中考专项-名词-讲解+练习ppt课件

名名 词词名 词1名词分类分类名词的数数名词的所有格所有格名词的句法功能句法功能专有名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词可数名词不可数名词的数单数复数物质名词抽象名词规则变化不规则变化Of所有格的构成及用法S所有格的构成及用法双重所有格主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语名词知识框架图名词分类名词名词的名词的句法功能专有名词普通名词可数名词不可2名词分类分类专有名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词名词分类专有名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词物3一、名一、名词的分的分类1.专有名词：专有名词：名字(人名、地名、书名、机构名)、与国家有关的(国家、国民、语言)、日期（节日、星期、月份）例句：MynameisLucy.IamaChinese.IwillgototheGreatWallonMonday.2.普通名词普通名词:包括可数名词和不可数名词例句：MynameisLucy.IamaChinese.IwillgototheGreatWallonMonday.物物质名名词表示构成物体的物质或材料例:water、air、wood抽象名抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等例:danger、interest、success、happiness不可数不可数名名词可数可数名名词 个体名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物例:sister、table、bike、window集体名词集体名词表示一群人或一些事物例:family、class、group、police、people一、名词的分类2.普通名词:包括可数名词和不可数名词例句：4【注意】【注意】(1)family,class等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调其家庭等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调其家庭/族成员或班级成族成员或班级成员时视为复数员时视为复数1)Hisfamily is ahappyfamily.他的家庭是个幸福的家庭。Hisfamilyare watchingTV.他家人在看电视。2)Thisclassconsists of45students.这个班级由45名学生组成。Thisclassare studyingEnglishnow.这个班的学生正在学习英语。(2)部分有生命的集体名部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念：本身就是复数的概念：police指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。Thepolice(主语)+谓语动词复数 Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.警察已经抓获杀人凶手。people指人们、人民，本身表示复数。(The)people+谓语动词复数Therearelotsofpeopleinthehall.大厅里有许多人。people指民族，有单、复数变化 e.g.fifty-sixpeoples五十六个民族a policeman;a policewoman a person【注意】(1)family,class等词作为一个整体时5(3)有些名词既可以作为不可数名词，又可以作为可数名词有些名词既可以作为不可数名词，又可以作为可数名词身兼二身兼二职的名的名词对照表照表(3)有些名词既可以作为不可数名词，又可以作为可数名词身兼6有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同1)Youshouldtakemore_.Dontalwayssitatthedeskbusydoingyour_.2）YesterdayIboughtsomeinthesupermarkettomakejuice.3）Excuseme,couldyoupleasemoveoveralittleandmakesome_forme?The_isverycrowded.4)LuXunisfamousforhishard_.Welikereadinghis_.5)Thisisthefirsttimeintheir_toskiontheApls.A.lifeB.lifesC.livesexerciseexercisesorangesorangeroomroomworkworkslife有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同1)Y7名词的数数可数名词不可数名词的数单数复数规则变化不规则变化名词可数名词不可数名词的数单数复数规则变化不规则变化8二、名词的数二、名词的数（1）名词复数形式变化规则表）名词复数形式变化规则表二、名词的数（1）名词复数形式变化规则表9（2）名名词单数数变复数口复数口诀1.以以-f或或fe结尾的名尾的名词变复数：复数：leafhalfselfwifeknifeshelfwolfthief树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像强盗逃命忙。注：有些以注：有些以-f或或-fe结尾的尾的词直接加直接加-s变为复数。如：复数。如：roof-roofs屋顶；proof-proofs证据；chief-chiefs首领；belief-beliefs信仰2.关于以关于以o结尾的尾的单词变复数加复数加es的情况：的情况：Negroheropotatotomato黑人英雄吃土豆和西红柿（2）名词单数变复数口诀10（5）只有复数形式的名词）只有复数形式的名词trousers,glasses,thanks,clothes,goods,chopsticks（3）名词修饰名词时，若前面的名词是）名词修饰名词时，若前面的名词是man,woman，变复数时，前后两个，变复数时，前后两个名词全都要变成复数的形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词名词全都要变成复数的形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式变成复数形式manteacher-menteachersboystudent-boystudents（4）数数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutewalk,an8-year-oldgirl（5）只有复数形式的名词（3）名词修饰名词时，若前面的名词是11某国人某国人变复数，口复数，口诀：中日不：中日不变英法英法变，其余，其余s加后面加后面（6）不同国家的人的单复数）不同国家的人的单复数某国人变复数，口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面（6）不同国12名词的数量不可数名不可数名词的数量的数量不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，它们不能直接和表示数字的词或不定冠词连用，也没有复数形式。常考的不可数名词有：music,fun,news,information,advice,weather,homework,work,air,time,money,paper,traffic,practice,wool,education等。a）数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词如：apieceofnews(一条新闻)；twobottlesofwater(两瓶水)；fourpiecesofadvice(四条建议)；sixpiecesofpaper(六张纸)b）some,any,much,little,alittle,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,abitof,enough,agood/greatdealof可数名可数名词的数量的数量a）数词或冠词+可数名词b）some,any,many,few,afew,alotof,lotsof,several,a(large/great)numberof,plentyof,asetnumberof,enough名词的数量不可数名词的数量13写出下列短语1)许多麻烦2)两杯茶3)一条建议4)许多面包5)一些大米6)两条新闻much troubletwo cups of teaa piece of advicemuch breadsome ricetwo pieces of news写出下列短语1)许多麻烦much trouble14Exercises1)Hereissome_onthebestcitiesforyourstudyingabroad.A.informationB.ideaC.suggestionD.exam2)IamreallysorryImlate.IhopeIdidntcauseyou_.A.toomuchtroubleB.somanytroublesC.muchtootroubleD.somoretroubles3)Wouldyoulike_tea?No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo_.A.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottlesoforangeC.many,bottlesoforangesD.few,bottleoforangesAABExercises1)Here is some _154)Imsohungry.Pleasegiveme_toeat.A.threebreadB.threepiecesofbreadC.threepiecesofbreadsD.threepieceofbread5)Thistableismadeof_.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass6)Weneedtocomeupwithan_andmakeadecisionatonce.A.informationB.adviceC.ideaD.news7)Yesterdayshegaveme_onlearningChinese.A.someadvicesB.anadviceC.manyadvicesD.someadviceBDCD4)Im so hungry.Please give 168)Afew_werehurt,butno_werelostinthataccident.A.person;lifeB.people;livesC.peoples;livesD.persons;life9)Iseverythingreadyforthepicnic?Wehaventmuch_forourpicnic.Willyougoandgetsome?A.appleB.breadC.tomatoD.bean10)Iwanttwo_,couldyougivemeonemore,please?A.applesB.appleC.milkD.orangeBBA8)A few _ were hurt,but no17名词所有格名词所有格双重所有格of+名词所有格of+名词性物主代词s 所有格of 所有格名词所有格名双重所有格of+名词所有格of+名词性物主代词18三三、名词所有格名词所有格名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式：名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式：一种是一种是s所有格，所有格，另一种是另一种是of所有格。所有格。如：如：Beijing is Chinas capital./Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。北京是中国的首都。三、名词所有格19注意注意(s所有格所有格)LilyandLucysmotherLilysandLucysmothers用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共同关系时，只在最后一个名词后加s。theboysmother;thetwoboysmother;Jamesbrother以s结尾的名词，变所有格时在s后加,不以s结尾的词，在词尾加s。atthedoctors=atthedoctorsoffice表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上s代表全称。注意(s所有格)Lily and Lucys mo20注意注意(s所有格所有格)Whose pen is this?Its Toms.名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。somebody elses pencil 由some,any,no,every,与one/body结合起来的复合不定代词如someone,everybody,nobody等和else连用时,s应加在else后。todays news;ten minutes ride;the worlds population 表示时间、距离、集体、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加s或 来构成所有格。注意(s所有格)Whose pen is this?It21注意（注意（of所有格）所有格）of所有格一般用于无生命的东西的名词中。a map of the world the windows of the room the title of the film用于名词化的词。盲人的拐杖 the sticks of the blind 修饰词较多时也可用of所有格。黑猫的又长 又美的尾巴 the very long and graceful tail of the black cat注意（of所有格）of所有格一般用于无生命的东西的名词中。22表示有生命的东西的名词，有时也可以用of所有格。例如the children of the family那家的孩子们*某些of所有格和s所有格可以互换。the son of a poor peasant a poor peasants son 一个贫农的儿子表示有生命的东西的名词，有时也可以用of所有格。例如t23由“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式，必须用单数形式。一个五岁的女孩 a five-year-old girl一个十天的假期 a ten-day holiday 一次十五分钟的谈话 a fifteen-minute talk 一把两米长的尺子a two-meter-long ruler 注意：时间，长度等表度量的词可以用所有格做定语a ten days holiday;a fifteen minutes talk;ten minutes walk由“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复24随堂练习:名词所有格练习1._(李明的父母)work in a big hospital.2.This is_(我妹妹的语文书)3._ _(学生们的桌椅)are very new.4.Please open_ (教室的门).5.September 10th is _in China.A.Teachers Day B.Teachers Day C.Teacher Day D.Teachers DayLi Mings parentsmy sisters Chinese bookThe students desks and chairsthe door of the classroomB随堂练习:名词所有格练习1._256.Excuseme,whereisthe_?A.mensroomB.mensroomC.mensroomsD.menrooms7.Thisismy_dictionary.A.sisterMaryB.sistersMaryC.sisterMarysD.sistersMarys8.Joanis_.A.MarysandJacksisterB.MaryandJackssisterC.MaryandJacksisterD.MarysandJackssister9.Thefootballunderthebedis_.A.LilyandLucyB.LilysandLucysC.LilysandLucyD.LilyandLucys10.Itsabout_walkfrommyhouse.A.tenminuteB.tenminutesC.tenminutesD.tenminutesACBDB6.Excuse me,where is the_?26写出下列短语母亲节两小时的路程两天的假期妇女节我姐姐的一个朋友一条八米宽的河Mothers Daytwo hours drive/ride/walka two-day holidayWomens Daya friend of my sistersan eight-meter-wide river写出下列短语母亲节Mothers Day27四、名词的句法功能四、名词的句法功能主语 MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.表语 Hisfatherisascientist.宾语 Weloveourgreatmotherland.定语 Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowers.同位语 MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.宾语补足语 Theycallmeteacher.四、名词的句法功能28走进中考1.Can you imagine what life will be like in _ time?A.20 years B.20 years C.20-years D.20-years2._ room is big and bright.They like it very much.A.Tom and Sam B.Toms and Sam C.Tom and Sams D.Toms and Sams AC走进中考1.Can you imagine what li293.-Would you like some drinks,boys？-Yes,_,please.A.some oranges B.two boxes of chocolates C.some cakes D.two bottles of orange4.Its over _from Shijiazhuang to Beijing.A.three hours drive B.three hours drive C.three hours drives D.three hours driveDA3.-Would you like some drink305.Id like a _ for dessert.Fruit,you know,is good for health.A.potato B.banana C.candy D.Pie6.Cici enjoys dancing.Its one of her _.A.prize B.prizes C.hobby D.hobbiesBD5.Id like a _ for dess317.I dont think looking after children is just _(woman)work.8.The father was _(pride)of his sons efforts at school.9.Many schools hold several _(festival)of music or sports every year.10.They have invited a _(science)to give them a speech on space.womensproudfestivalsscientist7.I dont think looking after3211.Mrs.Chan told us to write as _(care)as we could.12.We need eleven _(play)for our soccer team.13.Computer is one of the greatest _(发明).I cant imagine life without it.14.Ill show my collection of _(邮票)to the class.carefullyplayersinventionsstamps11.Mrs.Chan told us to write33近义词辨析近义词辨析（1）family,house 与与homefamily指“家，家庭”，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；home作“家”讲，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住的范围和环境；house有“住宅，家”之意，强调房屋和居住地点。Ihaveabig_(家庭).My_(家人)areverykind.Heleft_(家)forBeijing.Theylivedinasmall_(房子).homehousefamilyfamily（2）job与与workjob是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指“零工”或“短工”；work是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、用功。Hehasbeenoutof_.Heneedstofinda_tomakemoneyforhisfamily.Hesucceedbecauseofhishard_.LiLingwantstobeasinger.Shethinksitsaninteresting_.workworkjobjob近义词辨析homehousefamilyfamily（2）j34（3）voice,noise与与soundvoice是“嗓音”；noise是“吵闹声”，指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sound是指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。Atthefootofthehillyoucouldhearnothingbutthe_(声音)oftherunningwater.Thelittlegirlhasa(甜美的嗓音).Letthechildrengoaway.Theyremakingsomuch_here.Irecognized(辨认出)heratonce.（4）problem与与question 两个词都表示“问题”。problem总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与之搭配的动词是solve；question总是与“疑问、质问、询问”相联系，这种“问题”是有待回答的”，常与动词answer连用。Heaskedmesome_(问题).Unluckily,Icouldntanswerhis_(问题).Itsdifficultformetoworkoutthemath_(问题)bymyself.soundvoicenoisesweet voicequestionsquestionsproblem（3）voice,noise与sound（4）proble355.Whereismyfather?Heslefta_(便条)sayingthathesintheoffice.Weareabletogetthe_(信息)weneedfromtheInternet.Weveheardallthe_(新闻)ontheradio.messageinformationnews6.Thisisthe_wherewecanplaytennis.这是我们打网球的地方。Thereisalotof_toplaytennis.有足够的空地打网球。placeroom/spacemessageinformationnewsplaceroo36