2022年考博英语-东北大学考前模拟强化练习题37（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-东北大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The local government reduced the tax on petrol as a（ ）to the public outcry.问题1选项A.conceptionB.consensusC.contemptD.concession【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项conception“怀孕；概念；设想”；B选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；C选项contempt“轻视，蔑视；耻辱”；D选项concession“让步；承认；退位”。句意：当地政府减少汽油税来当作对公众强烈抗议的让步。根据句意可知D选项正确。2. 单选题The Nutty Professor was written off as （ ）, but in actuality, he was a smart man!问题1选项A.complicityB.effigyC.inaneD.diatribe【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项complicity“共谋；串通；共犯关系”；B选项effigy“雕像；肖像”；C选项inane“空洞的；愚蠢的”；D选项diatribe“诽谤；恶骂”。句意：肥佬教授被描写成愚蠢的，但是在现实中他却是一个聪明的人。结合句意可知C选项正确。3. 单选题When bread prices rose, Vladkhleb, a bakery, asked the krai and city for help in holding down prices. Here is a letter it wrote, published in the Vladivostok Times Sept. 9, 2007Dear Residents of Vladivostok:The staff and Board of Directors of Vladkhleb cant keep silent in the current wild situation when prices for all existing products are skyrocketing unbelievably. And while we somewhat indifferently watch enormous figures on price tags for delicacy products, every kopeck of extra charge for the staples causes a real panic. We perfectly realize that, and thats why we have kept bread prices affordable for all this time. Even after the rise of prices we have tried to keep the past prices for as long as possible.At the moment all our reserves are exhausted. Stocks of bread-baking ingredients such as flour, sugar, butter and the like are running out. To buy what we need at reasonable prices is virtually impossible today.However, we cannot temporize. We all need bread every day, which means we will be forced to buy everything we need at much higher prices. What this means perhaps doesnt need to be explained.The cost of bread closely depends on ingredients. Another financial crisis has led to a 50%300% increase of prices for butler, vegetable oil, all types of margarine, yeast and other as of September 1. All these prices continue to grow every hour.Because of this, Vladkhleb came to the critical point where it is necessary to raise prices of its products. Otherwise, we will just destroy a most powerful bread enterprise. Should Vladkhleb shut down, the bread price will get out of hand.Our economists projected the situation for the near future considering the growing flour cost. With the cost of flour at 2.18 rubles per kilogram at the start of September, the retail bread price was to be 4.36 rubles. With an increase of flour cost to 4 rubles per kilogram, bread price will grow to 6.17 rubles. Further growth will be possible.So it turns out that bread may rank with delicacy products. Is there another way out? Yes. It is already put into practice by leaders of other cities and regions. For example, Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov used the press in the very first days of the crisis to tell the residents that he had decided to subsidize the bread industry so that not to allow prices for this type of food to rise. There were no objections. So did Khabarovsk there they pay subsidies for bread baking ingredients.Incidentally, the city and krai administrations already have the experience of supporting our plants. Rather than artificially holding back prices, they employed loans and waivers and the like. At this point all the city and krai offices of authority as well as deputies at all levels could consider our propositions such as:Granting waivers on taxes to krai and city budgets;Establishing lower prices for electric and thermal energy for a program of bread production;Facilitating in reception of customs duty and tax waivers from the federal government for imported grain;Recovery of Pacific Fleets debts in the amount of 6 million rubles (calculated as of August 2007) for supplied products;Lowering rent for premises and plots.Any of these possible measures will help Vladkhleb contain the growth of prices for its products. Despite of our SOS signal, no measures have been taken as yet. We have found ourselves in the same situation as any of you. We see the situation changing steadily for the worse. We will not cope with that alone.We see one recourse: Raise the bread price minimally and cancel our free plastic bag service. But what is next? This is the concern of all the 700 employees and the board of Vladkhleb.Every extra kopeck in the cost of bread upsets you and us very much. Making our sincere apologies for a forced increase of the bread price, we hope for your understanding and support. Today and tomorrow we are with you, as usual.The Staff and Board of Vladkhleb1.In this open letter Vladkhleb explains to the people of Vladivostok that （ ）.2.A possible solution to the crisis, Vladkhleb suggests is （ ）.3.“So it turns out that bread may rank with delicacy products,” means （ ）.4.Vladkhleb has decided not to shut down because, they say, （ ）.5.One of Vladkhleb propositions to the local authorities “Recovery of Pacific Fleets debts in the amount of 6 million rubles (calculated as of August 2007) for supplied products.” Means （ ）.问题1选项A.they can no longer supply breadB.the price of bread will trebleC.all reserves of bread-making ingredients have been depletedD.it will have to close down问题2选项A.to use ingredients of a lower qualityB.to cut the workers wagesC.to urge people to eat less breadD.to have the bread price subsidized by the authorities问题3选项A.that bread has become much tastier in recent monthsB.that bread has become as expensive as caviarC.that bread has become an article many people can no longer affordD.that bread has become more crispy in recent months问题4选项A.the organization still has a lot of outstanding debtsB.otherwise the price of bread may get out of handC.otherwise the distribution of bread may end up in the hands of the mafiaD.their employees are loyal and hard-working问题5选项A.that the army still owes the bakery a lot of money for bread delivered in the pastB.that Vladkhleb still owes a lot of money to the army for ingredients that it supplied in the pastC.that the local authorities should ask for more funds from Moscow which would otherwise end up with the Pacific FleetD.that the local authorities should pay back the debt immediately【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文第四段“At the moment all our reserves are exhausted. Stocks of bread-baking ingredients such as flour, sugar, butter and the like are running out.”中文翻译为：此刻，我们所有的储备已用完。诸如面粉、糖、黄油和类似的面包烘焙原料正在耗尽。因此C选项“所有面包制作的原料已经被耗尽”符合题意。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第九段“For example, Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov used the press in the very first days of the crisis to tell the residents that he had decided to subsidize the bread industry so that not to allow prices for this type of food to rise.”中文翻译为：例如，莫斯科市长Yury Luzhkov在危机出现的头几天里通过新闻界告诉居民，他已决定补助面包行业，以便不让这类食品的价格上涨。对应D选项“让面包价格受到政府补助”。因此D项符合题意。3.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到文章第八段“With an increase of flour cost to 4 rubles per kilogram, bread price will grow to 6.17 rubles. Further growth will be possible.”中文翻译为：随着面粉价格上涨至每公斤4卢布，面包的价格将上涨至6.17卢布。进一步的价格上涨将是可能的。可知答案为C项“面包已变成一种很多人不再能负担得起的商品”。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文第七段“Should Vladkhleb shut down, the bread price will get out of hand.”中文翻译为：如果Vladkhleb面包店停业，那么面包价格将失去控制。因此B项“否则，面包价格可能失去控制”正确。5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文倒数第五段“Recovery of Pacific Fleet s debts in the amount of 6 million rubles (calculated as of August 2007) for supplied products.”中文翻译为：收回太平洋舰队因产品供应欠的六百万卢布债务（计算截止时间为2007年8月）。因此可知答案为C“当地政府应该向莫斯科要求更多资金，否则，最终要求莫斯科支付太平洋舰队所欠当地政府的债务”。4. 单选题In the morning the children were delighted to find that everything was under a（ ）of snow outside.问题1选项A.coatB.cloakC.frockD.shawl【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项coat“外套；表层”；B选项cloak“斗篷；宽大外衣”；C选项frock“女装；连衣裙；罩袍”；D选项shawl“围巾；长方形披巾”。句意：早上孩子们高兴地发现，外面的一切都在一层雪的下面。固定搭配a coat of“一层”，结合此处语境，A选项正确。5. 单选题The schoolmaster（ ）the girls bravery in his opening speech.问题1选项A.applaudedB.enhancedC.elevatedD.clapped【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项applaud“赞同；称赞”；B选项enhance“提高；加强；增加”；C选项elevate“提高；举起；抬高”；D选项clap“拍手；鼓掌；轻轻拍打某人”。句意：校长在开幕致辞上称赞了这个女孩的勇敢行为。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The costs associated with natural disasters are increasing rapidly. As a result, officials in government and industry have focused more attention on disasters and their effects. The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy has estimated that disasters cost the country about $1 billion per week. Hurricane Andrew, the Midwest flood of 1993, and the Hanshin earthquake have shown that individual disasters can cost tens if not hundreds of billions of dollars. This increasing cost has resulted in greater funding from government and industry for the development of technologies related to disaster prediction, and has led to more research into the effective use of predictive information.The insurance industry has long been aware of the dangers of natural disasters; the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, California, bankrupted scores of insurance companies. But the industry has focused particular attention on disaster prediction in recent years, as spiraling costs revealed that many companies had underestimated their financial exposure. For instance, prior to Hurricane Andrew in 1992, many insurance experts thought that the worst hurricane possible would do no more than $8 billion in damages to the industry. The damages caused by Hurricane Andrew, estimated at about $17 billion, shattered these beliefs. Today, estimates of worst-case disaster scenarios approach $100 billion.The insurance industry has therefore increased its support for research into disaster prediction. One such effort involves a number of companies that have joined together to support the Bermuda-based Risk Prediction Initiative, which funds disaster research. The expectation is that the resulting information will place the industry on a more solid foundation to make decisions about the risk of future disasters. The industry has also lobbied for the government to bear some of the financial burden of disaster insurance. Such a program already exists for flood insurance, set up in the late 1960s by the federal government to insure flood-prone areas. These types of programs, effectively implemented, could be increasingly necessary in the future to make insurance available in areas prone to disasters.Because the stakes are so high, the science of disaster prediction has a bright future. The various projects and programs illustrate that disaster prediction is a topic of concern to scientists and policy makers alike. Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes all show that the effective use of disaster predictions not only requires advanced technology but also requires that society consider the entire process of prediction forecasts, communication, and use of information. Because they cannot predict the future with certainty, and because much remains to be learned, scientists warn that society must understand the limits of scientific predictions and be prepared to employ alternatives. Wisely used, however, disaster prediction has the potential to reduce societys vulnerability to natural disasters.1.The result of the increasing costs in natural disasters is （ ）.2.The difference between the actual loss caused by Hurricane Andrew and the loss estimated by insurance companies before the hurricane is （ ）.3.The purpose of insurance companies to support disaster prediction research is that （ ）.4.The word “tsunamis” (Line 3, Para. 4) most likely refers to （ ）?5.The key factor to reduce societys vulnerability to natural disasters is （ ）.问题1选项A.great loss suffered by commercial companiesB.governments increased attention on disasterC.individuals awareness to natural disastersD.more funds to support the prediction research问题2选项A.1 billion dollarsB.8 billion dollarsC.9 billion dollarsD.17 billion dollars问题3选项A.companies want to make money from the insured placesB.companies may thus have a better idea of the future risksC.companies can get more sympathies from the governmentD.companies intend to make use of peoples trust in the industry问题4选项A.violent storm with whirling winds in the funnel-shaped cloudB.a series of huge and destructive waves, usually caused by large earthquakes beneath the oceanC.mountain from which lava, cinders, steam, gases escape through openings in the earths crustD.storm with a violent wind, esp. a cyclone in the West Atlantic问题5选项A.insurance companies should be wise enough in their estimates of lossesB.the government should bear some of the financial risks of disaster insuranceC.the general public should be made fully aware of the possible damagesD.technology should be improved and three phases of prediction be considered【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词the increasing cost可以定位到原文首段“This increasing cost has resulted in greater funding from government and industry for the development of technologies related to disaster prediction, and has led to more research into the effective use of predictive information.”，中文翻译为：这种不断增加的损失已让政府和企业为开发与灾难预测相关的技术提供了更多的资金，且已带来对预测信息有效利用的更多研究。因此D选项“更多资金去支持预测研究”符合题意。2.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“For instance, prior to Hurricane Andrew in 1992, many insurance experts thought that the worst hurricane possible would do no more than $8 billion in damages to the industry. The damages caused by Hurricane Andrew, estimated at about $17 billion, shattered these beliefs.”，中文翻译为：例如，在1992年安德鲁飓风发生前，很多保险公司专家认为工业可能的最严重损失将至多80亿美元。而安德鲁飓风所造成的被估计大约为170亿美元的损失却打破了这些看法。可推断出C项“90亿美元”正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第三段“The expectation is that the resulting information will place the industry on a more solid foundation to make decisions about the risk of future disasters.”，中文翻译为：这种期望是，产生的消息将让该行业（即保险业）有更可靠的基础去决策未来灾害的风险。可知答案为B项“公司可能因此对未来风险有更好的了解”。4.【试题解析】词汇题。根据题干关键词tsunamis可以定位到文章第四段第三句话“Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes all show that”，中文翻译为：飓风、龙卷风、洪水、地震、海啸和火山都表明了可以判断出该单词为“海啸”，因此B项“一系列巨大且破坏性的波浪，通常是海底大地震导致的”正确。5.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第四段第三句话“Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes all show that the effective use of disaster predictions not only requires advanced technology but also requires that society consider the entire process of prediction forecasts, communication, and use of information.”，中文翻译为：飓风、龙卷风、洪水、地震、海啸和火山都表明，有效利用灾害预测不仅需要先进的技术，而且需要社会考虑预测的整个过程预测、通信和信息的使用。可知答案为D“应该改进技术，考虑预测的三个阶段”。7. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jam, the cost of petrol and the fast pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming deplorable. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter. You might tolerate the odd road-hog（占道者）, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign; otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road courtesy is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to hit back when subjected to uncivilized behavior. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of courtesy helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of courtesy are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize courtesy when they see it.Contrary to general opinion, young drivers have better manners than their seniors. But this is short-lived in the world of modern driving where many drivers neither expect nor give any mercy. This may be encouraged on the battlefield but is out of place on the roads.Lorry drivers say they have almost abandoned the practice of signaling cars to overtake when the road is clear, because many of the cars took too long to pass. They couldnt be bothered to select a lower gear. The car drivers, after overtaking, slowed down again and hogged the road. Again, a motoring magazine has recently drawn attention to the increasing number of drivers who never wait for gaps. “They manufacture them by force, using their direction indicators as a threat rather than a warning.” Punch-ups （打群架）are quite common. It cant be long before we hear of pistols and knives being used.Driving is essentially a state of mind. However technically skilled a driver may be, he cant be an advanced motorist if he is always arrogant and aggressive.1. The author is most concerned about （ ）.2. The word “deplorable” (Para. 1) most probably means “（ ）”.3. The word “courtesy” (Paragraph 2) most probably means “（ ）”.4. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?5. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that （ ）.6. An example of good manners on the roads is （ ）.7. According to the author, a good driver should （ ）.问题1选项A.traffic jamB.road mannersC.fast pace of lifeD.high cost of petrol问题2选项A.more seriousB.more temptingC.disturbingD.noticeable问题3选项A.drivingB.wavingC.good mannersD.bad manners问题4选项A.Many drivers tend to fight back against rude behaviors.B.A little courtesy may help ease the tensions on the road.C.Goodwill and tolerance may help relieve traffic jam.D.Many drivers nowadays lack a good sense of courtesy.问题5选项A.young drivers are more aggressiveB.young drivers would soon lose their good mannersC.elder drivers are more cautiousD.elder drivers should improve their driving skills问题6选项A.signaling cars to overtakeB.manufacturing a gapC.selecting a lower gearD.using the direction indicator问题7选项A.be technically skilledB.have a good state of mindC.be sympathetic with othersD.take good care of his vehicle【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B第6题:A第7题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。作者围绕交通文明而展开论述。因此B项“道路礼貌”比较符合本文主旨。2.【试题解析】词义题。“deplorable”所在句为：It is all very well to blame traffic jam, the cost of petrol and the fast pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming deplorable （交通堵塞、汽油价格和现代生活的快节奏固然应该指责，但道路上的礼仪正变得）。由此可知，deplorable有“糟糕，变坏”之意，故选A。3.【试题解析】词义题。对于“courtesy”的理解可参考其所在句子：A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of courtesy helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of courtesy are all too rare today.（个友好的点头或挥手以回应一个的行为，有助于创造友好和宽容的氛围，而这正是现代交通条件下迫切需要的。但是这种礼貌的回应现如今实在太少见了），由此可知，courtesy意为“礼貌”。4.【试题解析】主旨大意题。第二段先是提出了道路文明，尾句是主题句：这种礼貌的回应现如今实在太少见了。现在当遇到这样的情况，许多司机甚至都意识不到这种礼貌或好意。因此D项“现在许多司机缺乏礼貌意识”比较符合第二段大意。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段指出：But this is short-lived in the world of modern driving where many drivers neither expect nor give any mercy.（但是这会是短暂的，在这个现代的驾驶世界，许多司机既不期待也不给予任何宽容），由此推测，B项“年轻的司机很快就会失去他们的礼貌”正确。6.【试题解析】判断推理题。第四段指出：卡车司机说，他们几乎已经放弃了在道路畅通时向汽车发出超车信号的做法，自己懒得麻烦变道，即使这么做了，上来的车也不会有好的做法。因此，这属于一种道路礼貌的行为，故选A项。7.【试题解析】判断推理题。Driving is essentially a state of mind. However technically skilled a driver may be, he cant be an advanced motorist if he is always arrogant and aggressive.（开车是一种心态，技术再好的司机，如果傲慢和具有侵略性，也不可能是一位优秀的司机）。由此可知，作者认为，优秀的司机得有一个好心态。故选B。8. 单选题（1） we all have guilty pleasures, our day-to-day decisions are usually governed by a deep-seated sense that we would be better off （2）if we favored work over leisure, necessities over luxuries, and saving money over （3） spending it. But would we be happier?Our research shows that forgoing indulgences today can（4）strong regrets later, and that near-term regrets about self-indulgence dra