翻译参考材料

翻译部分17、 中国老式节日 中国老式节日以中国的农历为根据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的老式节日,象征团结兴旺。 其她重要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日均有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。7. TrationalCies FsialsTaionalCese fstivals are uuallyfixed ccodigtote lunaeda. Jna 1s otheunrclendr has ben deignaed ashe Sring Fsival (gneal referr o as gonian）. Thre are svera cusomsdurig the SprngFestial， such aspraying for good avest, tc. om other sigfan hinese esivasiclue the anern Fesiva, he TombSeepng Da, h Drag Boat Festv, the Double-Sevent Festival,the MiAuumn Festival, h Dble-inh estivl,te Wteoltic，nd the ighth ay fhe Twelfth Lar Monh,et. Ech esivalhaits own que rigin and ustmhes Chnese estival that follow elnar cldare differ fro the slar terms inthe lunar cenda. Tey embodCiascosion dialty. 18、 中国茶文化 茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农,昌盛于唐宋(618-27)。 开门七件事,柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人民平常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其重要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心,体悟大道,提高人生境界。18. Chine CultreAs a tditina drin or Cnese pepe，Chiee teais believ ave first arted with Chinese EmperorSen n， and floured in he g and Song Dysts (1D-17AD). aig ta consideed oe o he seven bsic dily necesitie lonwith ful， ce, il, slt, oy sace,an viegr， whiedrinkig te is n apt pryal ofdail lif in Chia Ta utueisth extension d geerizati of thescienc ad thehmantscaracter of ta. In China, te tea spit blends ththoughs f Confciansm, BudhismadToim, nd t ams to hlp eop cultivate bth mind and body， comrhnhrth， ad elvte the reof fehrg tart of dinkiga. 1、中国画 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上,古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”, 简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特性在于“笔墨”,强调以形写神,画尽旨在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。1. Traditioal Cinese aitingThe fouatfrsi ancient Chn areguqn,cess, penmanshp and paitng, and aintngptlrly reerstotradtial Chnese pantn. Taitionl Chinese aintig s doe ith abrush dppedinto lackolored ink and is paited onilk xu ppr. In ien Chia, its cale“ink-paintin.”n ordr to distinguish t ro estern i-pantngs,teChnse peopletem their woks“tradioalChinseainting” (abbrevatd t“Chinesepaing”).h ubct matters fCines antins reypialy igures，landscapes, brdand flowers. Te dain skils andtechnius eployed y Cins paiters can be didinto tw frms： finebrhwork feehad brwork.Tearistc characteritics lie in “the riting buh and n”Chnese aitin emphsizesuing the shape to oney theeeings of te painter.v hough a paing i finished rodut,it edlessly onves a meanng.I tems of the att ceation, trationa Cne paintig is rftin fe aesthtic osciosnes d artisti setimnt ofthe Chnesepple. 20、 中国酒文化 中国是酒的家乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中国饮食文化的重要构成部分，它的精神文化价值体目前社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰富的文化内涵，若胸中无数,则难以自如。20. hinese Wie nd SpiritsCuturChina isthome of wie nd sirits Thutonsf wine nd spirits erclasified b th anients ino three kid： treatin patients,epigin goo health, nshon poness an respect to ote Cinas wine and spiritscultre is an mportant part of Chiese od clture,ndiboies itsaluesin my asets， ch ssocial and litcal le, litetu ad at， life pilsophies, aestheis,andso n Therei an oldayingwhich goe, “It is no banuetwout win.” Underthe ctm hainginer gether n Chn, riki gme were therefoe indued Theae many kind f bnquet bettig and rinkin gaes,lik heorra (afigregesig gme), wipirits wods, wne/spi chips (a rinking gme), all wi rh clturl onnoaions. I reality, it is diffcu w unless y av a card you sleeve.1、中国石窟 中国石窟重要反映的是佛教文化艺术。 敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。 佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工发明有机结合,是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等构成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目,已成为重要的世界文化遗产。21ChineseGrotsChs gottos milyelect he at f Buddh cur. In in, there ae fur morart landscpes o gottoes： he oao Grottoes tDunuan, hegang Gotes at atong, te ongmeGrottoes tLoag， ad he MihnGrottos at Tianshu. Carvd an paintedonmounain, theBudhit grottosmngle oth slimit an ecular felings teter, peentg u avvid andauralappearance hy embodythesystemacmbnatn of ot thexcetia aristryograt natre and th tremely fincraftsmnsip makind. T Chiese Buddhst grottoes a regred as rooundand unig genlart gallery, whicrcompsedof architecte， painting， cptues， etc.Thartsic ceeents of Cinee grotte veattracted he attnion o the worl, an ave beoeimtt ntenationl cuture heriage.22、中国古典文学名著 中国古典文学涉及诗歌、散文、故事以及词、赋、曲等多种文体,艺术体现手法丰富各异。而故事中的三国演义、水浒传、西游记、红楼梦则被称为中国四大古典文学名著,至今在国内外均有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著可以理解中国老式人文社会、民俗之心理, 是汲取古代文明精粹、处世为人方略与智慧的重要途径。.Chi ClascaiertreChines classialiterature includpoty, ros，fict, and i （n lrisriten t pexstingtne)， fu(“desriptiv poms” of pros-poey）， qu（ fer rmbased nthe new pplr on nddamtc ria）,ad mnyter styls. Its artistc epresosr ais n echique.Four lssicsof Chines literatrare Romace of t Thre Kingoms, Wr Margin, Journey to the We, an Drem o RedMasions, which xtesivan farreaching sinificanceboth oantnal and inationa lvel. Trog redng “th fouramus nvels”refully, yo ca experienc trditonal Chinesescity anhumanculture， folloreustoms And t is anmotant wayoborb he qiesene traditinl Chnseultur a ll astopick u statees a widm ho to get ong withrs. 23、 中草药 中药重要由植物药(根、茎、叶、果)、动物药(内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药构成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特,觉得中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉”,“五味”指药物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。中国人摸索中草药已有几千年的历史,如今中医药及其诊断措施已传播到世界各地。23. Chinese eral MeicneTraditionalins medicin mainy cnsists ofplantmeicie （oots， stms, lae,fruts), anima medicine (isea, sks,bones, ogan), and iealmedicine.Chieseherblmedcine isbse on lat ediine. Acorgto the uniu apliain theory ofatinal hineseiie, t isbelievd tat tcontins “for natur ad iv flaors”. “our atures” er to thepropeies of “ls, heat,ldne, oolns,” while“five flavos” rer to tprperies o beng “pngn, sour, wet， biter, n say.” I is sid tat Cinese pep have beenconuting researh into herbal meicine for husans ofyers. Nowadys, tradtna Chies dicne ad is therapeic mehdhaveexnsivey been pred o he ar rners th be 24、中国瓷器 瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大奉献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代(前160-前10）中期发明出了原始瓷器。汉代（前206-公元20）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。后来瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器（cin）”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。4. CinesePorcelinPorclin is regarde as one o Cins utstndingntribtionstothwordsciation. Aearyas the NeoithicAe bou ,000 er ago,the Chineetr neted aneganto useotery. Prto-porcelain was nentein t mShag yaty (600B-146BC) Cado a molddin the atean Dynasty(206BC-220AD). Fromthn on, pelin wa ntoucedb Chinao therstof the world. Chinawa threre dubbe he “porcelinunr”. n Engls, theword “hina” hs becme aword tatrepesents “China”