英美文学赏析--英国文学部分

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一. Anglo-Saxon period<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:thenational epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. (主题严肃，语言庄重)e.g. Homers Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliteration(押头韵)（该文最大修辞特点，每行第一个词辅音韵）Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（辅音）2. Using metaphor（暗喻，隐喻） and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas二.The Middle Ages （Medieval Ages）Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里乔叟1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”The father of English poetry.first time to use heroic couplet(英雄双韵体) by middle English代表作坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury tales。It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A ) A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. MatinLuther C. William Langland D. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(英雄双韵体) by middle English<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德<The Houseof Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf三.The Renaissance Period key word: humanism(Bacon,Shakespeare,Marlowe)A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术/学、星座)2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1  FrancisBacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（散文之父）The first English essayist.（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.<TheAdvancement of Learning>学术的推进<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)nThe theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.2 ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595“University Wits”(大学才子派), the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.（不押韵的抑扬格五音步）Marlowe gave new vigor to _ with his “mighty lines”( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terzarima D. blank verse <The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n  <The Jew ofMalta>马耳他的犹太人3William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616l  Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer NightS Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154<The Sonnets> Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.4. Ben Jonson<Comedy of Humours><Volpone, or the fox>狐狸5Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）The poets poet.The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster AbbeyWhich of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poets poet”? ( B ) A. Spensers idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody     <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.<The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.<Amoretti>爱情小唱n6 Thomasl More托马斯莫尔14781535<Utopia>乌托邦四. Revolution and Restoration(资产阶级革命与王朝复辟)The 17th Century（John Milton，Marvell ,Donne, Dryden）Theme :sex and death1 John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674(文风：庄严，敬畏)（诗人、政论家;失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙.）a great master of the blank verse Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园ntheme: fall of man  <Paradisen Regained>复乐园Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙<Areopagitica>论出版自由n<The Defence of theEnglish People>为英国人民声辩<On His Blindness>我的失明The Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).(Marvell ,Donne, Dryden)Milton 和Bunyan 对比(1)Milton A. was the chief Puritan poet; B. gave us the only epic since Beowulf; C. voiced the Puritan ideals for the educated class; (2)Bunyan A. was the chief Puritan writer of prose; B. gave us the only great allegory - The Pilgrims Progress;C. spoke for the common people. Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：Poetry of a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar thingsmysticism in content and fantasticality in form(主题神秘，语言奇特) the diction（用语）is simple, the imagery(意象) is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. Conceits（狂想，自负，幻想）or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段论 Meditations 沉思录The Flea 虱子(Donne) Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:<Forbidding Mourning>2.  JohnBunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrims Progress>天路历程n五The 18th Century：Enlightenment andNeo-Classical(Pope,Swift ,Defoe,)同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, （秩序，逻辑）restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16thcentries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起（the rise of English novel）：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Characteristics of Neo-Classical literatureProse: should be precise , direct , smooth ,flexiblePoetry: should be lyrical , epical , didactic and dramatic and each class should be guided by its own principles;Dram: should be written in the heroic couplets 1  AlexanderPope亚历山大蒲柏16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism （理性主义）to England.Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift <AnEssay on Criticism>批评论nArtistic features:1.Using“heroic couplets”<The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记<Moral Essays>道德论<Essay on Man>人论n<The Dunciad>愚人记n2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745讽刺小说家a master satirist<Gullivers Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Yahoos出自格列佛游记。半人半兽的马Four parts: Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag大人国 Flying Island 飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议n<The Battle of Books>书战<A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n <The Drappers Letters>一个麻布商的书信3. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731<Robinsonn Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, andhe is the founder of realistic novel.<Robinsonn Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.<Moll Flanders><Colonel Jacque> <Captain singleton>4. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯17591796（前浪漫主义，苏格兰民间诗人, National poet of Scottish）The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生，我的爱人 <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰n <Auld LongnSyne>往昔时光5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.novels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆琼斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫安德鲁<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生威尔德<Amelia>爱米利亚n plays:<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年历史记事<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英国n六 The Romantic PeriodAge of passion rebellion and creativityThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualities of each individuals mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850被称作Worshipper of nature, Natures prient（与柯尔律治(Coleridge)、骚塞(Southey)同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel TaylorColeridge):a landmark in English poetry <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel TaylorColeridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834        The Lake Poets <The Rime of the AncientMariner>古舟子颂 <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔 <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂 <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3.  George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l“Byronic hero”is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.<Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐<When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>4.  Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<The Cenci>钦契一家<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性 Lyrics: <Ode to the West Wind>西风颂 (destroyer and preserver)Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seadsshich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcbcdcdedee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerzarima(三行诗aba bcbcdcdedefe)<To a Skylark>致云雀Ode: A long lyric poem that is Serious in subject and treatment; Elevated in style; Elaborate in stanzaic structure    5.  John Keats约翰济慈17951821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)     Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to aNightingale>夜莺颂<Ode to Psyche>心灵颂<Ode On Melancholy>忧郁颂<To Autumn>秋颂nTheme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.On first looking into chapmans homer6.  Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817lShe compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.<Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapter I)7. WalterScott沃尔特斯科特17711832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels<Rob Roy>罗伯罗伊<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫Poetry in the Neo-classical period:Too artificial; too rhetorical in language; too restrained in its expression of emotion; too repressive of the imagination“preface to Lyrical Ballads”:Spontaneous overflow of emotion; poet as man talking to man; language of common man; common people represent natural man  七The Victorian Period 1832-1900(Realism and Naturalism)(现实主义Realism，小说为主)Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1.  Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯18121870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer <The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外传 <Oliver Twist>奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿） <The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店 <A Christmas Carol>圣诞颂歌 <Dombey and Son>董贝父子 <David Copperfield>大卫科波菲尔 <Bleak House>荒凉山庄<Hard Times>艰难时世 <A Tale of TwoCities>双城记(London & Paris) <Great Expectations>远大前程 <Our MutualFriend>我们共同的朋友  是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。 2. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特18161855（勃朗特三姐妹） <Jane Eyre>简爱Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood SchoolIt is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. <Shirley>雪莉 <Professor>教师   Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特18181854 < Wutheringn Heights>呼啸山庄A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella < Old Stoic>Anne Bronte诗人3. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德丁尼生18091892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend < Break, Break, Break> < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗4.  Robert Browning罗伯特白朗宁18121889  <My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 <Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思 11