2022年考博英语-山东大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第75期

2022年考博英语-山东大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The mountain peak is（ ）on the horizon.问题1选项A.straddlingB.overlookingC.toweringD.dominant【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。straddling “跨坐”；overlooking “俯瞰”；towering “高耸的，超越的”，侧重于与周围环境形成比较；dominant “占优势的，显性的”，be dominant on “占主导”。句意：山顶耸立在地平线上。题目中山峰没有和周围环境形成比较，在地平线上最显眼。选项D符合题意。    2. 单选题A 1994 World Bank report concluded that _ girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.问题1选项A.enrollingB.assigningC.involvingD.consenting【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。enroll “登记，注册”；assign “分配，指派”；involve “涉及”；consent “允许，赞成”。句意：1994年世界银行的报告总结道，学校注册招收女孩可能在现今的发展中国家中是对抗贫困最有效的政策。选项A符合题意。    3. 翻译题Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.【答案】直到人类意识到把人口减到一半，直到能使地球能为所有人提供足够的食物，否则人们将必须接受更多的“人造食品”。  4. 单选题Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and _ for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.问题1选项A.ingredientB.relianceC.shelterD.inclination【答案】C【解析】名词词义解析。ingredient “要素，组成部分”，reliance “信赖”；shelter “庇护，避难所”；inclination “倾向，爱好”。句意：多我们来说知识是舒适而必要的归宿在我们年老的时候，如果年轻时不开始，年老的时候它就不会给我们遮阴。选项C符合题意。    5. 单选题Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy _ at any price.问题1选项A.orderB.emancipationC.hopeD.liberty【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。order “命令，顺序”；emancipation “解放，释放”；hope “希望”；liberty “自由”。句意：被二十年实质无政府状态所动摇，大多数人们将不惜一切代价购买规则。选项A符合题意。    6. 单选题The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable _, when weight loss _ if not stops.问题1选项A.moods. acceleratesB.feasts. haltsC.holidays. contractsD.plateaus. slows【答案】D【解析】名词和动词词义辨析。mood “情绪，语气”；feast “筵席，宴会”；holiday “度假”；plateaus “高原，停滞时期”。accelerate “加速，促进”；halt “停止”；contract “感染，订约”；slow “放慢，阻碍”。句意：任何节食中最令人沮丧的时期是不可避免的停滞时期，如果不停止，体重下降会放慢。选项D符合题意。    7. 翻译题1.There was once a harmony town in this country where all life seemed to live in with its surroundings.2.The government has devoted a larger slice of its national budget to agriculture than most other countries.3.If there were only a dozen or so air molecules in my kitchen, it would be likely if I waited a year or so一that at some point the six coldest ones would congregate inside the freezer.4.Instead of a global village, which is a nice dream but impossible to manage, we will have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members inclinations without interfering with anyone else.5.Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of thingsfrom subnuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a whole.Translate the following sentences into Chinese【答案】1. 这个国家曾经有一个和谐的小镇，所有的生命几乎和周围的环境都和谐相处。2. 政府把国家大部分的预算都用于农业，比其他国家都要多。3. 如果我的厨房里只有十几个空气分子，似乎我需要等待一年左右，在某个时刻，六个最冷的分子会聚集在冰箱里。4. 我们不是要建立一个美好但是难于管理的全球村，而是建立一个由独立群体组成的世界，这些群体在不干涉他人的情况下迎合自己的喜好。5. 它的目标是探究出世界的运行机制，寻求可能存在的规律，并且渗透到事物之间的联系中去从构成所有物质的亚核粒子，到生物体，到人类社会群体，甚至整个宇宙。8. 单选题Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be _， and therefore _ external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.问题1选项A.learned. immune toB.innate. unaffected byC.intricate. belong toD.specific. confused with【答案】B【解析】形容词词义和动词词组解析。learned “有学问的”；innate “与生俱来的”；intricate “复杂的，错综的”；specific “明确的，详细的”。immune to “不受影响的”；unaffected by “不受影响的”；belong to “属于”；confused with “对困惑”。句意：一些动物的行为，比如交配行为，似乎是与生俱来的，不受外来因素影响的，比如气候变化，食物供给或者同一物种其他动物的存在。选项B符合题意。    9. 单选题Since the authors unflattering references to her friends were so _, she was surprised that her _ were recognized.问题1选项A.laudatory. stylesB.obvious. anecdotesC.oblique. allusionsD.critical. eulogies【答案】C【解析】形容词和名词词义辨析。laudatory “赞美的”；obvious “明显的”；oblique “不光明正大的”；critical “批判的”。style “风格”；anecdote “轶事，奇闻”；allusion “暗示，提及”；eulogy “悼词，颂词”。句意：作者间接地指出了她的朋友们的不当之处，但是使她惊讶的是，这种暗示得到了大家的认可。选项C符合题意。    10. 单选题When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. Its Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Marylands laws against secret telephone taping. Its our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of whats going on, consider U. S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names，phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, MemberWorks started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U. S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They didnt know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U. S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” informationmainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. Theyve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesnt work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U. S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential”. Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesnt “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.1.Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on peoples privacy（ ）.2.We know from the passage that（ ）.3.When the “free trial” deadline is over, youll be charged without notice for a product or service if（ ）.4.Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because_（ ）_.5.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.is practiced exclusively by the FBIB.is more prevalent in business circlesC.has been intensified with the help of the IRSD.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping问题2选项A.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private informationB.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businessesC.legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protectionD.lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers buying habits问题3选项A.you happen to reveal your credit card numberB.you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC.you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD.you find the product or service unsatisfactory问题4选项A.it is considered “transaction and experience” information unprotected by lawB.it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy问题5选项A.banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB.“free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC.privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD.consumers, privacy will continue to be invaded【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“But the private sector outdoes the government every time.”，私营企业比政府监视得更多，根据最后一句， “It s our banks.pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.”，说明银行将我们的私人财务数据给了电话销售公司。选项B符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.”，说明立法者倾向于让商业人士随意跟踪我们的财务习惯。选项D符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically”，说明有30天的取消期限，超过期限会自动收费。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第八段，“You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit.”，企业用你的私人账户获利，但是你得不到任何保护，“no federal law shields transaction and experience information” 说明私人账户被认为是不受法律保护的，选项B符合题意。 5.推断题。根据文章第八段，说明没有法律对消费者的隐私给予保护，所以消费者的利益会继续被侵犯。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题Henrys news report covering the conference was so（ ）that nothing had been omitted.问题1选项A.comprehensiveB.comprehensibleC.understandingD.understandable【答案】A【解析】近义形容词词义辨析。comprehensive “完全的，无所不包的”；comprehensible “能懂的，可以理解的”；understandable “（行为）可以理解的”；understanding“善于理解的”。句意：亨利对于这个会议的报道是相当全面的，没有什么漏掉的信息。选项A符合题意。    12. 单选题Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now _ much of their food.问题1选项A.deliverB.importC.produceD.develop【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。deliver “交付，递送”；import “输入，进口”；produce “生产，引起”；develop “发展，进步”。句意：由于岛上的土壤多年来一直贫瘠，当地人现在必须进口大多数食物。选项B符合题意。    13. 单选题The spy gave General Washington a(n) （ ）report on enemy activities.问题1选项A.confidentB.influentialC.confidentialD.substantial【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。confident “自信的”；influential “有影响力的”； confidential “机密的”；substantial “实质的”。句意：这个间谍给了华盛顿总统一个有关于敌人活动的机密报告。选项C符合题意。    14. 单选题It is ironic that the _ insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere_.问题1选项A.original. clichesB.banal. beliefsC.dubious. habitsD.philosophical. questions【答案】A【解析】形容词和名词词义辨析。original “原始的，最初的”；banal “陈腐的，平庸的”；dubious “可疑的，暧昧的”；philosophical “哲学的，冷静的”。cliches “陈词滥调”；belief “信仰”；habit “习惯”；question “问题”。句意：讽刺的是，这些伟大思想家最初的真知灼见经常被提及，以至于他们只不过变成了一些陈词滥调。选项A符合题意。    15. 单选题The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases （1） the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant （2） of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a （3） bill that will propose making payments to witnesses （4） and will strictly control the amount of （5）that can be given to a case （6） a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he （7 ） with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not （8） sufficient control. （9） of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a （10）of media protest when he said the（11）of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges （12） to parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which （ 13） the European convention on Human Rights legally （14） in Britain, laid down that everybody was （15 ） to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands （ 16） our British judges,” he said. Witness payments became an （17 ） after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were （18） to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised. （19 ） witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to （20 ）guilty verdicts.问题1选项A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such as问题2选项A.tighteningB.intensifyingC.focusingD.fastening问题3选项A.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draft问题4选项A.illogicalB.illegalC.improbableD.improper问题5选项A.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarity问题6选项A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as问题7选项A.sidedB.sharedC.compliedD.agreed问题8选项A.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicate问题9选项A.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.Exposure问题10选项A.stormB.rageC.flareD.flash问题11选项A.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstration问题12选项A.better thanB.other thanC.rather thanD.sooner than问题13选项A.changesB.makesC.setsD.turns问题14选项A.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingD.sustaining问题15选项A.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualified问题16选项A.withB.toC.fromD.by问题17选项A.impactB.incidentC.inferenceD.issue问题18选项A.statedB.remarkedC.saidD.told问题19选项A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that问题20选项A.assureB.confideC.ensureD.guarantee【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A第6题:C第7题:D第8题:B第9题:B第10题:A第11题:B第12题:C第13题:B第14题:A第15题:C第16题:A第17题:D第18题:C第19题:D第20题:C【解析】（1）语法知识。as to “至于，关于”； for instance “例如”； in particular “尤其”； such as “例如”。句意：政府禁止收买证人，诸如罗斯玛丽韦斯特的审判这一类重大案件。根据句意和结构，选项D符合题意。（2）固定搭配。tightening “绷紧”； intensifying “加剧”； focusing “聚焦”； fastening “扣紧”。句意：对法律控制的加紧。tightening controls “加紧控制”。选项A符合题意。（3）近义词辨析。sketch “草图，素描”；rough “粗糙的，粗鲁的”；preliminary “初步的，预备的”；draft “草案，草稿”。句意：大法官将会提出一个法律草案。选项D符合题意。（4）形容词词义辨析。illogical “不合逻辑的”；illegal“不合法的”；improbable “未必会的，不太可能的”；improper “不适当的”。句意：使向证人付款成为非法行为。选项B符合题意。（5）名词词义辨析。publicity “宣扬，公开”； penalty “罚款”； popularity “普及”； peculiarity “特性”。句意：严格控制案件的公开程度。选项A符合题意。（6）介词词义辨析。根据文章意思，在审判开始前，严格控制案件的宣传度。选项C符合题意。（7）固定搭配。side “同意，支持”； share “分享”； comply “遵守”；agree “同意”。agree 和with 搭配。句意：Lord Irvine说他同意委员会的报告。选项D符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。present “呈递，提出”；offer有“主动提出，提供”；manifest “表明，征服”；indicate “指示，暗示”。句意：自我调节没能提供足够的管控。选项B符合题意。（9）名词词义辨析。release “释放”； publication “发表，公开”；printing “打印”； exposure “曝光”。句意：两周后信发表了。选项B符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。storm“政治、市场方面的动荡”；rage “愤怒”； flare “火光闪耀”；flash “突然闪现”。句意：Lord Irvine 掀起了一场媒体反抗风暴。选项A符合题意。（11）名词词义辨析。translation “翻译”；interpretation “ 解释，阐明”；exhibition “展览”，demonstration “表明，论证”。句意：包含于欧洲立法中的隐私权将由审判长解释。选项B符合题意。（12）词组辨析。better than “比更好”；other than “不同于；除了”； rather than “而不是”；sooner than “比更快”。句意：包含于欧洲立法中的隐私权将由议会解释而不是议会。选项C符合题意。（13）动词词义辨析。changes “改变”； makes “使”；sets “放置”； turns “转变”。句意：使欧洲人权公约在英国是具有合法约束力的。make后接双重宾语的用法。选项B符合题意。（14）形容词词义辨析。Binding “有约束力的”；convincing“令人信服的”；restraining“抑制的”；sustaining“维持的”。句意：使欧洲人权公约在英国具有合法约束力。选项A符合题意。（15）动词词义辨析。authorize“认可，批准”；credit “归因于”；entitle “使有权利”；qualify “使具有资格”。be entitled to “有权利”。句意：每个人都有隐私权。选项C符合题意。（16）固定搭配。be in safe hands with “因而安然无恙”。句意：新闻自由交由法官负责将会很安全。选项A符合题意。（17）名词词义辨析。impact “影响；冲突”；incident “小事件；插曲”；inference “推论，推理”；issue “问题；辩论”。句意：是否为证人付款变成了一个问题。选项D符合题意。（18）固定搭配。Be said to do sth. “据说”。句意：据说有多打达19名证人通过讲述自己的故事获得了报酬。选项C符合题意。（19）语法知识。that 做连词引导同位语从句。句意：关注点在于，证人将被鼓励在法庭上夸大自己的故事为了确保有罪判决。选项D符合题意。（20）动词词义辨析。assure “保证，担保”；confide “吐露”；ensure “确保”；guarantee“保证”，ensure guilty verdicts “确保有罪判决”。句意：证人将被鼓励在法庭上夸大自己的故事为了确保有罪判决。选项C符合题意。16. 单选题（ ）a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a. m.问题1选项A.ExceptB.BarringC.Apart fromD.On account of【答案】B【解析】介词词义解析。except “除了”；barring “倘若”；apart from “除以外”；on account of “由于”。题中a delay是一个名词，所以需填入介词。句意：倘若没有延误的话，或者应该会在上午六点半到达上海。选项B符合题意。    17. 单选题The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people”. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nations colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials （文凭）than in providing a quality education for their students. “The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.” Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure （终身任期），promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.” 1.When a college tries to be “all things to all people”（Line 1，Para. 1） it aims to _.2.By saying that “in too many academic fields, the work has no context” （Lines 4-5, Pare. 1）the author means that the teaching in these areas_.3.One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that_.4.American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because _.5.It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for_.问题1选项A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB.focus on training students in various skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academic rather than productive ends问题2选项A.ignores the actual situationB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD.gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students问题3选项A.a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB.students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC.skills are being taught as a means to an endD.students are only intere