语用学常月圆课件

语用学常月圆语用学常月圆2023-2-272语用学常月圆nPragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.nThe study of language in use.语用学常月圆2 Speech Act TheorynJohn Austin(1911-1960)nHow to Do Things with Words (1962)nspeech acts:actions performed via utterances语用学常月圆2.1 Performatives and ConstativesnConstatives 叙事句 nPerformatives施为句语用学常月圆6语用学常月圆7语用学常月圆8语用学常月圆9语用学常月圆10语用学常月圆 2.2 Illocutionary Act Theory行事行为行事行为/施为行为理论施为行为理论nSpeech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels:语用学常月圆12Morning!语用学常月圆13语用学常月圆14Morning!She offered a greeting.语用学常月圆Level 3 nThe perlocutionary act 成事行为/取效行为nthe act preformed by or as a result of saying,the effects on the hearer.nBy saying x and doing y,I did z(the words and actions will have different effects on the hearer).语用学常月圆16A show of friendshipAn instance of hypocrisyOR语用学常月圆17语用学常月圆Locutionary act The physical action of uttering the sentence 发话行为发话行为Illocutionary act The intention of the speaker 行事行为行事行为Perlocutionary act The effects of the sentence on the hearer 取效取效/成事成事行为行为18语用学常月圆19语用学常月圆20Uttering“There is no milk in the fridge.”Making a request:husband should go out and buy some.Offering an explanation:no milk left,so I will buy some.Husband follows the request and buy some milk.Husband understands why his wife is ready to go out.Or he may suspect the reason his wife offers:is she really going out to get some milk?语用学常月圆nalso made his contribution to the study of illocutionary speech acts.He specified five types of illocutionary speech acts.21John Searle(1932-)语用学常月圆n1)representative描述性 I guess that he has comen2)directive 指示性 Open the door!n3)commissive 承担性 I promise to love you!n4)expressive 表达性 Its very kind of you to have thought of me.n5)declaration 宣告性 I declare the meeting open/I fire you!语用学常月圆4 Conversational Implicature会话含义会话含义nPeople do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.nHerbert Paul Grice(1913-1988)nWilliam James lectures at Harvard in 1967nLogic and Conversation in 1975语用学常月圆4.1Cooperative Principle(CP)合作原则合作原则nCooperative Principle:Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向语用学常月圆25语用学常月圆26语用学常月圆27语用学常月圆4.3 Violation of the maxims nWhen we violate these maxims,in some situations,conversational implicature will arise.语用学常月圆29语用学常月圆30语用学常月圆31语用学常月圆32语用学常月圆33语用学常月圆34语用学常月圆35语用学常月圆36语用学常月圆37Maxims of Quantity and Relation 语用学常月圆38Maxims of Quantity&Relation&Manner 语用学常月圆39Maxims of Quantity and Relation 语用学常月圆ReferencesnHuang,Yan.1991.A Neo-Gricean Pragmatics Theory of Anaphora.Journal of Pragmatics,27,301-335.nMey,J.1993.Pragmatics:An Introduction.Oxford:Blackwell.n胡壮麟 姜望琪 2002，语言学高级教程（英文），北京大学出版社。语用学常月圆 Thank you!