2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第196期

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题She actually preferred a more gregarious urban lifestyle and the cultural attractions in a warmer clime.问题1选项A.tranquilB.sociableC.inactiveD.undisturbed【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 实际上她很喜欢交际较多的城市生活和气候宜人的文化胜地。tranquil:安静的。sociable:好交际的。inactive:不活动的。undisturbed:安宁的，未受干扰的。gregarious:社交的，群居的。故B项与题意一致。2. 翻译题The undeniable fact is that climate is global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the United States, must take significant steps immediately.Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the world's leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions.In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other landuse practices that have raised carbon concentrations.Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future，80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies.【答案】不容否认的事实是气候变化是一个全球问题，需要在全球范围内加以 解决。毫无疑问，北半球的工业化对温室气体量的增多负有很大责任。包括美国在内的 发达国家应该立即釆取措施。不过，发达国家孤军奋战并不能抑制全球温室气体的增多。从科学角度来看，主要发展中国家的参与是必要的。几个最大的发展中国家很快就会成为世界上 最大的排放国。发展中国家化石燃料排放量已经占到全球排放量的44%。不仅如此，发展中国家还要对过度砍伐森林和其他引起碳浓度增加的土地使用行为负责任。尽管现在已经拥有了发达国家在工业化时还没有发明的清洁技术，一些发展中国家的人均能源消耗强度仍在持续快速增长。不远的将来，80%的新建发电项目会出现在发展中国家。我们所有人都希望这些项目将采用最新的尖端技术。3. 单选题Producing elastic through chemical synthesis is a tedious process consuming three months.问题1选项A.the better half ofB.for the better ofC.all the better forD.the better part of【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 通过化学合成生产弹性是很烦的一个过程，会花费大约三个月的时间（三个月大部分的时间）。the better part of大多数。4. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in order respects, appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence-as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learned that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. Not solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wound what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living -standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk，”the advocate of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2.Recorded history has taught us （  ）.3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men（  ） .4.“He was none the wiser” means （  ）.5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is（  ） .问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.cant get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.D.are persecuted.问题4选项A.he was not at all wise in listening.B.he was not at all wiser than nothing before.C.he gains nothing after listening.D.he makes no sense of the argument.问题5选项A.Law enforcementB.KnowledgeC.Mopping up the violent messD.nonviolence【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。B项(暴力难以消除种族偏见)适合做文章标题。2.细节题。第一段指出: The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing (人类的整个历史记录，那冗长乏味的暴力记录，完全没有教给我们任何东西)，故选B。3.推断题。第二段指出: 真正有理智的人鼓吹法制，遭到同类们的轻视、不信任和迫害。他们发现要人倾听他们的意见越来越困难。D项是对A,B,C三项的总结。4.语义题。None the wiser字面意思是 “点也不比以前聪明”。5.细节题。第二段指出: 如果我们在法律的构架中进行工作，真正的持久的解决总是能实现的。因此推断作者认为, 法制是消灭种族歧视的办法。5. 单选题Fuel scarcities and price increases （  ）automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.问题1选项A.persuadedB.promptedC.imposedD.enlightened【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意: 燃油短缺和价格上涨 汽车设计者缩小大型汽车的研发，转而开发全新的小型汽车和卡车生产线。persuade:说服，劝说。prompt:促进,促使。impose:强加, 征税,利用。enlighten:启发，启蒙，教导。因此B项符合句意。6. 单选题Corporations and labor unions have（  ） great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.问题1选项A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意:公司和工会已经给它们的员工、会员以及大众 了许多的福利。confer:授予（称号、学位、权力等），赋予;grant:同意，承认，准予;flungifling的过去分词，挥动，猛冲; submit提交，服从，呈递。7. 单选题The Olympic Games （  ）in 776 B.C.in Olympia, a small town in Greece.问题1选项A.originatedB.stemmedC.derivedD.descended【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 奥林匹克运动会起源于公元前776年希腊一个叫奥林匹亚的小镇。originated in 起源于，通常后面接地点; steemed 一般与介词from连用表示 “源于”; derived from 由衍生而来; descend from 由传下来，通常后面接某人。8. 单选题This spacious room is（  ） furnished with just a few articles in it.问题1选项A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely【答案】B【解析】副词辨析。句意: 宽敞的房间（  ）摆着几件家具。Lightly 轻轻地; sparsely 稀疏地; hardly 几乎不, 多用于否定句, 故排除; rarely 很少地, 多用于修饰频率; 故选B。9. 单选题His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in （  ）to his income.问题1选项A.comparisonB.proportionC.associationD.calculation【答案】B【解析】短语辨析。句意: 与收入相比，他在假期旅行和奢侈品上的开销太高了。comparison 比较，常用于by/in comparison with 与.相比较；in proportion to 与.成比例；与相比； association 联系，合伙，常用于in association with 与.联系；与合伙； calculation 计算。因此B项正确。10. 单选题The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to（  ） government spending.问题1选项A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 总统解释说，税收的目的是为政府开支（  ）。      Finance为.提供资金; expand扩大; enlarge扩大; budget安排开支,预算。故选A。11. 单选题If we don't stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will be（  ）问题1选项A.empoweredB.punishedC.pollutedD.annihilated【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 如果我们不停止与那些致命的核武器的亲密接触，整个地球将 。empower:使控制局势，授权。punish:惩罚,处罚。pollute:污染，弄脏。 annihilate:消灭，湮没。12. 写作题Write an essay on the Answer Sheet in about 200 words with the title “Open Mind”【答案】Open mindNowadays, having an open mind is very indispensable. If somebody is open-minded, that means he/she is willing to accept different ideas or new things. In our society, new things keep pumping out, which requires us to have an open mind. Only in this way, we can follow the step of the time and benefit from development. If we are confined ourselves in a small world and refuse to accept different ideas, then one day, we will became very stubborn and hard to communicate with. And also, if we cant be open-minded, we will never have creative thinking, which serves as the key of our development. As an employee, only if we have an open mind, on one hand, we can make achievements and progress by realizing our own week points and appreciating others strong ones. On the other hand, with an open mind, we can work with other colleagues wonderfully through mutual understanding and appreciation. As a boss, an open mind is equally essential, for having it, we are willing to listen to some different opinions and encourage our employees to present their new ideas, which can bring huge sometimes. To sum up, an open mind is to life what broth is to soup.13. 单选题Japan is going through a complex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is stalled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to be taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 1960s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goings of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maverick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famously cohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Nathans numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrests for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of disciplinepart familial, part social, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealing effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positive aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entrepreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-flyers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national pride.1.What characterizes the social changes in Japanese society is that（  ） .2.It is implied in the second paragraph that（  ）.3.School violence and truancy in Japan seem to be（  ） .4.The reason behind school violence and truancy in Japan seems to be that （  ）.5.What is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.they are often accompanied by a national identity crisisB.they often take place in major scale but end up in small effectC.they often happen humbly while producing huge accumulative consequencesD.they often take place without being analyzed and reported due to their complexity问题2选项A.Japan is undergoing a serious political instabilityB.a static economy might have a negative influence on societyC.most people in Japan are under severe mental strainD.many people suffer from a fracture due to their job pressure问题3选项A.tiring Japanese parents up for a long timeB.not as serious as most Japanese have imaginedC.quickly on the increase especially in recent yearsD.obviously endangering the safety of Japanese students问题4选项A.school and parents do not want to deal with errant children effectivelyB.economic stagnation has reduced parents' time to communicate with their childrenC.youths bullying has already become a popular practice for students and they find it excitingD.children are infected with problem in the adult world and rules are not strict enough问题5选项A.Solutions to Youths Crimes in Japan.B.The Japanese National Identity CrisisC.School Violence and Truancy in Japan.D.Economic and Social Changes in Japan.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。第一段：.Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways (其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项 (通常不起眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。2.推断题。第二段：In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famouslycohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the country's sense of purpose and of national identity.他关注的重点在.日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。3.细节题。根据题干关键词School violence and truancy定位至第三段: The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious (他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。4.推断题。第五段: Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of discipline (这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解), 由此可知,D项(成人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。14. 单选题In the case of Finney, where an attendant at a mental hospital caused the death of a patient by releasing a flow of trailing water into a bath, the test was whether he was grossly（  ） .问题1选项A.negativeB.negligentC.neglectedD.negligible【答案】B【解析】形近词辨析。在斐纳的案件中，一家精神病医院的一名病人在洗澡时被淹死了。现在问题是要查明，该医院的护理是不是存在失职之嫌。Negative 数负的；消极的； 否定的;阴性的。negligent疏忽的；粗心大意的。neglected被忽视的；未被好好照管的。negligible微不足道的，可以忽略的。15. 单选题Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War I，seventeen states west of the Mississippi gave women the right to vote in state elections and Representatives. It was not until 1920 that the Federal Government under pressure by suffragettes (women insisting on their right to vote), following the states lead and permitted women to take part in national elections for Congresswomen and the President.Women have made great strides since then in achieving political equality. Recently, American feminists have been working hard to achieve social and economic equality as well as political. Their belief is that, as there is nothing that women cannot do just as men, they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts. Anything less is discrimination and sexism.Few American girls agree with the extreme feminists who deride marriage and romantic love, but more and more of them are prepared to live with a man outside marriage, often saved enough money. Young couples today share both the household chores and care of the baby.The old generations, especially those that live in the city suburbs, are bewildered and disturbed by this trend. It is all against the great American tradition of the “home” as the symbol of the unified family.The American woman makes the most of her free time. She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees. She goes to classes of all kinds, from health foods to English literature, from environmental studies to karate. She swims, plays tennis, and she takes an active interest in her childrens education. In most of these activities her companions are other housewives from her neighborhood.There are women executives of some important industries and businesses. In fact there are women in most jobs which were formerly reserved for men. There are women lawyers, doctors, architects, as well as women bus drivers, but the ordinary working women will earn less than a man gets for doing the same jobalthough there is a law which makes this illegal. American girls tend to marry young, which means that 60% of the women in work are married. This also helps to explain why so many young married couples have such a high standard of living.American women seem to have more self-confidence than women from most other countries. For years they have felt no inferiority whatsoever to the male sex. Therefore visitors to the USA rarely meet militant feminists.1.When were the American women first given right to vote in national elections?2.American feminists believe that women（  ） .3.What attitude do the American women have towards marriage according to the passage?4.During their free-time, American women are usually engaged in （  ）.5. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.In 1869B.During World War IC.In 1920D.In recent years问题2选项A.have made great progress in obtaining both political and social equalityB.have achieved both social and economical equalityC.have not got enough social and economical equality as well as political oneD.have not had the same self-confidence as the men have问题3选项A.Most of them still believe in marriage and romantic loveB.Their marriage should be able to bring them money and home.C.Extreme feminists are ready to live with a man outside marriageD.The younger generations of women prefer to have a unified family问题4选项A.helping with political movem