语言学习题答案

1. Q:Wha i th s f inuiti？The scp of inguistics can beillustrat s:1) enl linistis： hestuy of uge aole.It eals witte baic oncepts, heries, scriptins, modls and eods applicablin ayligusti study2) Photcs： te uy of sounds uein comuication.3) honoloy:th tudybouhow snd are t ogehr n used to convey mning in communicatin4)Morphog: t study o th ay nhch ymbls/moresar arrngedto frm words.5) Syntx: th stdy o te ule aot teoiatn ofrs to orm pemisibesentences.）Semnics: the tdy of meaning.7) Pagmatis: th stdy omanig in the ctxt f ue.AntheItrdiscipliy brche.1) Sociolinguistis2) Psychonguistics . Q: Wtm modernlingistcs diffeentfromtraiional rammar?odern lingistics ers fromtradtional gamrin several ba a: fisly，moer inguscs isdsripve, tdescrethe nugea i is; whie radional gramar isprerptive, itpescithe ay guae shoul beused.Scdly, mder linguitis regards he soken laga primy, nott rittn. Thn,dr linguiticsifersfromadional gmr asinthat it doe notforce lauage ito a atn-ased frmwor. Q: Wht is aphone?Hois it difretfrom a phnem？ow are alopoe raed to a phoneme? phoe ia honeic unit orsegmen.A hoemis a phonoogicl nit;it i a uit at is ofdincie value. Itis n sc uniI is notn artilarsun.The ifernt phneshch cn represnt phoneein ffeet phonetic evironmns re called te llhons of a pneme.4 : Explin wth eampes th squential re, the assimlaion ule ad the deetio rle？1) Sequnial rul for the etrs as“k, ,l ,j”itol possibe or in Engh. W mitorde he s:k,klib, bi, kilb. witout ote orders.So it ndctes t thre ar rules t gover t obnatin o sunds in aparicular gu. Oepeclseuentiarle hat）Assmiltion rue: tssimilte n sou to anotherby coying a feth o sequenil poneme，hus akng the w oes simla.Fo exame:“ilegal”，inlgl3） ltonue: It can bestaed s：delete ag whn itours re a fialasal onsoa.for eame: “dsnatio”, theg reprsned by the leer “g” i prned,wle in th ord “sin”. gsoundis leed, bcausit is flled by and ded wih the ns sonnt/n/Q:What arthe jor esof syonyms in English?Thre ar fitys of snonymsi Englsh. Thy r daletalsnonys-synoyms sed i dfferent regonal dalcts; stylcs synnymssonms iffing in y;nnym tht ife n thr emtve r evaluav nig； cllocatona snoym； semnticallfferentsynms.6 Q： Expa wit exmle “oonymy”, “Polysemy”, and“Hponymy”?Hoony (定义) .ncluhomohoes(定义） (picepea） ， homogrps (定义) (bow v.bow n.）and cmpletehmoy (定义） (sale n.salev.）.Plymymeans that te sme wdmay aeoethatemeann. For exaple: “tabl”, as atleat eeningHponymy means tht t sns relon bewee a oe enral， o nuive wrd and a mre seccwor. For xampl: “urnite” is suer-rdite, hyponyms e bed， tabl, e, dress, wadrbe, ette7. Q: How cn wods poite i eanin be classifie？ To which ctegory does eac of th folonpaisf antonym belong?There are hree types oppositons men. Ty ar gadble ntnyms, compmentary antoms andrlationaloppose.“norhsoth”,“widearrow” nd “porrih” beongtogradabl atnyms；“vacntoccupied” and “litraeilltee” belog o compemenary anonym;“abovebelow”,“dctorptient” d“fthrdaughter” belogto relaional oppsies. Q:How re stc meaning n uttrace eanin rlatd, an h do tey dife？h mening f a ntnce s abstrct, ad d-otetualize, that of an uteranc is cncree, nd context-dendet. he meaning of an ternce is ased on sentn meaning; itisthe ealiationo te abstrat manin f a senteein area itation o commnication， or imly in a cot.iffece: Sentence menin inlu loutionay act, but it dsn nlud iloutiony act nd peloutioar at9Q:ccorig to Asin, wt ae threacs peson i ossiblyerformnwhile makngan uttrnc. Gie anexample？They are louonay act,ictionaryac and pelocutionary ac. Fo exmpl: smeone utr “y” “ha” “door” “open”! The locutionary act exresseswhat the words iterallymenTe illocnary ct expsses the speakers intenton: asking someonet close the o Te harergets the eakrs message and sees thatespeakr men to tell himto cloeth dr， nd then te har closes h dor. Therore, the uterance gts teeffect oflosin te oor. And this is the perluionaryc10. Q: Wa ar the fur maxims ofthe CP?Try toive yrwn examlestoshow hw louting hese maxigvesris t convrsatioa mlicature?They ae te mam of unt（具体阐明其内容)te mxi fultythe mim olatonand te maf mnr.Fo empl: A: We i Jerys bthdayparty?: Somtim nex nth.o, B dontwish to ell youwhen Jerrys bitday pay isoing to be hed.A: Wldyo like o ated ur trveling a weeken?B:Im id I have gotan initation at ween.So,B dontwnt t atenou trveling.: Shall getomethinorurrother?B:Yes. ut I veo-N.o,B oen wantthir broterto know he ar tain ao gettin hem agn1. Q： Cte witheampleste hane in Engis Laguage?1)sond cane： “moue”u:sa;2） mrphologicalchang:geeegreen;3) ytacti chn: yo aspea, can ou? Yu spek,speak not you ?4) exal chag： wtto know, ASPCA, mathmahmatic;) semni change: “sil” mns happyn d Engish， buttody it eans foolih； “un” mes faers sser bfore，bt toa als meansmthe site.2. : at are emai sociadialect？ Ho d hejintly detmin idiolect?The are Gedevaiation, ge vaaion, hic dialec, Stlisic ariaon, Resteriolectalvariatons etemined bmny facors. The dierntkground of diffeent peope influnce thei choic linguistic forms， and he inguistic feaures of te anguge hey revea the indenities.1.Q: ha peticlar eaturs oes a Pdgn ave?Any iaects haenativ spkes, exept idin.To paties didnt know ech oth,o inrde tdo tre， they ve tou pigin. Withm unstadings of ech other cuturs, espeople ould usidin.4. Q: Aonhlangaeacition toies, wich ondo you tinks oreasonae ndconinig? Exain h？Thre are thr lnuge cquisitio thoies,earethe behiorst vew， the nntisview and th iteraconistview.I tnd t the haiorit muc ore, n my opnon, to doi bettrthanoing otn， prciceanintimtion ar te bestwayto larna langue. For the innatis,selty amake up eerynatural factiy, and for te ineracionist,ot eeryoncaoaoad to av a aguage envionmet，at m,ther a tl an carshis stud dfeet lagags wl.15 Q: What is Lnguage Aquiiion？t referstoth chids aquitiof hi motertnue, it means how hehild omes to nderstand and seakh langeof hi ommniy.1. : What i Lage Asiio evics?It asoknon AD，itclaims thatman beings are biocally progrmmedor agae nd that h lnguage develops n tehild jus a ther iological nctionssuch aswalkin . t was described a iaginary “bkbx”xistngsmwh inthe man bai, he“bcbox” issaid to contai prcipes hat re nvesalo al human lnguage7. Q： Whasthe rical Priod ypothesi?T critcaleridhythsis reers to a rod inones lie xen fromabout aetw t pberty, dung wicht humanbrainis most redy to aquiearticulr angugeand laguagelning can poceed eaiy, swfy, ad withoutepicit intruton8. Q: Wha iRegiste？aguaevaris s its functivares，i iffers in different ituations, is elcteda aropiae to the ye of sation.19. Q: What idioect?dolet i apersol diaect of anndul spar tat cmbineslment egrdig regional, oial，gde, andae variaions.20. Q: a sig?Pdin s spcal anua varty that mixes ends lagaes and it is used peoplewhspeak diffeentanguagesforresictepurpses sch taig.21. Q: Wat Creole？It is originall a Pidn thah bomeablied asaative langugein espeech community. Th s, h a dgn coe to be adopted bapopuati astsprimarlaguag,ndchlren ea it ashir fit anuage,thn th pii lguageis cleda Creol. Q:WhatisP?It s stand fthe cooperatie Pnciple. .I reqires hat te seak nd the eaerhou mak onversatil conibution ch asreqird a thtage at wich t occu b te epd puroe or dreciothe ak xcnge in wich tespeake an h he are gad.23. Q： Whti oonmy?It refers t the pnmnn tha wors hvin ifferentmeains hae theae for, dffeent wors aeidcal inound or spellin, or n bh.Itinclude mophne, Homogragh, CoplteHomonym24.Q: Wa Poysemy?tmeans that h sam neord avng ore han on eaning5. Q: What isSnse?It is concened with tenerent meaig fhelingutc form. t ite colcton o all the feture f te lnusic frm; it isabtrac nde-conexalize. It is he meaingin thedicioay.t dosnotree t any prtiulrindidua ht eiststerl wod, but ppliesto nyndividal t mees thefeates dscrbed the dfiniion.6. : hats Syntax？It is a ranchof lnutics that sudes hwords are ombned o seece an th rulethat goventhefmatio ofseteces.