（全国卷Ⅰ）高考英语二轮复习 第一部分 语法专题突破 1 名词、冠词和代词课件.ppt

2016高考导航适用于全国卷,专题1名词、冠词和代词,专题1名词、冠词和代词,专题1名词、冠词和代词,考点一名词的单复数,1(2014高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)Whilethereareamazingstoriesofinstanttransformation，formostofusthe_(change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.,changes,2(2015南昌十所重点中学二模)InkeepingadiaryinEnglish，wecertainlyrunupagainstmany_(difficult)3(2014高考全国卷，短文改错，节选)Sincethenforalltheseyearwehavebeenallowingtomatoestoselfseedwheretheyplease._,difficulties,yearyears,名词的单复数1可数名词的数(1)可数名词单数变复数的规则变化可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾后加s或es，规则的复数构成形式如下：,在词尾直接加s,tabletablesparkparks,在词尾加es,busbusesboxboxeswishwisheswatchwatches,将y变为i再加es,familyfamiliesbutterflybutterfliesdictionarydictionaries,在词尾直接加s,daydaysholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys,一般在词尾加s,photophotosradioradioszoozoos,有些在词尾加es,potatopotatoestomatotomatoesheroheroes,一般变f或fe为v，再加es,knifekniveswifewiveslifelivesleafleaves,少数直接加s,roofroofsbeliefbeliefs,(2)有些名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的不规则构成形式如下：,manmenwomanwomenfootfeetmousemicegoosegeesetoothteeth,oxoxenchildchildren,fish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)，series，Chinese，Swiss,2.不可数名词的数一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk，homework，housework，weather，news，information，bread，advice，progress，equipment，meat,fun，luggage，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room(空间)，man(人类)等。,特别注意1word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。WordcamethatthemeetingwillbeheldonFriday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。2名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数形式。mandoctormendoctors男医生womanwaiterwomenwaiters女服务生,名师指津1不定冠词a、an后用名词单数形式。2有some、many、all、both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。3名词前有oneof时，名词用复数形式。4谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。,.单句语法填空1(2015太原模拟)Thelittleboyatesomany_(potato)andsomuchmeatthathethrewupatdawn.2(2015山东临沂二模)TheALSmakespeoplesmusclesbecomehard.Itishardforthepatientstomove.StephenHockingisoneofthe_(suffer)3(2016江西重点中学盟校第一次联考)SoIhopetherewillbemoreandmorecharityshopsinther_(place),potatoes,suffers,places,.单句改错1(2015石家庄二模)Planthadtobeonlandbeforeanimalsarrived._2(2015江西赣州高三摸底考试)Whenmyunclearrivedwithasmile，Ithrewmyarmaroundhimtogivehimawarmhug._3(2015济宁模拟)Ifeelterrible，Ididntdowellinthemathtest.Donttakeittoohard.yourealreadymakingprogressesandwillsurelylearnitwell._,PlantPlants,armarms,progressesprogress,考点二词性的转换1.(2015高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir_(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.,ability,2(2015河南洛阳高三第二次统一考试)Howdolearninghabitsinfluencelearningresults？Itsusefulandnecessarytodiscusslearninghabits.Thereisafamous_(say)“Goodhabitsleadtogoodendings”，whichshowstheimportanceofhabits.3(2015山东日照二模)Besuretobewithastrong_(aware)thatyouarewhatyoueat!,saying,awareness,一、形容词变名词的后缀,shortshortage不足；短缺,efficientefficiency效率；功效fluentfluency流利；流畅accurateaccuracy准确性privateprivacy隐私，私密,freefreedom自由；自主wisewisdom明智；智慧,differentdifference差异silentsilence沉默,weakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意,strongstrength力气；强项warmwarmth温暖；热情,difficultdifficulty困难cruelcruelty残酷；残暴safesafety安全responsibleresponsibility责任,二、动词变名词的后缀,approveapproval赞成；批准arrivearrival到来；到达survivesurvival幸存proposeproposal提议；建议,appearappearance出现；外貌guideguidance指引；指导performperformance表演；节目existexistence存在；生存preferpreference偏爱referreference参考；查阅,attractattraction吸引inviteinvitation邀请；请柬graduategraduation毕业expectexpectation期待；期望competecompetition比赛；竞争explainexplanation解释,discussdiscussion讨论；辩论decidedecision决定admitadmission接纳；准许入学,hearhearing听力；听觉startstarting开始,achieveachievement功绩；成就argueargument辩论；论据treattreatment对待；治疗,failfailure失败；没做到presspressure压力mixmixture混合；混合物departdeparture离开；出发,recoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery发现,choosechoice选择varyvariety多样化；种类tendtendency趋向；趋势,名师指津1根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空前的限定词判断词性:冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。2根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。3确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式。,1(2015济南一模)The_(protect)andimprovementofthehumanenvironmentisamajorissuewhichaffectsallthepeopleandeconomicdevelopmentthroughouttheworld.2(2015济南模拟)JustimaginehowterriblyshyIwasthemomentIthoughtofthatwithsomanyeyesfixeduponme.Ihadnoother_(choose)，though.,protection,choice,3(2015洛阳统一考试)Thecustomerthoughtforamoment，butdidntrespondbecausehedidntwanttostartan_(argue)4(2015郑州第三次诊断)Britishfamiliesstartedgoingonholidaytotheseasidearoundthemiddleofthe19thcentury.The_(invent)oftherailwaysmadethispossible.,argument,invention,考点三冠词的基本用法,1(2015高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)Theadobedwellings(土坯房)builtbythePuebloIndiansofAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven_mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.2(2015江西南昌调研)Someinventionshappeninstrangeways.Thepotatochipisoneofthem.MoonsLakeHousewas_restaurantinNewYorkinthe1850s.,the,a,3(2015河南省高考适应性测试)Wecanbroadenourhorizonsandknowmoreabouttheworldbywatching_latestnewsandreports.4(2014高考辽宁卷，短文改错，节选)Besides，Cleotendstobarkaaverageofsixhoursaday._5(2015南昌二模)LionelMessi，_playerfromtheSouthAmericancountryofArgentina，isthegreatestsoccerplayeralivetoday.,the,a,第一个aan,一、不定冠词的基本用法1用在第一次提到的人或物的名词前，表泛指。Atthattime，Iwasworkinginafactory.Thefactoryproducescarparts.那时，我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车零部件。2表示数量“一”或“任何一个”。Whatwouldyoulike?你想喝点什么？Iwouldlikeacoffeeandtwobeers.我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。,3用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。Hemissedthegoldinthehighjump，butwillgetasecondchanceinthelongjump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。二、定冠词的基本用法1特指前面已提及的人或物，或双方都知道的人或物。Takeyourtimeitsjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.不着急从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离。2.用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前,表“一类人或物”。Theexplosionsawpeoplerushtohelptheinjured.爆炸发生后，人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。,3用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前。YangLiweiisthefirstmanwhohasbeenintospaceinChina.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。4用于被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前。(2015高考重庆卷，单项填空，改编)IjustheardthebankwhereDoraworkswasrobbedbyagunmanwearingamask.我刚听说多拉工作的银行被一个戴面具的持枪人抢劫了。,三、零冠词的基本用法1用于表示泛指的不可数或复数名词前。Keepingadiaryisagoodhabit，bywhichyoullmakegreatprogress.记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。2用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。Areyougoingtherebyplaneorbyship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？3用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。Afteryearsofhardwork，TomturnedengineerwhileMarygoodmanager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一个好经理。,.单句语法填空1(2015河南普通毕业班适应性练习)Englishisnow_internationallanguage.Itisusedinmanyaspects.2(2015北京石景山一模)Thevillagershavebeensearchingfor_buriedpeoplewithoutstopsincetheaccidenthappened.3Theexperimentturnedouttobe_completefailure,whichwasntwhattheywanted.,an,the,a,.单句改错1(2015太原二模)ThreeyearsagoIfailedanimportantexaminmylifeandbecameastudentinaordinaryschool._2(2016河南六市第一次联考)LastSundayIsawaworststorminyears.Itcamesuddenlyandwentonformorethanthreehours._3(2015济宁模拟)Hikingisgreatfun.Youwillgetclosetothenatureandtakeexerciseatthesametime._,第二个aan,athe,去掉第一个the,考点四冠词用于固定搭配中1(2015山东烟台模拟)Ifyoudonthave_goodknowledgeofEnglish，itsoutofquestionforyoutouseitflexiblyandfluently.2(2015河北保定联考)Itis_wasteoftime，attimesthefoodisnotfreshanddoesnottastedelicious.,a,a,3(2015日照模拟)Wouldyoumindgivingmeadviceonhowtoimprovemyrecord?Ifyoumake_mostofyourpotential，therewillbeariseinyourachievement.4(2015南昌一模)In_eyesofchildren，playingontheInternetcanonlybringthemgreatfun.,the,the,一、常用固定结构1用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按计算”。ItssaidJohnwillbeinajobpayingover$60，000ayear.据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。Right，hewillalsogetpaidbytheweek.是的，他的工资将按周支付。2用于“the比较级.the比较级.”(越越)结构中。Themorecarefulyouare，thefewermistakesyouwillmake.你越小心，就会越少犯错误。,二、冠词用在固定短语中1不定冠词用于固定搭配中ataloss不知所措，困惑allofasudden突然inahurry匆忙的asarule通常beonavisit参观；拜访asamatteroffact事实上asaresult因此beonadiet节食haveagiftfor在某方面有天赋have/catchacold感冒makealiving谋生,have/takearest休息inaway从某种意义上说givesb.alift让某人搭便车2定冠词用于固定短语中atthemoment此刻；目前atthesametime同时notintheleast一点也不onthecontrary相反onthewhole总的来说totellthetruth说实话inthedistance在远处ontheotherhand另一方面,tothepoint中肯；切题makethemost/bestof充分利用bytheway顺便说一下gotothecinema/theater去看电影/戏剧inthemiddleof在中间3零冠词用于固定短语中onpurpose故意地bychance碰巧catch/onfire着火atdawn/dusk在黎明/黄昏makeroomfor让位outofdate过时的bysea乘船,单句语法填空1(2015临沂模拟)Withthedevelopmentofsociety，ourcountryisbadlyinneedofthosewith_bettercommandofcomputerskills.2(2015河南罗山高中二模)Isaid，“Youtellyoursweetnephewthattherearestillnicepeopleleftwhowantedtogivethem_handinthisworld.”,a,a,3(2015山东济南二模)Andtheheadmasterhad_hardtimewithallthehomework!4(2015石家庄二中一模)Thetourwillprovide_uniqueopportunitytostaywithaBritishfamilyforaweekin_hopethatyouwillbetterunderstandthelifethere.,a,a,the,(1)判断设空后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数。(2)根据语境或语法结构确定是泛指还是特指。复数名词或不可数名词表泛指不加任何冠词，单数可数名词表泛指时其前需要加不定冠词；表特指须用定冠词the。,(2014高考陕西卷，语法和词汇知识，改编)_villagewhereIwasbornhasgrowninto_town.【解析】句意为：我出生的那个小村庄已经发展成了一个小镇。分析句子结构可知，village后有定语从句whereIwasborn修饰，故第一空为特指，用定冠词the；由句意可知,小村庄已经发展成了一个小镇，故第二空为泛指，用不定冠词a，表示“一个”。,The,a,考点五代词,1(2015高考全国卷，语法填空,节选)Afewhoursbefore,IdbeenathomeinHongKong，with_(it)chokingsmog.2(2015河南顶级名校5月模拟)Soldiershelpedtotakepeopleoutofthefloodedareaandthewelfaredepartmentbrought_(they)food，clothesandshelter.,its,them,3(2014高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)Thenthedriverstoodupandasked，“Didanyoneloseasuitcaseatthelaststop？”Awomanonthebusshouted，“Oh，dear！Its_(I)”4(2015江西上饶三模)Third，antsthinkaboutsummerallwinter.Duringthewinter，theyremind_(they),“Thiswontlastlongandwellsoonbeoutofhere.”Onthefirstwarmday，theantsareout.5(2015河南三门峡考前适应性练习)Janewaswalkingroundthedepartmentstore.Sherememberedhowdifficult_wastochooseasuitableChristmaspresentforherfather.,me/mine,themselves,it,一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词及疑问代词的用法,I,you,he，she，it,we,you,they,me,you,him，her，it,us,you,them,my,your,his，her，its,our,your,their,mine,yours,his，hers，its,ours,yours,theirs,myself,yourself,himself，herself，itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,who，whom，whose，which，what,Mythanksshouldgotothoseinspiringmetogoaheadandgivingmesupportaswell.我感谢那些鼓励我前进并给予我支持的人。WhatIwanttosayisthis：youshouldgraspeveryminutetofinishyourwork.我想说的是，你应该抓住每一分钟的时间完成你的工作。SuchisthepoweroftheTVthatitcanmakeapersonsuddenlyfamous.这就是电视的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。,二、不定代词的用法,other泛指“其余的，另外的”,只作定语。other复数名词others。,Insomecountries，peopleeatwithchopsticks,whileinothers/othercountries，knivesandforks.,theother特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。theother可数名词复数theothers。,(2015高考陕西卷，语法和词汇知识，改编)Towarmhimself，thesailorsatinfrontofthefirerubbingonebarefootagainsttheother.,三、指示代词this，that，these，those，such，so的用法,指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物。,指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that可指上文提到过的人或物。,指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数。,代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此,这样”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。,(2015高考天津卷，单项填空，改编)Thequalityofeducationinthissmallschoolisbetterthanthatinsomelargerschools.这所小学校的教育质量比一些更大的学校的(教育质量)好。(2015山东潍坊模拟)Peoplelivingincolderregionsaregenerallylargerthanthoselivinginhotterones.生活在寒冷地区的人通常比生活在炎热地区的人身材高大些。,四、it的用法1用作人称代词，用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。TheSmithsboughtanewhousebutitwillneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.史密斯一家买了一套房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。2it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。Nomatterwhereheis，hemakesitaruletogoforawalkbeforebreakfast.不管在哪里，他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。,3常用于固定搭配中。makeit成功；hate/like/enjoyitthat.讨厌/喜欢；Icanthelpit我没有办法；ifIcanhelpit如果我有办法；whenitcomesto.当涉及时；relyon/dependon/countonitthat.相信；assb.putsit.正如某人所说；Iwouldappreciateitif.如果，我将不胜感激。Iwouldappreciateitifyoutakemysuggestionintoconsideration.如果你考虑我的建议我将不胜感激。,1(2015南昌模拟)Therearealsotwodifferenttrips，bothquitereasonablypriced._isaclimbingtriptothetopofMountPuimonen.Theotherisa5kmcrosscountryskiingtrip.2(2015河南三门峡考前适应性练习)Shedidnothesitateforlong：althoughherfathersmokedapipeonlyonceinawhile，sheknewthatthiswasapresentwhichwasboundtoplease_,One,him,3(2015青岛高三统一质量检测)Bothteamswereinhardtraining；_waswillingtolosethegame.4(2015河北五个一名校联盟监测二)Idontthink_isnecessaryforyoutobuythefastestone.Itwouldbeawasteofmoney.,neither,it,技法1通过句子成分确定填什么代词分析句子成分，如果句中缺主语，则可能填人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；如果缺宾语，则可能填人称代词宾格；如果宾语与主语是指同一人，则应用反身代词。,(2015日照模拟)Onmydeskisaphotothatmyfathertookof_(I)whenIwasababy.【解析】设空处作介词of的宾语，应用人称代词宾格；再结合句意“我的桌子上有张我小时候父亲为我拍的照片”可知填me。,me,技法2通过句式结构判断是否填it根据句式结构，判断句子是否为it的特殊句式，it作形式主语、形式宾语或在强调句式中。(2015山西四校联考)Idappreciate_ifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwillcome.【解析】句意：如果你能提前告知我你是否会来的话，我将感激不尽。Idappreciateitif.为固定句型，意为“如果，我将感激不尽”。it在该句型中作形式宾语，指代下文if从句的内容。,it,