复旦大学语言学导论 课件2

复旦大学语言学导论复旦大学语言学导论 课件课件2形位形位(morpheme)形位形位(morpheme):最小的携带意义的语言单位最小的携带意义的语言单位 -The friends promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca.-compounds:jack-in-the-box looking glass girlfriend -The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.形位的形位的类类型型自由形位自由形位(free morpheme)依附形位依附形位(bound morpheme)The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.形位的形位的类类型型内容形位（内容形位（content morpheme，lexical morpheme)promise,friend,fair,Bianca school-master功能形位（功能形位（function morpheme，grmmatical morpheme）-s,-ed,-ly a,an,the,this,that to,about,for 依附形位的类型依附形位的类型-派生形位派生形位(derivational morpheme)(countable,reproduce)-屈折形位屈折形位(inflectional morpheme)(promised,friends)英语的屈折形位英语的屈折形位-s third person singular present-edpast tense-ingprogressive-en past participle-splural-spossessive-ercomparative-est superlative英语形位分类图英语形位分类图 形位形位自由形位自由形位(boy)依附形位依附形位(-ish)屈折形位派生形位屈折形位派生形位 (-ed)(-ness)形位和语素形位和语素形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位，在语言使用过程中，可分别兑现成音素实体(phonetic substance)和文字实体(orthographic substance)，形成可感知的语素(morph)。形位和语素形位和语素-s,复数 books beds bushes语音层面：语音层面：-s s,z,iz 拼写层面：拼写层面：-s -s,-es形位的界定形位的界定同一分布位置同一分布位置意义一致意义一致多次出现多次出现 -ness:sadness,happiness,rudeness -re centre,cadre,reconnoitre 构词的层级结构构词的层级结构派生词构词的层级结构派生词构词的层级结构同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词根上。根上。adjustable,breakable,comparable,debatable(*preexist,predawn,prehistoric)歧义歧义unlockable unlock+able un+lockableRoot（词根）（词根）basic word forms that can stand alone-cannot be analyzed into smaller parts antidisestablishmentarianismStem（词干）（词干）teachers 词缀（词缀（affix)Affix:The general term for morphemes attached to a word.四种词缀四种词缀Prefix(前缀）前缀）Infix（中缀）（中缀）Suffix（后缀）（后缀）Circumfix（环缀）（环缀）前缀前缀English:in+,dis+,un+,etc.in+abilitydis+abilityun+able in+consistentdis+member un+tangle in+sufficientdis+placeun+happyZapotec:ka+zigi chinka+zigichins zike shoulder”ka+zigeshoulders diaga earka+diagaears中缀中缀Tagalog:+um+bili b+um+ili buy“to buysulat s+um+ulat writeto writekuhak+um+uha take”to take”后缀后缀English:+ment,+ly,+stance judg+ment establish+ment abandon+ment brief+ly happi+ly angri+ly happen+stance circum+stance 环缀环缀Chickasaw:ik+ochokma ik+chokm+o he is good”he isnt goodlakna ik+lakn+o it is yellow”it isnt yellowpalli ik+pall+o it is hot”it isnt hot”tiwwi ik+tiww+o he opens(it)”he doesnt open(it)其他的构词方法其他的构词方法Eponymy（因人名、地名等得名的词）因人名、地名等得名的词）:sandwich,jumboBlending（缩合词）（缩合词）:smog=smoke+fogCompounding（复合词）（复合词）:girlfriend,paperclip 比较：比较：blckbird blck brd mkeup mke p其他的构词方法其他的构词方法Acronym（首字母缩拼词）（首字母缩拼词）:UNESCO=United National Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationBack-formation（逆构词）（逆构词）:enthusiasm-enthuse Abbreviation（缩写词）（缩写词）:doctor-Dr.语言的词素类型语言的词素类型Analytic（分析性）（分析性）:all free morphemes,i.e.no affixes(Mandarin)Synthetic（综合性）（综合性）:combination of free and bound morphemesAgglutinating（粘着语）（粘着语）:affixes attach to base but are still visable,each carries one meaningFusional（溶合语）（溶合语）:affixes fuse with base in pronunciation so that the individual morphemes are hard to spotPolysynthetic（多式综合语（多式综合语):several stems with their affixes can combine with other stems and affixes 句法学句法学(Syntax)句法学研究的范围句法学研究的范围句法学：研究组词造句的规则或规律。句法学：研究组词造句的规则或规律。形态学形态学 (词词)句法学句法学 (句子句子)篇章分析篇章分析(篇章篇章)语序类型语序类型SOV SVO VSO VOSOVS 递归递归Billy eats wormsRuthy made Billy eat wormsThe teacher let Ruthy make Billy eat wormsI saw the teacher let Ruthy make Billy eat wormsThe principle knows I saw the teacher let Ruthy make Billy eat wormsThe superintendent wonders whether the principle knows I saw the teacher let Ruthy make Billy eat wormsSNP Verb SNP let SDet Noun let Sthe teacher let Sthe teacher let Noun Verb Sthe teacher let Ruthy make Sthe teacher let Ruthy make Noun Verb Nounthe teacher let Ruthy make Billy eat worms乔姆斯基对句法学的贡献乔姆斯基对句法学的贡献 通过有限的规则生成无限的句子。通过有限的规则生成无限的句子。(William Humboldt)递归函数递归函数短语结构规则短语结构规则SNP+VPVPV,VPV+NP,VPV+CP,VPV+NP+CP CP S,CP C+S 树形图能够标志：树形图能够标志：句法成分句法成分（constituency）统领关系统领关系（dominance relations）前后关系前后关系（precedence relations）姐妹关系姐妹关系（sisterhood relations）统治关系统治关系（c-command）S NP VP V NP Det N She likes that dress *Hei loves Johnis mother.Hisi,mother loves Johni.S NP VP V NP Det N Hei loves Johnj s mother S NP VP Det N V NP Hisi mother loves Johni,jJohni loves himselfi*Johnis mother loves himselfi.S NP VP V NP Johni loves himselfi S NP VP Det N V NP Johnis mother loves himselfj.结构歧义结构歧义NPVNPPNPthe detcowNNpattackedV the detmanN NpwithPthedetgunNNPNPPPPVPattacked VVNPthedetmanNNpwithPthe detgunNNpPPVPNPPPPVPattacked VVNPthedetmanNwithPthe detgunNNpPPVPNp语迹（语迹（trace）Which horse do you want to win?a)You want THAT horse to win?(horse racing)b)You want to win THAT horse?(horse trading)Q you do want to win which horse Which horse do you want to win t?Q you do want which horse to win Which horse do you want t to win?You want to go?You wanna go?“want to=wanna”a.Which horse do you want to win?歧义歧义b.Which horse do you wanna win?非歧义非歧义*Which horse do you wanna win the race?Which horse do you want t to win the race?花园小径句花园小径句花园小径句花园小径句The horse raced past the barn fell.The horse raced past the barn fell.The man who hunts ducks out onThe man who hunts ducks out on weekends.weekends.The cotton clothing is usually made of The cotton clothing is usually made of growsgrows in Mississippi.in Mississippi.Fat people eat accumulates.Fat people eat accumulates.花园小径句花园小径句指那些误导我们先建立起一个最初的句法结指那些误导我们先建立起一个最初的句法结构，后来发现不正确而需要重新进行句法分构，后来发现不正确而需要重新进行句法分析的句子。析的句子。The horse raced past the barn fell.The horse(that was)raced past the barn fell.The man who hunts ducks out on weekends.What does the man who hunts do on weekends?He ducks out on weekends.The cotton clothing is usually made of grows in Mississippi.Where do they grow the cotton that that clothing is usually made of?They grow it in Mississippi.Fat people eat accumulates.The fat that people eat accumulates.