2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷27（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 翻译题1.书籍引导我们进入优秀的社会群体，将我们带到伟大的思想家面前。2.这些不同文化背景的年轻人都具有共同的爱好，喜欢同样的服饰、音乐和娱乐。3.名声、财富和权利都是身外之物，人人可求而得之，但没有人能代替你感受人生。4.中国坚持以人为本的科学发展观，着力构建和谐社会。5.一个时代展现在我们面前；政治更加民主，社会全面进步，人们生活进一步提高。【答案】1.Books guide us into good social groups and bring us to great thinkers.2.These young people from different cultural backgrounds all have common hobbies and like the same clothes, music and entertainment.3.Fame, wealth and power are worldly possessions that can be acquired by all, but no one can feel life for you.4.China adheres to the people-oriented scientific concept of development and strives to build a harmonious society.5. An era is unfolding before us; politics is more democratic, society is progressing in an all-round way, and peoples lives are further improved.2. 单选题The heavy fog had created an optical（ ）that made the opposite shore of the lake seem closer than it was.问题1选项A.imaginationB.conclusionC.illusionD.impression【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。illusion“幻觉”；imagination“想象”；impression“印象”；conclusion“结论”。本句意为“浓雾造成了一种错觉，使湖的对岸看起来比实际更近”，幻觉使得远处的景物看起来更近。选项C正确。3. 单选题The branches could hardly（ ）the weight of the fruit.问题1选项A.retainB.sustainC.maintainD.remain【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项retain“保持、保留”；B选项sustain“维持、支撑”；C选项maintain“维护、维持”；D选项remain“剩下、留下”，句意为：树枝几乎无法承受果实的重量。sustain the weight of sth“支撑某物”，因此选项B符合题意。4. 单选题In the next century well be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?” Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies?Probably not. Instead, well reach again for a time tested in called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millenniums most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end.Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual (IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality).The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry ware” machine, so that we could live on without the “wet ware” of a biological brain and body. The 20th centurys revolution in infotechnology will thereby merge with the 21st centurys revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Lets turn the page now and get back to real science.1.Dr. Frankenstein's remarks are mentioned in the text （  ）.2.It can be concluded from the text that the technology of human cloning should be employed（  ）.3.From the text, we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that（  ）.4.Which of the following statements is true?5.What does the word "it" in Sentence 2, Paragraph 1 refer to （  ）.问题1选项A.to give an episode of the DNA technological breakthroughsB.to highlight the importance of a means to some everlasting endsC.to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years agoD.to introduce the topic of moral philosophies incurred in biotechnology问题2选项A.excessively and extravagantlyB.reasonably and cautiouslyC.aggressively and indiscriminatelyD.openly and enthusiastically问题3选项A.DNA technology should be placed in the charge of individualsB.government should assume less control over individualsC.people need government to protect their DND informationD.old moral precepts should be abolished on human cloning问题4选项A.The biotech age will give out more personal privacyB.DNA technology has reduced the power of individualC.In the 21stcentury, people can change their DNA slightlyD.We should not attempt human cloning问题5选项A.FrankensteinB.DNAC.the monsterD.The moral issue【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “文中提到科学怪人的目的是什么？”文章第一段第二句提到 “当科学怪人制造出怪物，他就陷入是否该让这个怪物繁衍下一代的伦理问题的矛盾之中， 为了我自身的利益，让子子孙孙来承受这个诅咒？这样的问题需要我们建立新的伦理观吗？”(When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?” Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies?)，由以上可得出选项D “引出生物技术中的伦理问题这个话题”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “从文中可知人类克隆技术应该使用的方法是什么？”文章第一段通过 “科学怪人”这个例子引出生物科学中的伦理问题；第二段提到哲学家康德的观点Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end （将每个人当作个体来对待，而不是作为一种手段）；第三段提到在上文提到的准则下，我们应该放弃克隆技术（Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning）；第四段提到生物科技的时代将给我们更多保护隐私的理由（The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy）。由此可知，克隆技术的使用应该是合理并且谨慎的。选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “从文章中可知，Aldous Huxley的观点是什么？”文章第四段第二句提到 “在他的作品美丽新世界中，赫胥黎犯了一个错误：DNA技术的主动权在个人和家庭手中，而不是在权力集中的国家手中”（Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families），因此，选项A “DNA技术应该掌握在个人手中”是赫胥黎的观点，符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “下列说法哪个正确？”文章第三段第一句提到 “在这个道德准则下，我们应该放弃克隆技术，因为它会不可避免地让一些人成为另一些人达到目标的手段，而不是将每个人当作个体来对待”(Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right)，选项D “我们不应该进行人类克隆”符合题意。5.词义题。题目所问的是 “ it指的是什么？”文章第一段第二句话提到 “当科学怪人制造出怪物，他就陷入是否该让这个怪物繁衍下一代的伦理问题的矛盾之中” (When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce)，因此可知，这里的it指的是创造出来的怪物。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题The consequences of this ill-advised policy are already known to all of us here, （  ）to say that we have suffered more losses in this month than in the three previous years.问题1选项A.it sufficeB.suffices itC.suffice itD.it is suffice【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。suffice (it) to say “说得够多了”。句意：这项不明智政策的后果已经人尽皆知，不必再多说什么，我们这个月所遭受的损失比前三年的还多。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题This experienced author was able to（ ）the fact that he was not qualified for admission to college.问题1选项A.suppressB.compressC.expressD.depress【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项suppress“抑制、镇压”；B选项compress“压缩、精简”；C选项express“表达”；D选项depress“使沮丧、降低”，句意为：这位经验丰富的作家能够表达他没有资格进入大学这一事实。express“表达”符合句意，因此选项C正确。7. 单选题There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Heres one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000 kilometer-wide strip of forest running through Canada, the USSR, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of C02 and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect, will do the opposite. The “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earth's surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the world's energy is consumed by a quarter of the worlds population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just 7 percent of the global population, is responsible for 22 percent of global warming.1.“Feedback mechanisms” in Paragraph 1 most probably refer to（  ）.2.James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by（  ）.3.We can learn from the passage that（  ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that（  ）.5.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?问题1选项A.how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB.how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC.how climate changesD.how climate zones shift问题2选项A.the cutting of many treesB.desirable environmental changesC.successful migration of speciesD.unsuccessful migration of trees问题3选项A.some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB.the basic facts of global warming are unknownC.developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD.developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption问题4选项A.the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB.a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of C02 yearly to the atmosphereC.the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse-gas emissionsD.future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels问题5选项A.Material Progress and Energy Consumption.B.Prosperity and Cheap Fossil Fuels.C.Impact of Global Warming on Climate.D.Plants and Animals in the Changing Climate.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，作者举出了植物和动物适应气候变化的例子。气温上升可能对植被的生长带来不利影响，气候区的移动会使处于陌生环境下的物种死亡。濒临死亡的植被会引发火灾释放大量的二氧化碳，从而进一步加剧全球变暖。可判断出第一段主要讨论了动植物和气候变化之间的相互作用和相互关系。所谓的“反馈机制”就是这种相互作用的关系。选项B符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段， “Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die.”，可知气候学家詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区将以每年50至75公里的速度向两极移动，比树的自然移动速度要快。而且发现自己身处陌生环境的物种将会死亡。可判断出詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区域的变化将伴随着树木不成功地迁移。选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段， “There are dozens of other possible feedback mechanisms. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming.”，可知还有许多其他的反馈机制。更高的温度将加剧凝结并增加云层，这实际上可能会减缓全球变暖。可判断出一些反馈机制可能会减缓全球变暖。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段， “The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen.”，可知富裕国家居民平均每年向大气中排放3.2吨二氧化碳，是第三世界居民人均排放量的四倍多。可判断出一个第三世界国家的居民每年向大气中排放的二氧化碳还不到一吨。选项B符合题意。5.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要讨论了动植物和全球气候变暖之间的相互作用和相互关系，着重讨论气候变暖给动植物带来的影响。第二段主要提到有些反馈机制也能减缓全球变暖，而有些反馈机制会加快气温上升。最后提到富国比第三世界国家的二氧化碳排放量要更多，这是因为物质进步与能源消耗有关。综上所述，整篇文章主题为全球变暖对气候的影响。选项C符合题意。8. 单选题My heart（ ）when I heard that I had been eliminated during the first round interview.问题1选项A.droppedB.fellC.plungedD.sank【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项drop“下降”，表示从高处往下掉；B选项fall“落下、下垂”，通常指，在重力的作用下落下，或者失去平衡而跌落；C选项plunge“突然的下落”；D选项sink“下沉、消沉”，句意为：当我听说自己在第一轮面试中被淘汰时，我的心沉了下来。因此选项D符合题意。9. 翻译题中国人最懂得消遣。中国人从前的读书人，闲暇时间以琴棋书画作为消遣。在中国人看来，艺术品的好坏，意味着作者人格的高低，所以弹琴、下棋、写字和绘画，都代表了一个人的修养。弹琴不是要做音乐家，而是随着美妙的琴声，进入一个辽阔的世界，净化自己的心灵。【答案】The Chinese have the best pastime. In the past, Chinese scholars used to play the piano, chess, calligraphy and painting in their spare time. In the eyes of The Chinese people, the quality of works of art means the level of the authors personality, so playing the piano, playing chess, writing and painting all represent a persons cultivation. Playing the piano is not to be a musician, but with the wonderful sound, into a vast world, purify their own mind.10. 单选题Heres the scary thing about the identity-theft ring that the feds cracked last week: there was nothing any of its estimated 40,000 victims could have done to prevent it from happening. This was an inside job, according to court documents. A lowly help-desk worker at Tele data Communications, a software firm that helps banks access credit reports online, allegedly stole passwords for those reports and sold them to a group of 20 thieves at $60 a pop. That allowed the gang to cherry-pick consumers with good credit and apply for all kinds of accounts in their names, cost to the victims: $3 million and rising.Even scarier is this, the largest identity-theft bust to date, is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans have their credit hijacked every year. Its one of crimes biggest growth markets. A name, address and Social Security numberwhich can often be found on the Webis all anybody needs to apply for a bogus line of credit. Credit companies make $1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of that revenue to fraud, so theres little financial incentive for them to make the application process more secure. As it stands now, its up to you to protect your identity.The good news is that there are plenty of steps you can take. Most credit thieves are opportunists, not well-organized gangs. A lot of them go Dumpster diving for those millions of “pre-approved” credit-card mailings that go out every day. Others steal wallets and return them, taking only a Social Security number. Shredding your junk mail and leaving your Social Security card at home can save a lot of agony later.But the most effective way to keep your identity clean is to check your credit reports once or twice a year. There are three major creditreport outfits: Equifax (at E), TransUnion () and Experian (E). All allow you to order reports online, which is a lot better than wading through voice-mail hell on their 800 lines. Of the three, 1 found TransUnions website to be the cheapest and most comprehensivelaying out state-by-state prices, rights and tips for consumers in easy-to-read fashion.If youre lucky enough to live in Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey or Vermont, you are entitled to one free report a year by law. Otherwise its going to cost $8 to $14 each time. Avoid services that offer to monitor your reports year-round for about $70; thats $10 more than the going rate among thieves. If you think youre a victim of identity theft, you can ask for fraud alerts to be put on file at each of the three credit-report companies. You can also download a theft-report form at www.consumer.gor/idtheft, which, along with a local police report, should help when irate creditors come knocking. Just dont expect justice. That audacious help-desk worker was one of the fewer than 2% of identity thieves who are ever caught.1.What is the trend of credit-theft crime?2.The expression “inside job” most probably means（ ）.3.The creditors can protect their identity in the following way except（ ）.4.Why is it easy to have credit-theft?5.What is the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.Tightly suppressed.B.More frightening.C.Rapidly increasing.D.Loosely controlled.问题2选项A.a crime that is committed by a person working for the victimB.a crime that should be punished severelyC.a crime that does great harm to the victimD.a crime that poses a great threat to the society问题3选项A.destroying your junk mailB.leaving your Social Security card at homeC.visiting the credit-report website regularlyD.obtaining the free report from the government问题4选项A.More people are using credit services.B.The application program is not safe enough.C.Creditors usually disclose their identity.D.Creditors are not careful about their identity.问题5选项A.The danger of credit-theftB.The loss of the creditorsC.How to protect your good nameD.Why the creditors lose their identity【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。定位到文章第二段“Even scarier is this, the largest identity-theft bust to date, is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans have their credit hijacked every year. Its one of crimes biggest growth markets”, 更可怕的是，这是迄今为止最大规模的身份盗窃案，不过是沧海一粟。每年有超过70万美国人的信用被劫持。这是最大的犯罪增长市场之一。由此可知，信用盗窃犯罪率呈上升趋势。因此C选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段“A lowly help-desk worker at Tele data Communications, a software firm that helps banks access credit reports online, allegedly stole passwords for those reports and sold them to a group of 20 thieves at $60 a pop”, Tele data Communications是一家帮助银行在线获取信用报告的软件公司，据称该公司的一名地位低下的咨询台工作人员窃取了这些报告的密码，并以每份60美元的价格将其卖给了20名盗贼。由此可知，inside job意味着公司内部人员对受害者犯下的罪行。因此A选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段“Shredding your junk mail and leaving your Social Security card at home can save a lot of agony later”和第四段“But the most effective way to keep your identity clean is to check your credit reports once or twice a year”，相对应选项A、B、C，选项D以偏概全，只适用于特定的几个州，而不是所有的，因此D选项符合题意。4.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“A name, address and Social Security numberwhich can often be found on the Webis all anybody needs to apply for a bogus line of credit. Credit companies make $1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of that revenue to fraud, so theres little financial incentive for them to make the application process more secure”, 一个名字、地址和社会安全号码这些可以在网上找到是任何人申请虚假信用额度所需要的全部。信用公司每年赚1.3万亿美元，但因欺诈而损失的收入不到2%，所以他们没有什么经济动机来提高申请程序的安全性。由此可知，应用程序不够安全是信用卡容易遭到盗窃的原因。因此B选项符合题意。5.主旨大意题。定位整篇文章内容，从信用盗窃讨论，主要涉及保护个人信息。因此C选项符合题意。11. 单选题Over-working of the land in some countries has led to soil（  ）of nutrients, which, in turn, will lead to barren land.问题1选项A.repletedB.grievedC.depletedD.deplored【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。Replete “充满的，装满的”，没有单词repleted；grieved “伤心的”；depleted “耗尽的，废弃的”；deplored为动词的过去式，根据句子结构，可知此处应填入形容词作后置定语，修饰soil。句意：在一些国家，土地的过度耕作已经导致土壤耗尽营养物，这反过来又会导致土地贫瘠。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题Motivation levels can（  ） from person to person, so it is important to treat each patients psychological problem separately with solutions for each of them respectively.问题1选项A.differB.varyC.alterD.distinguish【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。Differ “使不同”；vary “使多样化”；alter “改变，更改；distinguish “区分，辨别。句意：动机水平因人而异，因此，重要的是要分别对待每个病人的心理问题，并针对每个问题提出相应的解决方案。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed（1）extending mans knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions（2）from uni