巧用主从复合句简单句转换关系解决非谓动词考题

巧用主从复合句与简单句的转换关系解决非谓动词考题江西省吉安县二中 刘运光 肖爱斌试看下列两道高考题1. （09 江西 22） the right kind of training, these teenagers soccer playersmay one day grow into the international stars.A. GivingB. Having givenC. To giveD. Given2. （08 重庆 29） to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.A. FailB. FailedC. To failD. Having failed解析：1.答案D。考查非谓动词中-ed分词作状语的用法，相当于状语从句 If they are given the right kind of training. 2.答案D。考查非谓动词中现在分词的用 法，相当于状语从句 Because they had failed to reach them on the phone.就多数学生而言，以上两个题的句意应该都能理解，也能抓住句中前后部分 的逻辑关系。如例 1：句意为“如果给予适当的训练，这些少年球员也许有朝一 日会成长为国际球星”。句中含条件意味，句子前面部分相当一条件状语从句 . 例 2：句意为“由于电话找不到他们，我们代之又发了一封电邮”。句子前后部 分之间为因果关系，前面部分相当于一原因状语从句。然即便如此，学生却不知 如何将这类从句简化成分词短语，从而无法确定选项。这就涉及到主从复合句与 简单句的转换技巧。许多学生在此方面知识往往有些空白。笔者多年在教学中非 谓动词作状语等句法功能时一直非常重视句型转换训练，以加深学生对非谓动词 句法功能的理解。现将其中的方法呈现如下，以供参考。一、状语从句与分词短语的转换。时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句可转换为 分词短语，其转换过程通常可形象地概括为“三步曲”。第一步：去掉关联 词 when, while, if, though； because ect.（在现代英语中 when/while/though 有时 也可保留）；第二步：主、从句主语相同时，去掉从句的主语（若不同则保 留，形成分词的独立主格结构）；第三步：将从句中的谓动词改为-ing的形式。例 1. Because he had not received a reply ， he decided to write again.Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.（第一步去掉关联词because；第二步主句与从句主语相同去掉从句的主语 he；第三步将从句的谓语had not received改为-ing形式而得not having received （非谓动词的否定式为not加非谓动词）例 2. When he walked in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of Spring.Walking in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of Spring.（理由同上）例 3. If they had been given more attention, the trees could have grown better.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.（第一步去掉关联词if;第二步去从句主语，they与the trees实为同一关系； 第三步将谓语改成-ing形式而得Having been given，现在分词的被动式作出状语 时，having been或being通常可省略而变成过去分词短语作状语，换句话说，过 去分词短语作状语实则上就是现在分词被动式的省略形式。例 4. If weather permits, we are going for an outing this Sunday.Weather permitting, we are going for an outing this Sunday.（第一步去掉关联词；第二步因主从句主语不同而保留从句主语；第三步将 谓语改为-ing形式：permittingo此为分词的独立主格结构）利用上述技巧，我们可以很快解决分词短语作状语的考题。1. （08 福建 22） _ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenlyrealized he had left the cheque in the car.A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having waited D. To have waited 【分析】本句意为“老人在排队等了半小时后，突然意识到将支票忘在了车 里”，句子前部分相当于时间状语从句 After he had waited in the queue of half an hour.根据“三步曲"简化法可得 Having waited in the queue for half an hour.故答案 选 C 。2. （09 北京卷 34） twice, the postman refused to deliever our letters unless we changed our dog.C. Having bittenD. To be bittenA. Being bitten B. Bitten【分析】本句意为“由于被（狗）咬了两次，邮递员拒绝为我们送信，除非 我们换了狗。”根据句意可知，句子前部分相当于原因状语从句 Because he had been bitten twice.简化后可得Having been bitten twice，现在分词的被动式作状语 时，其前的 being 或 having been 可省略，因此答案选 B。3. （07 重庆 25）The children went home from the grammar school， their lessons For the day.A. finishingB.finished C.had finishedD.were finished.【分析】本句意为“完成今天的作业后，孩子们从语文小学回家了”根据 句意，句子后面部分应相当于时间状语从句 After their lessons were finished. 通过 “三步曲”简化可得 their lessons being finished，being 可省略，故答案选 B。二、定语从句与分词短语/不定式的转换 定语从句通常也可简化成为分词短语或不定式短语，其规律如下： 被动结构的定语从句通常可简化为-ed分词短语作后置定语，表示动作已完 成；主动结构的定语从句，表示一个持续动作或动作状态时，通常可简化成-ing 分词短语作后置定语；当定语从句表示一个将来要发生的动作时，通常可简化成 不定式短语作状语。例 1. Most of the artists who were invited to the party were from Africa.Most of the artists invited to the party were from Africa.（被动结构的定语从句通常简化成-ed分词短语作后置定语）例 2. The picture which hangs on the wall is painted by my nephew. The picture hanging on the wall is painted by nephew.（主动结构的定语从句表示一个动作的状态可简化为 -ing 分词短语作后置 定语）例 3. The Building which will be completed next month is intended for the senior citizens.The building to be completed next month is intended for the senior citizens.（表示一个将来动作的定语从句可简化为一不定式短语作后置宾语）利用上述简化技巧，在解答非谓动词（短语）作后置定语的考题时便简单了 许多。1. （08 湖南）The trees in the storm have been moved off the road.A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down【分析】根据本句意“在暴雨中被刮倒的树已被清理出路面。”可理解为修 饰名词the trees的相当于一定语从句which were blown down,此为一被动结构的 定语从句，故可简化为-ed分词短语作后置定语，因此答案为B。A. being blown down 通常指正在进行的动作，故不选。2. （07 四川）Peter received a letter just now his grandma would come tosee him soon.A. saidB. saysC. sayingD. to say【分析】本句意为“彼德刚才收到一封信，信件说他祖母不久会来看他。” 修饰1 etter的部分相当于一定语从句which said，主动结构的定语从句通常可 转化为-ing短语，故选C。