高考英语完形填空解题指导-议论文突破

议论文突破议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。议论文的目的不仅是客观的解释事物，还力图说服读者相信并接受某一观点。英语议论文不完全等同于汉语的议论文，它涉及的范围要小得多。有人把英语中的议论文旧理解为论证文、推理文或辩论文，还有人直接将议论文归入到了说明文当中。但笔者认为就写作目的与写作手法而言，英语议论文与英语说明文还是有一定的区别的。首先，英语说明文主要是对提出的主题进行“说明”和“阐述”，并不进行正反评判和推理，也不强迫读者接受整理的观点；而英语议论文主要是就某一主题，在摆出正反两方面观点的基础上，通过论证、推理辩论等手段，试图让读者最终接受整理对这一主题的某种观点。尽管有时也不一定非常明确的交待正反观点，但力图通过推理让读者赞同自己的观点始终是英语议论文的主要目的。议论文的应用范围很广，除了学术论文外，社论、评论、杂文，随感等都属议论文的范畴。不管是在汉语中，还是在英语中，议论文都是由论点（整理的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题分析问题解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种：模式一：引言段（提出观点）正方论点心（支持整理的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持整理的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持整理观点的最强论点）结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。模式二：引言段（提出观点）反面意见（反方观点+整理的反驳）、正方论点1（支持整理观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持整理观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持整理观点的最强论点）结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及整理对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述整理的不同论点。模式三：引言段（提出观点）反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，整理在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。议论文有自己的语言个性，它不同于记叙文的生动形象，也不同于说明文的简明易懂。议论是对具体事物、事理作出的理论上分析与阐述，因此，它的语言自然客观的、抽象的、概括的。同时，它的语言也很准确，合乎逻辑。文中会较多地使用，诸如since（既然），now that（既然），therefore（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），so（所以），It follows that（因而），If，we may conclude that （如果，我们可以这样下结论），Should it be the case （如果是这样的话），Idont want to,but（我并不想），It is true that,but（诚然但是）,Even if （即使）等有辩论和推理含义的连接和过渡词语与结构，以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。此外，整理的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。同学们在解答议论文体的完形填空时，首先要读懂第一节，尤其是文章的第一句话，这样就可以迅速找到文章所要论证的观点，进而理解全文的主旨大意。其次要恶心体会，整理谋篇布局的方法，了解各个段落的功能，感受整理论证的过程。最后再循着整理的思路重读全文，推敲各空答案。 请看下面的例题：（一） Recently, a professor of philosophy(哲学) in the United States has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has 1._ that how we deal with money in our day to day life has more meaning than we usually 2._. One of the exercises he has asked his students to do is to keep a 3_ of every penny they spend for a week. From the 4._ they spend their money, they can see what they really 5._ in life. The professor says our 6._ with others often becomes clearly defined(明确) when money enters the picture. You 7._ have wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will know him only when you ask him to lend you some 8._. If he does, it brings something to the relationship that seems 9._ than ever before. 10._it can suddenly weaken the relationship if he doesnt. Since money is so important to us, we consider those who are 11._ to be very important. The professor 12._some rich people in researching his book. Question: What is the most 13._ thing you have discovered about being rich? Answer: The most surprising thing is why people give me so much 14._. I am nothing. I dont know much. All I am is rich.People just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it 15._? How much money do I need for any given 16._ in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important 17._ in modern society: to bring back the idea that the money is an instrument 18._than the end. Money plays an important 19._ in the material world, but 20._ money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.1.A.pointed B. studied C. discovered D. noticed2.A.imagine B. think C. recognize D. plan3.A.secrect B. diary C. promise D. record4.A.way B. method C. opinion D. attitude5.A.mean B. value C. get D. make6.A.work B. friendship C. relation D. union7.A.should B. must C. had to D. might8.A.cars B. books C. rooms D. money9.A.stronger B. weaker C. worse D. looser10.A.But B. Otherwise C. And D. Then11.A.rich B. poor C. helpful D. ordinary12.A.saw B. interviewed C. questioned D. knew13.A.puzzling B. disappointing C. surprising D. interesting14.A.worry B. doubt C. hate D. respect15.A.about B. against C. for D. at16.A.achievemant B. result C. purpose D. success17.A.need B. discovery C. lack D. event18.A.better B. rather C. more D. less19.A.action B. performance C. role D. trick20.A.demanding B. hoping C. getting D. expecting内容概要：本文阐述了金钱在生活中的意义和作用，文章认为钱只是一种工具而不应该是追求的目标。答案简析： 1、选C。discover表示发现某一现象，在此较为合乎逻辑。第17空前的uncover一词对此也有启示作用。2、选B。这里强调的是人们的普遍观点，故用think。3、选D。keep a record 意为“记录”，符合教授的意图。4、选A。记下花钱的“方式”，有助于人们反思自己在生活中，实际上总是注重一些什么东西。5、选B。value 意为“珍惜”、“重视”。6、选C。relation（关系）是中性词，合乎这里的情境。7、选D。might表示“也许”，在几个词中语气最弱，符合下一句所揭示的语境。 8、选D。由下文可知，这里指“借钱”。9、选A。愿意借钱了，关系自然比以前更牢固。从下一句的weaken一词中也能得到启示。10、选B。otherwise 意为“否则”或“反过来”，它表示对立关系，而but 表示“转折”关系，即不一定是相反的关系。该句表示借钱怎么样，不借钱怎么样，故用otherwise 更为合适。11、选A。由“钱很重要”推断出“有钱人也很重要”，合乎逻辑。另下一句中也提到了rich people。12、选B。interview 表示“拜访、采访”；question 表示提问，用在警察对普通人，老师对学生等场合较多。为了写书而对他人进行访谈，似乎用interview更好些。13、选C。下一句重现了该词。14、选D。由后面三句话不难推知，此处应为一个表示积极意义的态度。15、选C。what for 表示原因，下文解释了这方面的原因。16、选C。given purpose意思为设定好的目标，此句意为“要多少钱来实现一生中的那些目标呢”。17、选A。冒号后就是“需求”的具体内容。18、选B。rather than 意为“而不是”，the end 表示“目的”。19、选C。根据意义和搭配选定。20、选D。根据意义和搭配可以排除另三项。（二） I consider myself something of an expert on apologies. A quick temper(脾气) has 1._ me with plenty of opportunities(机会) to make them. In one of my earliest 2._, my mother is telling me, “Dont watch the 3._ when you say, Im sorry. Hold your head up and look the person in the 4._, so hell know you 5._ it. My mother thus made the key point of a(n) 6._ apology: it must be direct. You must never 7._ to be doing something else. You do not 8._ a pile of letters while apologizing to a person 9._ in position after blaming him or her for a mistake that turned out to be your 10._. You do not apologize to a hostess(女主人), whose guest of honor you treat 11._, by sending flowers the next day without mentioning your bad 12._. One of the important things you should do for an 13._ apology is readiness to 14._ the responsibility(责任) for our careless mistakes. We are used to making excuses, which leaves no 15._ for the other person to 16._ us. Since most people are open-hearted, the no-excuse apology leaves both parties feeling 17._ about themselves. That, after all, is the 18._ of every apology. It 19._ little whether the apologizer is wholly or only partly at fault: answering for ones 20._ encourages others to take their share of the blame.1.A.provided B. mixed C. compared D. treated 2.A.dreams B. courses C. memories D. ideas3.A.side B. ground C. wall D. bottom4.A.mind B. soul C. face D. eye5.A.imagine B. enjoy C. mean D. regret6.A.useful B. successful C. equal D. basic7.A.pretend B. forget C. refuse D. expect8.A.hold on B. put away C. look through D. pick up9.A.poorer B. weaker C. worse D. lower 10.A.fault B. reason C. result D. duty11.A.cruelly B. freely C. roughly D. foolishly12.A.manners B. excuses C. efforts D. roles13.A.active B. effective C. extra D. easy14.A.raise B. perform C. admit D. bear15.A.situation B. need C. sign D. room16.A.advise B. forgive C. warn D. blame17.A.wiser B. warmer C. better D. cleverer18.A.purpose B. method C. end D. advantage19.A.cares B. matters C. depends D. remains20.A.facts B. states C. rights D. actions 内容概要：本文阐述了一个观点，道歉要真诚，要敢于承担责任，同时也批评了一些“假”道歉的行为。答案简析：1、选A。provide with意为“向提供”，这一说法颇具幽默色彩。2、选C。紧接着的就是整理回忆出来的内容。 3、选B。与后面提到的“要抬起头”正好相反。4、选D。道歉时看着对方的眼睛，以示真诚，在这一点上中西方是一样的。5、选C。mean it意为“这样对方就会明白你有道歉的意思”。it在这里指道歉的行为。6、选B。冒号后的内容即为“成功的”道歉的一些基本特征。 7、选A。根据常识选定。 8、选C。其他三个选项不合语境。 9、选D。职位一般论的是高、低。 10、选A。与前面的mistake同义。turn out意为“后来证明是”。 11、选C。roughly此处表示对待客人不礼貌，服务不到位。从前面的要不要道歉的讨论可以猜出这一答案。 12、选A。bad manners 意为不礼貌的行为，从treat roughly这一信息不难推测出这一答案。13、选B。effective与successful有异曲同工之妙。 14、选D。bear the responsibility（承担责任），系习惯搭配。 15、选D。leave no room不留余地。 16、选B。经常找借口，那么也就会不留余地地给别人来“原谅”自己。 17、选C。better表示“心情更舒畅”。未找借口的道歉，即真诚的道歉，对方的感觉一定很好。 18、选A。道歉的最终“目的”是化干戈为玉帛，大家和好如初，所以用purpose。 end表示“目的”时用复数较多，而且不及purpose直接。 19、选B。道歉者是全部还是部分承担责任这些都不太重要：关键是为所作所为主动负责，这也能促使别人共同承担责任。 根据语境不难排除另三个选项。20、选D。根据行文逻辑应该是对自己的“行动”负责。answer for在此意为“对负责”。（三） Are you carrying too much on your back at school? Lots of kids(孩子) at the same age as you are.Not only are students in China 1_ from this problem, but kids in the United States are 2_ fed up with（饱受之苦） heavy school bags.Experts are starting to 3_ that more and more young students are having back and neck problems as a result of school bags 4_ too heavy for them.“Its hard for me to get up the 5_ with my bag because its so heavy,” said Rich Hammond, 6_11-year-old student in the US.Rick is among the students who have 7_ backpacks（背包）with two straps(带子) to carry them, 8_ a number of other students choose rolling backpacks.But even with rolling backpacks, 9_ up stairs and buses with them is 10_ a problem for kids. Many of them have hurt their knees, backs or necks because of heavy school bags.But how much is too 11_? Experts say students should carry 12_ more than 10 to 15 per cent of their own body weight.Scott Bautch, a Wisconsin 13_doctor, said kids under 4th grade should 14_with 10 per cent. But its also important that older kids dont go 15_ 15 percent, because their bones are still growing.Bautch explained that there are other injuries caused by backpacks. “Kids are 16_ their balance and falling down with these backpacks,” he said.Parents and teachers are starting to tell the kids to only take 17_ library books they will be reading that night. Some teachers are using worksheets(作业纸) or 18_ workbooks for students to take home.One of the best answers is, as some 19_ themselves suggested, to have no homework 20_!1.A.meeting B. facing C. experiencing D. suffering2.A.already B. always C. yet D. also3.A.explain B. say C. worry D. announce4.A.being B. be C. are D. is5.A.schools B. stairs C. houses D. homes6.A.this B. that C. a D. an7.A.special B. unusual C. ordinary D. regular8.A.when B. then C. but D. and9.A.getting B. climbing C. going D. turning10.A.only B. still C. even D. just11.A.more B. very C. much D. many12.A.no B. not C. any D. much13.A.children B. student C. bag D. back14.A.carry B. stay C. take D. bring15.A.about B. under C. beyond D. before16.A.keeping B. missing C. losing D. making17.A.home B. class C. school D. city18.A.valuable B. thin C. important D. interesting19.A.reports B. teachers C. parents D. kids20.A.at all B. after all C. in all D. for all内容概要：本文论述了沉重的书包对孩子身体所带来的危害，文章最后借用孩子的口吻发出了呼唤取消家庭作业。 答案简析：1、选D。由后面的also fed up with（也饱受之苦）选定。 2、选D。not onlybut also系习惯搭配。3、选C。学生负担重，是一个人人皆知的现象，无需专家指出，故排除A、B、D三个选项。 4、选A。of后是一个介词短语，故选非谓语动词being。 5、选B。由副词up可排除另三个选项。 6、选D。此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词，又由于eleven以元音开头，所以选择an。 7、选D。这里的regular等于usual，意为“正常的、通常的”，背着书包上学，确实应视为“正常”现象。 8、选C。使用带滚轮的书包是有悖于背书包上学这一正常现象的，前后意义在此形成转折。 9、选A。上文已呈现过这一说法，此外，另三个选项不能与bus搭配。 10、选B。根据even选定。 11、选C。 由主语中的much推定。12、选A。no more than意为“仅仅”。not more than意为“不超过”，须后接一个固定值，10 to 15表示的是一个区间，数值并不固定，故舍去D。 13、选D。通过排除法选定。儿科医生用baby doctor，所以A是不能选用的。 14、选B。stay表示“坚持，承受”。另三词后面不能用with。 15、选C。 beyond意为“超出”。前面已交待过学生背负的重量应在自身体重量的10%至15%之间，即不能“超出”15%。 16、选C。背着背包跌倒的原因就是身体“失去”平衡。17、选A。第18空后再现了take home这一说法，此外，另三个词是名词，不能作状语，所以应舍去。 18、选B。这里讨论的是作业的量，而不是质，故选thin。19、选D。全文谈的是学生学习负担沉重的事，因此，由themselves ，我们首先联想到的是kids。 20、选A。根据全文意义和与否定词经常连用的特点选定at all。友情提示：部分文档来自网络整理，供您参考！文档可复制、编制，期待您的好评与关注！7 / 7