英汉翻译：英语与汉语的不同之处.ppt

Unit Two,The Differences Between English and Chinese,General Description,English 表音 Chinese 表意 English多音节 Chinese单音节,四声 English综合型 Chinese分析型 English重形合 Chinese重意合 English静态语言 Chinese动态语言,English无灵 Chinese有灵 English多样性 Chinese重复性 English多长句 Chinese多短句 English后开放 Chinese前开放 English多被动 Chinese多主动 Cultural differences,石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。石室湿，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识十狮尸，实十石狮尸。试释是事.,综合与分析型,综合型语言:指该语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等）。 e.g. he（主格）him（宾格）his（所有格） dog（单数）dogs（复数） She is doing her homework。 She did her homework yesterday. She has done her homework. 分析型语言:指该语言中的语法关系不通过词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。 e.g. 克服困难；困难的问题,综合与分析型,“比起来,还是中国文化看得开些阴阳不分,古今同在,众寡通融,真是了无绊碍。文法这么简单,省下来的时间拿来做什么呢? 拿来嘛西方人做梦也想不到拿来推敲平仄,对对子了,哈哈! ” 余光中,Verbs （动词）,英文中的动词形态有人称、数、时态和语态的变化；而汉语中的动词则相对简单，没有人称和数的变化。 英语动词有不定式、动名词、分词等多种非谓语动词形式；而汉语动词没有这些变化。但在汉语中，一句话可以有一个以上的动词，英语中每句话只有一个谓语动词。 汉语中的兼语句是英语中所没有的一种特殊句型。,动词的变化 (数，时态，语态）,It rains everyday recently.最近天天下雨。 It rained yesterday.昨天下了场雨。 It is going to rain.要下雨了。 It is raining hard outside.外面正下大雨呢！ The window was broken.窗户被砸碎了。 They loved each other and there is no love lost between them. 他们过去是相爱的，但现在已没什么感情可言了。 This pot is made of stainless steel.这个锅是(用)不锈钢做的。 Enough attention has been paid to that problem.那个问题已经引起了足够的重视。,兼语句,我见他正在读书。 老师让他进去。 真抱歉，让您久等了。 大家选他当班长。,I saw him reading books The teacher let him in . Im really sorry to have kept you waiting . We made him our monitor.,Nouns & Pronouns （名&代）,英语中的名词有性、格、数的区别。而且有些名词的单复数形式在意义上并不相同 。 英语中的代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、指示代词和关系代词八种；汉语中则主要是人称代词、疑问代词和指示代词。 像名词一样，英语中的人称代词也有性、格和数的变化；而汉语中则只在书写上有性的区别，没有格和数的变化，需要时在人称代词后加“的”表示所有格，加“们”表示复数。,名词&代词例句,waiter-waitress-waiters服务员-女服务员-服务员的 custom(习惯);customs(海关) He put his hands into his pockets. 他把手插进了口袋。 They had their lunch at half past twelve today. 今天他们十二点半吃的午饭。 Anna, who was here a moment ago , left this note. 安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件上都有国家的标志。 God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。,Adjectives & Adverbs（形&副）,形容词和副词的翻译需要注意英语中这两类词有相应的比较级和最高级形式，而汉语中则没有，需要加“一些”、“比较”、“还”、“较”、“最”、“很”、“十分”、“非常”等副词或其它手段来帮助体现比较级和最高级的意义。 由动词的分词构成的形容词，其涵义不同，ed分词有被动和完成的意味，ing分词有主动和正在进行的意味。,形&副例句,This magazine is more interesting. 这本杂志更有意思一些。 This book is the best one . 这本书是最好的。 The book is interesting. He is interested in the book. The film was very moving. All the people were moved by the story.,Articles（冠词）,英语中有三个冠词：a, an, the,而汉语中没有这一词类。 a cup of tea 一杯茶 an English book 一本英语书 He is a student in our class. 他是我们班的学生。 The end does not justify the means. 即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。 I like the red one. 我喜欢那个红的。,Compounds(连词）,英语重形合，是一种逐渐从综合型向分析型发展的语言；而汉语则重意合，是以分析为主的语言。所以英语使用连词的频率比汉语高得多。 She was so excited that tears came to her eyes. 她激动得热泪盈眶。 （试比较：她是那么地激动，以至于眼泪流出来了。） 你不走我也不走。 If you dont leave, I wont leave either. （试比较：You dont leave ,I wont leave either.）,Prepositions (介词),汉语中的介词不多，而英语中则有大量的介词。 He goes to school at seven oclock every morning. 他每天早晨七点钟上学。 （试比较：他每天早晨在七点钟去上学。） Across the street, he began to run very fast. 他穿过大街，飞跑起来。,Quantity words (量词),汉语中有量词，而英语中没有。汉语的量词分物量词（修饰人或物的量词）和动量词（修饰行为或动作的量词）。 打一拳 give a punch 看一看 have a look 开一枪 fire a shot 踢一脚 give a kick 一根头发 a piece of hair 两张纸 two pieces of paper 三片面包 three pieces of bread 四根木头 four pieces of wood,形合与意合,在英文里, 词性相同的字眼常用and 来连接: 例如man and wife, you and I, back and forth。但在中文里,类似的场合往往不用连接词,所以只要说“夫妻”、“你我”、“前后”就够了。同样地,一长串同类词在中文里,也任其并列,无须连接:例如“东南西北”、“金木水火土”、“礼乐射御书数”、“油盐酱醋茶”皆是。中国人绝不说“开门七件事,柴、米、油、盐、酱、醋以及茶。”谁要这么说,一定会惹笑。同理,中文只说“思前想后”、“说古道今”,英文却必须动用连接词,变成“思前和想后”、“说古及道今” 余光中,形合与意合,The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass. 枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风瘦马 夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯 （意合） As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. a. 因为天气较好，所以我们决定去爬山。 b. 天气好，我们决定去爬山。,动态与静态,Carlisle Street runs westward , across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meatmarkets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. （卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着大片绿色草地中止了。）,无灵与有灵,The moment we stepped into the country，care and kindness surrounded us on every one side. a. 一踏上国土，到处都是关怀与照顾包围着我们。 b. 一踏上国土，我们就随时随地感受到关怀与照顾。 Thrift and diligence make him roll up a fortune. 他靠着勤俭积攒了一笔财产。 It is necessary for us to observe the traffic rules. 我们必须遵守交通规则。,多样性与重复性,Jos was a soft fellow in anybodys hands, Dobbin most active in anybodys concerns but his own; the civilian was, therefore, an easy victim to the guileless arts of this goodnatured diplomatist and was ready to do, to purchase, hire, or relinquish whatever his friend thought fit. 好在乔斯是肯听人调度的，都宾又是除了自己的事之外都肯出力死干的。这好性子的家伙手段实在圆滑，把那印度官儿笼络的言听计从，该买什么，该租什么，什么事该办，什么东西该脱手，全让他做主。,多样性与重复性,Having partaken of a copious breakfast, with fish, and rice , and hard eggs, at Southampton 他在沙乌撒泼顿吃过一顿丰盛的早饭，有鱼，有米饭，有煮老鸡蛋,长句与短句,请试译下列两句话，并将译文写在一张字条上： In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.,试比较：,门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 这是一位年老的妇女,身材苗条高挑,尽管岁月留下的皱纹已经爬上了她的脸,当他停下,转过身,眼睛落在她身上. 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长，虽受岁月折磨而显得憔悴，但风韵犹存。,前开放与后开放,This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built. 这是那只吃了老鼠的猫。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麦芽。那屋子是杰克盖的。 好！ 她唱得好。 我听她唱得好。 开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。 那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。 我们学校那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。,句子重心,He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了,只得呆在家里。 His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been petting from him. 他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms, and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。,主动与被动,Great progress has been made . Not only is the sun now used for cooking, but it also supplies power for such things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes; it operates telephone lines, movie cameras, portable radios, electric clocks, and hearing aids. It is also being used to operate communications satellites. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being heated with solar energy 人们在使用太阳能方面取得了很大进展。太阳能现在不仅用来做饭，而且用来为给轮船和飞机导航的信标灯提供电能，它为电话线路、电影摄影机、袖珍收音机、电钟和助听器提供工作电源。目前它还用于操纵通讯卫星。现在，美国的一些家庭和办公室也靠太阳能供热。,文化差异（Cultural Differences）,自然环境不同 风俗习惯与观念不同 历史文化背景不同 宗教信仰不同 联想意义上的不同,英汉语言转换时的突出问题,长与短(长句的翻译部分) 主与被(被动语态的翻译) 肯与否（肯定与否定之间的转换） 动与静 抽象化与具体化 有灵动词与无灵动词 形合法和意合法 ,课堂练习,He was an able and a successful one. You shouldnt be sensitive about ones clothing. Their experiment has been over. I saw you out with a boy yesterday. It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.,课堂练习,The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. Anger choked his words. Dawn met him well along the way. A lot of troubles visited the poor family. We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. As she talked on she got more and more excited.,课堂练习答案,他为人能干，事业成功。 你不要太注重衣着了。 他们的实验已经结束了。 昨天我看见你和一个男孩上街了。 它的主要特点是结构简单。 孕妇和哺乳期的妇女可能需要维生素。 星星在清澈的夜空中闪烁。 他气得话也说不出来。 东方欲晓的时候， 他已走了一大段路了。 这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦。 我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。 她越讲越兴奋。,