipping and combination, and at the same time seek to fulfill capture system coordinated control and comprehensive management. Performance is the second communication function greatly strengthened, and the general except RS232 outside, still have a RS485, DCS personified. The future of mechanical and electrical integration pay more attention to product the relationship with the people, the personification of the electromechanical integration has two meanings. The layer, mechanical and electrical integration of the final product use object, how to give the mechtronie product of human intelligence, emotion, human nature is becoming more and more important, especially for household robots, its top state is the man-machine integration. Another layer is imitate biological mechanism, developing all kinds of electromechanical integrated spend products. In fact, many of the electromechanical integration products are inspired by the animal was developed.附录 2现代科学技术的不断发展,极大地推动了不同学科的交叉与渗透,导致了攻城灵玉的技术革命与改造。在机械工程领域,由于微电子技术和计算机技术的迅速发展及其向机械工业的渗透所形成的机电一体化,使机械工业的技术结构、产品结构、功能与构成、生产方式及管理体系发生了巨大变化,使工业生产由“机械电气化“迈入了“机电一体化“为特征的发展阶段。1.机电一体化概要 机电一体化是指在机构得主功能、动力功能、信息处理功能和控制功能上引进电子技术,将机械装置与电子化设计及软件结合起来所构成的系统的总称。 机电一体化发展至今也已成为一门有着自身体系的新型学科,随着科学技术的不但发展,还将被赋予新的内容。但其基本特征可概括为:机电一体化是从系统的观点出发,综合运用机械技术、微电子技术、自动控制技术、计算机技术、信息技术、传感测控技术、电力电子技术、接口技术、信息变换技术以及软件编程技术等群体技术,根据系统功能目标和优化组织目标,合理配置与布局各功能单元,在多功能、高质量、高可靠性、低能耗的意义上实现特定功能价值,并使整个系统最优化的系统工程技术。由此而产生的功能系统,则成为一个机电一体化系统或机电一体化产品。 因此,“机电一体化”涵盖“技术”和“产品”两个方面。只是,机电一体化技术是基于上述群体技术有机融合的一种综合技术,而不是机械技术、微电子技术以及其它新技术的简单组合、拼凑。这是机电一体化与机械加电气所形成的机械电气化在概念上的根本区别。机械工程技术有纯技术发展到机械电气化,仍属传统机械,其主要功能依然是代替和放大的体力。但是发展到机电一体化后,其中的微电子装置除可取代某些机械部件的原有功能外,还能赋予许多新的功能,如自动检测、自动处理信息、自动显示记录、自动调节与控制自动诊断与保护等。即机电一体化产品不仅是人的手与肢体的延伸,还是人的感官与头脑的眼神,具有智能化的特征是机电一体化与机械电气化在功能上的本质区别。 2.机电一体化的发展状况 机电一体化的发展大体可以分为 3个阶段。20 世纪 60年代以前为第一阶段,这一阶段称为初级阶段。在这一时期,人们自觉不自觉地利用电子技术的初步成果来完善机械产品的性能。特别是在第二次世界大战期间,战争刺激了机械产品与电子技术的结合,这些几点结合的军用技术,战后转为民用,对战后竞技的恢复起了积极的作用。那时研制和开发从总体上看还处于自发状态。由于当时电子技术的发展尚未达到一定水平,机械技术与电子技术的结合还不能广泛和深入发展,已经开发的产品也无法大量推广。 20世纪 7080年代为第二阶段,可称为蓬勃发展阶段。这一时期,计算机技术、控制技术、通信技术的发展,为机电一体化的发展奠定了技术基础。大规模、超大规模集成电路和微型计算机的迅猛发展,为机电一体化的发展提供了充分的物质基础。这个时期的特点是:mechatronics 一词首先在日本被普遍接受,大约到 20世纪 80年代末期在世界范围内得到比较广泛的承认;机电一体化技术和产品得到了极大发展;各国均开始对机电一体化技术和产品给以很大的关注和支持。 20世纪 90年代后期,开始了机电一体化技术向智能化方向迈进的新阶段,机电一体化进入深入发展时期。一方面,光学、通信技术等进入了机电一体化,微细加工技术也在机电一体化中崭露头脚,出现了光机电一体化和微机电一体化等新分支;另一方面对机电一体化系统的建模设计、分析和集成方法,机电一体化的学科体系和发展趋势都进行了深入研究。同时,由于人工智能技术、神经网络技术及光纤技术等领域取得的巨大进步,为机电一体化技术开辟了发展的广阔天地。这些研究,将促使机电一体化进一步建立完整的基础和逐渐形成完整的科学体系。 我国是从 20世纪 80年代初才开始在这方面研究和应用。国务院成立了机电一体化领导小组并将该技术列为“863 计划”中。在制定“九五”规划和 2010年发展纲要时充分考虑了国际上关于机电一体化技术的发展动向和由此可能带来的影响。许多大专院校、研究机构及一些大中型企业对这一技术的发展及应用做了大量的工作,不取得了一定成果,但与日本等先进国家相比仍有相当差距。 3.机电一体化的发展趋势机电一体化是集机械、电子、光学、控制、计算机、信息等多学科的交叉综合,它的发展和进步依赖并促进相关技术的发展和进步。因此,机电一体化的主要发展方向如下: 3.1 智能化 智能化是 21世纪机电一体化技术发展的一个重要发展方向。人工智能在机电一体化建设者的研究日益得到重视,机器人与数控机床的智能化就是重要应用。这里所说的“智能化”是对机器行为的描述,是在控制理论的基础上,吸收人工智能、运筹学、计算机科学、模糊数学、心理学、生理学和混沌动力学等新思想、新方法,模拟人类智能,使它具有判断推理、逻辑思维、自主决策等能力,以求得到更高的控制目标。诚然,使机电一体化产品具有与人完全相同的智能,是不可能的,也是不必要的。但是,高性能、高速的微处理器使机电一体化产品赋有低级智能或人的部分智能,则是完全可能而又必要的。 3.2 模块化 模块化是一项重要而艰巨的工程。由于机电一体化产品种类和生产厂家繁多,研制和开发具有标准机械接口、电气接口、动力接口、环境接口的机电一体化产品单元是一项十分复杂但又是非常重要的事。如研制集减速、智能调速、电机于一体的动力单元,具有视觉、图像处理、识别和测距等功能的控制单元,以及各种能完成典型操作的机械装置。这样,可利用标准单元迅速开发出新产品,同时也可以扩大生产规模。这需要制定各项标准,以便各部件、单元的匹配和接口。由于利益冲突,近期很难制定国际或国内这方面的标准,但可以通过组建一些大企业逐渐形成。显然,从电气产品的标准化、系列化带来的好处可以肯定,无论是对生产标准机电一体化单元的企业还是对生产机电一体化产品的企业,规模化将给机电一体化企业带来美好的前程。 3. 3网络化 20世纪 90年代,计算机技术等的突出成就是网络技术。网络技术的兴起和飞速发展给科学技术、工业生产、政治、军事、教育义举人么日常生活都带来了巨大的变革。各种网络将全球经济、生产连成一片,企业间的竞争也将全球化。机电一体化新产品一旦研制出来,只要其功能独到,质量可靠,很快就会畅销全球。由于网络的普及,基于网络的各种远程控制和监视技术方兴未艾,而远程控制的终端设备本身就是机电一体化产品。现场总线和局域网技术是家用电器网络化已成大势,利用家庭网络 homenet将各种家用电器连接成以计算机为中心的计算机集成家电系统 computerintegratedappliancesystem,CIAS,使人们在家里分享各种高技术带来的便利与快乐。因此,机电一体化产品无疑朝着网络化方向发展。 3.4 微型化 微型化兴起于 20世纪 80年代末,指的是机电一体化向微型机器和微观领域发展的趋势。国外称其为微电子机械系统(MEMS),泛指几何尺寸不超过1cm3的机电一体化产品,并向微米、纳米级发展。微机电一体化产品体积小、耗能少、运动灵活,在生物医疗、军事、信息等方面具有不可比拟的优势。微机电一体化发展的瓶颈在于微机械技术,微机电一体化产品的加工采用精细加工技术,即超精密技术,它包括光刻技术和蚀刻技术两类。 3.5 绿色化 工业的发达给人们生活带来了巨大变化。一方面,物质丰富,生活舒适;另一方面,资源减少,生态环境受到严重污染。于是,人们呼吁保护环境资源,回归自然。绿色产品概念在这种呼声下应运而生,绿色化是时代的趋势。绿色产品在其设计、制造、使用和销毁的生命过程中,符合特定的环境保护和人类健康的要求,对生态环境无害或危害极少,资源利用率极高。设计绿色的机电一体化产品,具有远大的发展前途。机电一体化产品的绿色化主要是指,使用时不污染生态环境,报废后能回收利用。 3.6 系统化 系统化的表现特征之一就是系统体系结构进一步采用开放式和模式化的总线结构。系统可以灵活组态,进行任意剪裁和组合,同时寻求实现多子系统协调控制和综合管理。表现之二是通信功能的大大加强,一般除RS232外,还有 RS485、DCS 人格化。未来的机电一体化更加注重产品与人的关系,机电一体化的人格化有两层含义。一层是,机电一体化产品的最终使用对象是人,如何赋予机电一体化产品人的智能、情感、人性显得越来越重要,特别是对家用机器人,其高层境界就是人机一体化。另一层是模仿生物机理,研制各种机电一体花产品。事实上,许多机电一体化产品都是受动物的启发研制出来的。