2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前模拟强化练习题18（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 写作题Directions: Write a short essay of about 300 words on the following topic. Do remember to provide a title for your essay. Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe the best way is through personal experience.Compare the advantages of these two different ways. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.【答案】略2. 单选题When gas station manager Roger Randolph realized it was costing him money each time someone filled up with $4-a-gallon gas, he hung a sign on his pumps: “No more credit cards.” He may be the first in West Virginia to ban plastic, but gas station operators nationwide are reporting similar woes as higher prices translate into higher credit card fees the managers must pay, squeezing profits at the pump. “The more they buy, the more we lose,” said Randolph, who manages Mr. Eds Chevron in St. Albans. “Gas prices go up, and our profits go down.” His complaints target the so-called interchange fee, a percentage of the sale price paid to credit card companies on every transaction. The percentage is fixed, usually at just under 2 percent, but the dollar amount of the fee rises with the price of the goods or services. As gas tops $4 a gallon, that pushes fees toward 10 cents a gallon. Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.In a good month, Randolphs small operation would yield a $60 profit on gasoline sales. But thats been buried as soaring prices forced the station to pay about $500 a month in interchange fees. “At these prices, people arent making any money,” said Jeff Lenard, spokesman for the Alexandria, Va.-based National Association of Convenience Stores. “Its brutal.” Lenards group reports convenience stores paid roughly $7.6 billion in credit card fees last year, while making $3.4 billion in profits.The credit card companies say fees are just part of the cost of doing business. MasterCard has capped interchange fees for gas purchases of $50 or more, said company spokeswoman Sharon Gamsin. Accepting MasterCard also gives gas stations “increased sales, greater security and convenience, lower labor costs, and speed for their customers at the pump,” Gamsin said in an e-mail to The Associated Press. Visa argues that the fees are offset “by the tangible benefits to stations and their customers, such as the ability to pay at the pump,” the company said in a statement to the AP.1. Why do some gas station owners no longer accept credit cards?2.What is the average interchange fee paid by gas station owners?3.How much profit does the average gas station owner make on a gallon of gas?4.Visa believes that allowing customers to pay with a credit card offers（ ）to everyone involved.5. When profits are "shrinking", they are（ ）.问题1选项A.They are afraid of outdated cards.B.They prefer the "instant gratification" of getting cash.C.They are afraid of credit fraud.D.They do not want to pay high credit card fees.问题2选项A.About $4.B.About 2%.C.About $60.D.11 to 12 cents.问题3选项A.About 2%.B.About $ 4.C.11 to 12 cents.D.About $60.问题4选项A.tangible threatsB.tangible benefitsC.uncertaintyD.inconvenience问题5选项A.decreasingB.holding steadyC.increasingD.undulating【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词 “no longer accept credit cards” 可以定位到文章第一段中 “When gas station manager Roger Randolph realized it was costing him money each time someone filed up with $4-a-gallon gas, he hung a sign on his pumps: “No more credit cards.”译为：当加油站经理Roger Randolph发现，在4美元一加仑汽油的情况下，每当有人选择加满时，他都会出现负利润，于是他在加油站挂上了“不支持使用信用卡”的标示，以及 “He may be the first in West Virginia to ban plastic, but gas station operators nationwide are reporting similar woes as higher prices translate into higher credit card fees the managers must pay, squeezing profits at the pump.”译为：也许他是西弗吉尼亚州第一位禁止使用信用卡的人，但是全国各地加油站经营者都曾指出过汽油价格的上涨意味着需要支付的信用卡费用更多，因此实际上是对加油站利益的一种压榨。由此可以推断出答案选D。2.细节事实题。由题干中关键词 “average interchange fee”可以定位到文章第一段 “The percentage is fixed, usually at just under 2 percent, but the dollar amount of the fee rises with the price of the goods or services.” 译为：这个比率是固定的，通常不超过2%，但是随着商品和服务价格上涨，这部分费用的总量也会增加。可推断出答案选B。3.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文第一段最后一句 “Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.” 译为：现在，加油站通常在成本的基础上将每一加仑的汽油加价11-12美分，但是它们的利润正在缩水，甚至出现负利润。由此推断答案选C。4.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段中Visa argues that the fees are offset “by the tangible benefits to stations and their customers, such as the ability to pay at the pump”，译为：维萨卡方面称，信用卡交换费是可以与其带给加油站和顾客的实实在在的利益相抵消的，例如在加油站的支付能力。由此可推断出答案选B。5.词汇题。根据题干关键词 “shrinking” 定位到文章中第一段最后一句 “Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.”由此可推断出shrink是指利润减少。因此推断出答案选A。3. 单选题When companies do business overseas, they come in contact with people from different cultures. These individuals often speak a different language and have their own particular custom and manners. （1） .For example, in France, business meetings begin promptly at the designated time and everyone is expected to be there. （2） to cool their heels as a means of letting them know the importance of promptness. Unless one is aware of such expected behaviors he may end up insulting the people with whom he hopes to establish trade relations.（3）. For example, if a transaction is conducted with Russia, payment may be made in rubles. Of course, this currency is of little value to the American firm. It is, therefore, necessary to convert the foreign currency to American dollars. How much are these Russian rubles worth in terms of dollars? （4）. Thus there is an established rate, although it will often fluctuate from day to day. For example, the ruble may be worth 0.75 on Monday and 0.72 on Tuesday because of an announced wheat shortage in Russia.A third unique problem is trade barriers. For one reason or another, all countries impose trade barriers on certain goods crossing their borders. （5）. For example, the United States permits strategic military material to be shipped abroad only after government permission has been obtained. Most trade barriers, however, are designed to restrict import. Two of the most common import barriers are quotas and tariffs.问题1选项A.This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold.B.Foreign business people who are late are often left outside.C.These differences can create problems.D.Foreign business people are often shocked at the strange ways of Indians doing business.E.A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions.F.Some trade barriers are directly related to exports.问题2选项A.This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold.B.Foreign business people who are late are often left outside.C.These differences can create problems.D.Foreign business people are often shocked at the strange ways of Indians doing business.E.A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions.F.Some trade barriers are directly related to exports.问题3选项A.This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold.B.Foreign business people who are late are often left outside.C.These differences can create problems.D.Foreign business people are often shocked at the strange ways of Indians doing business.E.A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions.F.Some trade barriers are directly related to exports.问题4选项A.This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold.B.Foreign business people who are late are often left outside.C.These differences can create problems.D.Foreign business people are often shocked at the strange ways of Indians doing business.E.A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions.F.Some trade barriers are directly related to exports.问题5选项A.This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold.B.Foreign business people who are late are often left outside.C.These differences can create problems.D.Foreign business people are often shocked at the strange ways of Indians doing business.E.A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions.F.Some trade barriers are directly related to exports.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:E第4题:A第5题:F【解析】1.由文章大意和结构可知，这里需要一个承上启下的过渡句。2-4段主要讲了文化差异所带来的一些问题。分析比较六个选项，选项C最为合适。2.空格前一句话 “in France, business meetings begin promptly at the designated time and everyone is expected to be there.” 说明在法国，商务会议会按照约定的时间准时开始，并且每个人都要按时达到。 而空格后一句目的状语从句to cool their heels as a means of letting them know the importance of promptness意思是“通过让他们明白及时的重要性”。由此可以推断出此处应和开会迟到的人相关，B选项最合适。3.分析文章大意及结构。文章第二段说的是第一个问题，文章第四段说的是第三个问题。由此可以得出文章第三段是第二个问题，并且根据第三段主要内容可以得知和“货币转换”有关。因此最合适的选项为E。4.联系上下文分析。空格前How much are these Russian rubles worth in terms of dollars? 译为“俄 罗斯卢布兑换成美元的比值是多少呢？ ” 空格后的句子Thus there is an established rate, although it will often fluctuate from day to day.意思是“因此会有一个确定的比率，虽然这个比率通常会波动”。选项中与兑换率相关的只有A。5.根据段落大意选择。文章最后一段的中心是trade barriers，而选项 中只有F与trade barriers相关，且与后文中的内容构成总分关系，故答案选项为F。4. 单选题Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where altitudes are concerned（1） .In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers' jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. （2） , having given his wife her “housekeeping”，would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was and still is inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a most important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws have made it less necessary than before to worry about "tomorrow". （3） .In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position. （4） . They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations.（5） As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups. 问题1选项A.Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the pastB.Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paidC.Idea about social class whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"is one area in which changes have been extremely slowD.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger peopleE.Class differences have been eliminated for centuries in almost all societies around the worldF.The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed问题2选项A.Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the pastB.Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paidC.Idea about social class whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"is one area in which changes have been extremely slowD.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger peopleE.Class differences have been eliminated for centuries in almost all societies around the worldF.The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed问题3选项A.Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the pastB.Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paidC.Idea about social class whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"is one area in which changes have been extremely slowD.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger peopleE.Class differences have been eliminated for centuries in almost all societies around the worldF.The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed问题4选项A.Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the pastB.Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paidC.Idea about social class whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"is one area in which changes have been extremely slowD.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger peopleE.Class differences have been eliminated for centuries in almost all societies around the worldF.The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed问题5选项A.Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the pastB.Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paidC.Idea about social class whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"is one area in which changes have been extremely slowD.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger peopleE.Class differences have been eliminated for centuries in almost all societies around the worldF.The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed【答案】第1题:C第2题:F第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.前文含义“但是，在某些方面变化很小，特别是在某些高度上”可推断此处应是对“very little has changed”的举例，C项含义为“关于社会阶层的问题，即一个人是否为工人阶级或中产阶级，就是一个变化非常缓慢的领域”，符合题意，故选C。2.前文含义为“在过去，工人阶级的工资往往低于中产阶级，如教师和医生。 基于这一点以及工人工作的不安全性，人们生活方式和态度出现了明显的差异。”下文举例，空格后文的含义为“给一部分给妻子作为生活开支，剩下的出去喝酒和赌博”可知此处为工人阶级的做法，选项F含义为“典型的工人阶级男人们，在周五晚上领薪水，大部分人认为”符合上下文，故选F。3.前文含义为“如今变化很大，在大多数情况下，工厂工人的收入可以与他们的中产阶级主管持平。 社会保障和法律也使人们不再担心“明天”。空格后文的含义为“事实上，在过去的几年里，中产阶级对自己的地位感到羞愧的趋势越来越明显。”可推断此处可能与 “工人阶级对自己过去的社会地位的感觉”相关，A 项含义为“工人阶级似乎在慢慢失去过去的那种自卑感” 符合上下文，故选A。4.空格后文的含义为“他们通常在音乐和衣服上有着相似的品味，为了玩得很开心他们愿意花钱，必要时还会为假期或长期计划储蓄。 与前几代相比，差异似乎要小得多。”此处可能为对某种变化的举例。选项D的含义为“生活方式和态度的变化很可能很容易在年轻人中看到”符合上下文，故选D。5.空格后文的含义为“只要这种差距存在，就永远有可能出现新的冲突和猜忌，或者旧的冲突在不同的群体之间再次出现”可推断空格处应与某种差异相关，选项B的含义为“然而，在高薪（无论他们有什么样的工作）和低薪者之间仍然有很大的差距” 符合上下文，故选B。5. 写作题Directions: Write a short essay of about 300 words on the following topic. Do remember to provide a title for your essay, Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Nowadays, more and more young people prefer online shopping. Have you ever had such experiences? Comment on this trend by analyzing its advantages and disadvantages. 【答案】略6. 单选题When Spanish explorers first entered the area now known as Hollywood, Native Americans were living in the canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains. Before long, the Indians had been moved to missions and the land which Hollywood now occupies was divided in two by the Spanish Government. Acreage to the west became part of Rancho La Brea and settlements to the East became Rancho Los Feliz.By the 1870s an agricultural community flourished in the area and crops ranging from hay and grain to subtropical bananas and pineapples were thriving. During the 1880s, the Ranchos were sub-divided. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area of Rancho La Brea that his wife then christened "Hollywood". Within a few years, Wilcox had devised a grid plan for his new community, paved Prospect Avenue (now Hollywood Boulevard) for his main street and was selling large residential lots to Wealthy Midwesterners looking to build homes so they could "winter in California".Prospect Avenue soon became a prestigious residential street populated with large Queen Anne, Victorian, and Mission Revival houses. Mrs. Daeida Wilcox raised funds to build churches, schools and a library and Hollywood quickly became a complete and prosperous community. The community incorporated in 1903, but its independence was short-lived, as the lack of water forced annexation in 1910 to the city of Los Angeles, which had a surplus supply of water.In 1911, the Nestor Company opened Hollywood's first film studio in an old tavern on the comer of Sunset and Gower. Not long thereafter Cecil B. DeMille and D. W. Griffith began making movie in the area drawn to the community for its open space and moderate climate.The needs of this thriving new industry created radical changes in the community, causing a clash between older and newer residents. Acres of agricultural land south of what-is-now Hollywood Boulevard were subdivided and developed as housing for the enormous numbers of workers that movie-making required.High-rise commercial buildings began to spring up along Hollywood Boulevard, three competing real-estate interests caused concentrations of development at Highland, Cahuenga, and at Vine. It wasn't long before nearly all the homes along the Boulevard were replaced by commercial buildings linking the three comers.Banks, restaurants, clubs and movie palaces sprang up, catering to the demands of the burgeoning film industry during the 1920s and 1930s. The architectural styles of the buildings were representative of those most popular between the World Wars. Banks were typically designed in the more formal Beaux Arts styles, but other buildings in the community took on more playful personalitiesThe ornamental Spanish Colonial Revival style reflected Hollywood's self-conscious extravagance while the new Art Deco and Modern styles fit the community's aspirations for glamour and sophistication.Hollywood has been anything but static, however, and after a few decades as the capital of film glamour, the neighborhood changed again. Although much of the studio work remained in Hollywood, many stars moved to Beverly Hills, and the elegant shops and restaurants left with them.In the 1960s, music recording studios and offices began moving to Hollywood, an offshoot of the nightclubs further west on Sunset Boulevard. Other businesses, however, continued to migrate to different parts of the city. Hollywood today is a diverse, vital and active community striving to preserve the elegant buildings from its past. Much of the movie industry remains in the area, although the neighborhood's outward appearance has changed.In 1985, the Hollywood Boulevard commercial and entertainment district was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places protecting the neighborhoods important buildings and seeing to it that the significance of Hollywoo