考研英语常考语法难点讲义.ppt

考研英语常考语法难点讲义,南京跨考2013 仇永香,第一讲 While 的用法,（1）基本词性词义 n. 一会儿，一段时间，wait for a while V. 消磨（时光），轻松度过，while away He whiled away the whole afternoon surfing the internet. Conj. 当的时候 we must strike while the iron is hot. I will take care of the baby while you are away. 而，然而， 表对比。做并列连词 Some people waste food while others still suffer starvation. The son was having a good meal at home, while the parents were working in the field. I like the banana while he likes pineapple.,(2) 重点词义 Conj. 虽然但是，尽管但是 多放于句首, 引导让步状语从句 While he loves his students, he is very strict with them. While these experiments are interesting and useful, it is important to remember that they may not always tell us much. 只要， 引导条件状语从句 While there is life there is hope. While there is a will there is a way. (3) 真题链接 One Italian example would be the Berluconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. （05年翻译） While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretation supplied to them by lawyers.,4.联想记忆： (1) While 与when 的区分 when 后面引导的从句，谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可为短暂性动词，且 可做并列连词，表示 ：“这时” 但是在接下来几种情况下，只能用when. A: be about towhen正打算这时(发生了另外一件事) B：was / were doingwhen 正在.这时（发生了另外一件事） C：had donewhen 刚要做这时（发生了另外一件事） eg. When we were about to set out when it began to rain. He had hardly sat down when his mobile phone rang. While 后面引导的谓语动词必须为延续性动词，强调主从句的两个动词同时发生； The baby fell asleep in the sofa while his mother was cooking in the kitchen. (2) While 表示 “然而 时”, 与but 的区分 Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. I ought to have helped her but I never could. While作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表对比。而but表转折。 注意用心比较体会while与but的句中用意.,5.Writing tips: some people/students prefer sth while others would rather do There are many reasons for this: first of all, parents tend to be conservative and satisfied with what they have, while children are always keen to experience something new, and are quick to adopt new fashion and ways of thinking. Parents, because they have a better understanding of the dangers in society, criticize their youngsters behavior and are reluctant to let them have their own way.,94单选 1.By the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two weeks.A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying 2. I appreciated _ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given 3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least.A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 4. The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more 5. _ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.A. Because of B. As to C. In spite of D. In view of,6. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzedC. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they finished.A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. No bread eaten sweet as _ earned by his own labor.A. one B. that C. such D. what 9. It isnt cold enough for there _ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.A. would be B. being C. was D. to be 10. Scientists generally agree that the Earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years _ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.A. as long as B. as much as C. as soon as D. as well as,11. Please do not be _ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disregarded B. distorted C. irritated D. intervened 12. Craig assured his boss that he would _ all his energies in doing this new job.A. call forth B. call at C. call on D. call off 13. Too much _ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A. disclosure B. exhibition C. contact D. exposure 14. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes _, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A. dim B. blank C. faint D. vain 15. It is well known that knowledge is the _ condition for expansion of mind.A. incompatible B. incredible C. indefinite D. indispensable,16. More than two hundred years ago the United States _ from the British Empire and become an independent country.A. got off B. pulled down C. broke away D. attached to 17. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is _ loud continuous noise.A. subjected to B. filled with C. associated with D. dropped off 18. Some of the most important concepts in physics _ their success to these mathematical systems.A. oblige B. owe C. contribute D. attribute 19. As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something _ researching into.A. precious B. worth C. worthy D. valuable 20. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals_ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.A. relieve B. release C. dismiss D. discard,21. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would _ be able to walk. A. in no time B. by all means C. in no way D. on any account 22. While typing , Helen has a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth. A. occasionally B. simultaneously C. eventually D. promptly 23. One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great _to educate their children. A. efforts B. pains C. attempts D. endeavors 24.If any man here does not agree with me, he should _his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people. A. put on B. put out C. put in D. put forward 25.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be _to it. A. connected B. fastened C. bound D. stuck,26.The English language contains a(n) _of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation.A. altitude B. latitude C. multitude D. attitude 27. In my opinion, you can widen the _of these improvements through your active participation.A. dimension B. volume C. magnitude D. scope 28.Your improper words will give _to doubts concerning your true intentions.A. rise B. reason C. suspicion D. impulse 29.The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made _.A. on the spot B. on the site C. on the location D. on the ground 30.The remarkable _of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution. A. classification B. variety C. density D. diversion,语法归纳： (1) no more than 不多于，仅仅，只有，形容少 The expert advised no more than 3 grams for health people. not more than 为 more than 的否定形式 不多于，不超过 no less than 不少于，多则， I have not more than 3 relatives in this city. not less than 为less than 的否定式 不少于 no more than.doc (2) if 引导的虚拟语气 三种基本形式 与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词用were/did 主句的谓语动词用could/would/might+ do 与过去事实相反，从句 had done, 主句的谓语动词用would/could/might have done 与将来事实相反，从句用 were/were to do/did/ should do主句用would do If 引导的虚拟语气的倒装形式 If省略，从句中的were, should, would提到主语之前。,95年单选 1.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed _. A. had produced B. have been produced C. would have produced D. had been produced 2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ his argument in favor of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on 4. _ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. A. Everybody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody5. How many of us _, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. Attending C. to attend D. have attended,6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that 7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _ in a personal one. A. rather than B. Other than C. better than D. less than 8. _ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. It D. As 9. It is believed that todays pop music can serve as a creative force _ stimulating the thinking of its listeners. A. by B. with C. at D. on 10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A. as it is B. the same as C. so is D. and so is,11. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly _ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. A. admired B. regarded C. expected D. worshipped 12. A _ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval. A. shorthand B. scheme C. schedule D. sketch 13. A man has to make _ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old. A. supply B. assurance C. provision D. adjustment 14. The newly-built Science Building seems _ enough tolast a hundred years. A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady 15. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _ free medical care. A. entitled to B. involved in C. associated with D. assigned to,16. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at _. A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat 17. I felt _ to death because I could make nothing of the chairmans speech. A. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bored 18. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at _. A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty 19. Your advice would be _ valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end. A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively 20. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _ the consequences. A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into,21. The river is already _ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood. A. parallel to B. level in C. flat on D. flush with 22. People _ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. A. convinced B. anticipated C. resolved D. assured 23. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills. A. adapted B. acknowledged C. assembled D. appointed 24. The mother said she would _ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper. A. let down B. let alone C. let off D. let out 25. We should always keep in mind that _ decisions often lead to bitter regrets. A. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt,26. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _ in the dictionary. A. missing B. losing C dropping D. leaking 27. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women _ this field is climbing. A. engaging B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing 28. The supervisor didnt have time so far to go into it _, but he gave us an idea about his plan. A. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length 29. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest _ of being met. A. prospect B. prediction C. prosperity D. permission 30. Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a _ way when in a furious state. A. stable B. rational C. legal D. credible,第二讲 as 的用法,1.基本词义： prep. 作为,以.的身份 当作 像;如同 conj. 像.一样;依照;像 such as 当.时 随着 因为 虽然 Tired as he was, he sat up late. ad. 跟.一样地,同样地 如同;例如 pron. 1. (与such, the same, as等连用,引导关系从句)与.相同的事物(或人) 2. (引导从句,对前述内容作补充)本情况,该事实 She has married again, as was expected.,A. as 的介词结构 “作为”，以身份 By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in court of law. If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.,B. As 引导的连词结构 1.as用作连词引导时间状语从句 as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是当的时候。但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。例如： (1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。 (2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。 (3) You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。,2. as用作连词引导原因状语从句 as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是因为，由于，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作既然。例如： (1) He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。 (2) Since you are so sure of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。 (3) As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。,3.as作连词引导让步状语从句 as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是虽然，尽管，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如： (1) Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。 (2) Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。 (3) However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。,真题链接： Plenty of good writers dont use outline at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feeling, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.,C. as 相关的固定结构 Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. On one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. This theory was known as diffusionism.,In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.,D. as 与动词固定结构 It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. Any regard for suffering of animals is seen as a mistake a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. Later, the idea become to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals the average scientist, for one.,Friendly tips: as单独引导定语从句 as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如： (1) She is late, as is often the case.她迟到了，这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句) (2) To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.对事实视而不见-你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语),第三讲 并列平行结构,一.and 连接的并列句,and 连接名词的平行结构 eg. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique, pop starts and vaunted athletes. They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.,and 连接动词的平行结构 He visited the casino, lost the 20 and left. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. You should go through the paper many timesand then again working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, had a single origin and passed from society to society. The tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternatives.,and 连接形容词的平行结构 Now gambling is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government. They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.,and 连接两个副词 He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. and 连接两个介词的并列结构 He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree. On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino ( a place where gambling games are played).,and 连接两个非谓语动词的并列结构 What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off the evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.,and 连接两个并列的句子 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they can be solved by physical and biological technology alone. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law. When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.,and 与固定搭配的平行结构 1. part and parcel If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. 2.betweenand There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young.,or 引导的并列结构,表选择 or连接两个名词 So poor in one sense was it (his memory) that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. 2. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time