2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解9

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and（ ）it in a single nod, a gesture boys used then for O.K. when they were pleased.问题1选项A.shruggedB.tuggedC.jerkedD.twisted【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项shrugged“耸肩”；B选项tugged“用力拖，拉”；C选项jerked“使猝然一动，猛拉”；D选项twisted“使缠绕”。句意：他扬起眉毛，把头向前探了探，猛地点了点头，这是当时男孩们高兴时用来表示“OK”的手势。本句表示猛地点了点头，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题I hate people who（ ）the end of film that you havent seen before.问题1选项A.revealB.rewriteC.reviseD.reverse【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项reveal“透露”；B选项rewrite“改写”；C选项revise“修正”；D选项reverse“反转”。句意：我讨厌那些透露没看过的电影结局的人。本句表示剧透电影结局。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Researchers at the University of Illinois determined that the（ ）of a father can help improve a childs grades.问题1选项A.involvementB.communicationC.interactionD.association【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项involvement“涉及”；B选项communication“交流”；C选项interaction“交互”；D选项association“协会”。句意：易里若斯大学的研究者们确定父亲的介入有助于孩子提高成绩。本句表示父亲的介入，因此A选项正确。4. 单选题These goods are（ ）for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.问题1选项A.essentiallyB.completelyC.necessarilyD.remarkably【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项essentially“基本地”；B选项completely“完全地”；C选项necessarily“必要地”；D选项remarkably“显著地”。句意：这些货物主要用于出口，但也有一些可能在国内市场销售。本句表示货物基本上用于出口，部分在国内销售。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat（ ）by steam.问题1选项A.towedB.pressedC.tossedD.propelled【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项towed“拖，拉”；B选项pressed“按，压”；C选项tossed“抛，扬起”；D选项propelled“推进，推动”。句意：在老师的指导下，学生们正在制作一艘由蒸汽推动的模型船。本句表示推进船的动力，因此D选项正确。6. 翻译题In fact, the robots that are doing the most for you and me the industrial robots dont even have a head. A tiny microprocessor capable of fitting on a silicon chip the size of a pea makes up part of the robots “brain”. Several of these silicon chips are placed on two or three printed circuit boards to provide the input and memory bank functions. When plugged into an electrical outlet, this assembly of microprocessors, much like the human brain, transmits electrical impulses along pathways which run from the computer itself down the robots arm and into its hand. In humans, these pathways are the nerve fibers; in robots, they are electrical cables.【答案】【参考译文】事实上，那些对人类贡献最大的机器人工业机器人甚至连头都没有。一个能装在豌豆大小的硅芯片上的微型处理器，构成了机器人“大脑的一部分”。几块这样的芯片被放置在两到三块印刷电路板上，提供输入和记忆库的功能。当插入电源插座时，这组微型处理器就像人类的大脑一样，将电脉冲从计算机本身传递到机器人的手臂，再传递到它的手。对人类来说，这些路径是神经纤维，而对机器人来说，它们就是电缆。7. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because（ ）.2.To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because（ ）.4.To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to（ ）.5.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on（ ）.问题1选项A.personal heath choices help cure most illnessesB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选项A.to “live an inactive life”B.to “live a decent life”C.to “live a life with complete freedom”D.to “live a life of vice”问题3选项A.current medical knowledge is still insufficientB.there are many factors influencing our decisionsC.few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeD.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends问题4选项A.improving the quality of ones lifeB.limiting ones personal health choiceC.deliberately ending ones lifeD.breaking the rules of social behavior问题5选项A.personal decisionsB.societys lawsC.statistical evidenceD.friends opinions【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“personal choice”可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），也就是说不正确的个人健康选择可能会导致疾病的发生。所以D选项“错误的决定可能会导致健康状况不佳”正确。A选项“个人健康选择有助于治疗大多数疾病”，文章说的是预防大多数疾病，而不是治疗，所以A错误。B选项“有助于提高我们的医学知识水平”，文章说的是只需根据现有的医学知识做出个人健康选择，而这样不会提高医学知识水平，所以B错误。C选项“对美国社会的个人自由至关重要”表述正确，但与题目的问题不相关，所以C错误。2.词义推测题。由题干关键词“sedentary life-style”可以定位到文章第一段第五句If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise.（如果我们愿意，我们可以抽烟、酗酒、拒绝系安全带、想吃什么就吃什么，过一种完全久坐不运动的生活方式。），可以得知这种生活方式是久坐不运动的。所以A选项“过着不活动的生活”符合题意。B选项“过着体面的生活”，C选项“过着完全自由的生活”和D选项“过着罪恶的生活”均不能形容久坐不运动的生活方式，所B，C，D错误。3.客观细节题。由A选项可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），说明现有的医学知识是足够的，所以A选项“现有的医学知识仍然不足”错误。C选项“很少有人愿意用生命的质量来换取生命的数量”在原文中没有提及，所以C选项不符合题意。由D选项可以定位到第一段最后一句As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.（例如，青少年可能知道吸烟和健康的相关事实，但可能会迫于朋友的压力，相信这是社会公认的事情。），举例说明了朋友的影响是其中一个原因，但不够全面，所以D选项“人们通常会受到朋友行为的影响”不符合题意。由B选项可以定位到第二段第一句A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors（许多因素，包括遗传因素和环境因素，影响健康相关行为的发展），说明个人健康选择是受多方面的因素影响的，所以B选项“有许多因素影响着我们的决定”正确。4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“knowingly allow oneself”可以定位到第二段倒数第二句They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide.（明知某一行为在统计上有缩短寿命的可能，而故意沉溺于这种行为，无异于企图自杀。），意思是明知某种行为不健康还要去做，相当于自杀，所以C选项“故意结束自己的生命”正确。A选项“提高一个人的生活质量”，追求不健康的习惯不能提高生活质量，所以A错误。B选项“限制个人健康选择”，故意沉溺于不健康的行为正是个人选择的体现，而不是限制个人选择，所以B错误。D选项“违反社会行为规则”文中没有提及，所以D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“Fries and Crapo”可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中最后一句personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.（个人健康选择应该反映出那些在统计上有可能增加活力和长寿的行为。），说明个人健康选择应该基于统计学上的数据。所以C选项“统计学证据”正确。A选项“个人决定”，个人的选择是有健康的也有不健康的，所以不能依据个人的决定来，A错误。B选项“社会的法律”在文中没有提及，所以B错误。D选项“朋友的意见”，文章介绍了因为朋友的意见做出错误健康选择的例子，所以不能依据朋友的意见，D错误。8. 单选题Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of（ ）grouping is advisable.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.instantaneousC.spontaneousD.anonymous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项homogeneous“同性质的”；B选项instantaneous“瞬间的”；C选项spontaneous“无意识的”；D选项anonymous“匿名的”。句意：有些教育工作者试图把能力相似的学生分到同一个班级，因为他们认为这种同质的分组是可取的。本句表示把能力相似的学生分到一个班是一种同质性的分组。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,” the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2.Recorded history has taught us（ ）3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men（ ）4.“He was none the wiser” means（ ）5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is（ ）问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.cant get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.are persecuted.D.have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.问题4选项A.He was not at all wise in listening.B.He was not at all wiser than nothing before.C.He gains nothing after listening.D.He makes no sense of the argument.问题5选项A.law enforcement.B.knowledge.C.nonviolence.D.mopping up the violent mess.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出有些国家种族偏见严重，而暴力却是公认的一种解决方法，我们仍然没有认识到，暴力永远不能解决问题，而是使问题更加尖锐。第二段阐述了真正有理智的人在宣扬法制，却遭到轻视和迫害，作者认为真正的解决方案不是暴力，而是法制。第三段进一步说明“交流、对话”是了解双方问题的前提，而暴力制造了它假装要解决的罪恶。整篇文章都在阐述不能依靠暴力手段解决歧视问题。因此B选项“暴力无助于消除种族偏见”最适合作为文章标题。A选项“提倡暴力”，C选项“双方的重要人物都认为暴力是合法的解决方案”，D选项“人类的本能渴望暴力”，因为文章是不宣扬暴力的，所以A，C，D都不适合作为标题。2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“Recorded history”可以定位到文章第一段倒数第四句“The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing.”（整个有记录的人类历史，那冗长乏味的暴力记录，没有教会我们任何东西。），说明人类历史上的暴力记录没有教会我们任何东西。因此B选项“什么也没有”正确。A选项“暴力永远解决不了任何问题”和C选项“流血事件毫无意义”，文中说我们还没有认识到暴力不能解决问题、流血和痛苦毫无意义，所以历史上的暴力记录并没有教会我们这两点，A，C错误。D选项“一切”和nothing是相反的，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“reasonable men”可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement.（真正理智的人知道解决办法在哪里，却发现越来越难得到倾听。他们被鄙视，不信任，甚至被他们的同类迫害，因为他们提倡诸如执法这样明显无法容忍的事情。），说明理智的人倡导法制，却遭到了许多困难。因此D选项“在提倡执法方面遭到困难。”正确。A选项“不被听见”，B选项“被轻视”，C选项“受到迫害”都只是遇到困难的某一个方面，本质上是因为他们提倡执法，所以A，B，C错误。4.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段中Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser.（这很像一个著名律师的故事，他煞费苦心地向法官解释他的案子。听了他的长篇辩论，法官抱怨说他并没有因此而变得聪明些。），说明“He was none the wiser”在这里的意思是他听了之后什么也没有得到。因此C选项“听后无所得。”符合题意。A选项“他根本不明智，听不进去”，B选项“他以前一点也不明智”，D选项“他对这场争论毫无意义”都不能表示他听后什么也没有得到的意思，所以A，B，D错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.（只要我们在法律框架内工作，真正和持久的解决办法总是可能的。），说明作者认为解决种族歧视的最好方法是法制。因此A选项“法制”正确。B选项“知识”，C选项“非暴力”，D选项“清理暴力的混乱”并不是作者认为解决问题的最好方法，所以B，C，D错误。10. 单选题In the light of the current situation, I have to review my plans.问题1选项A.Throwing light onB.In line withC.In accordance withD.In terms of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwing light on“阐明”；B选项In line with“符合”；C选项In accordance with“依照”；D选项In terms of“在方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分In the light of是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题In todays competitive job market, people, especially young men are required to be aggressive and industrious.问题1选项A.invasiveB.belligerentC.progressiveD.enterprising【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项invasive “侵入的”；B选项belligerent“好战的”；C选项progressive“进步的”；D选项enterprising“有进取心的”。句意：在当今竞争激烈的就业市场上，人们，尤其是年轻人需要有进取心和勤奋。划线部分aggressive是有进取心的意思。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题Question 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.Even in true sciences, distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end, specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes such as improving health, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic reward. Chemists responsible for discoveries could hardly anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. However, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. Many scientists dedicating their lives to purer science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1. To define science, we can simply name it as（ ）.2.A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach（ ）.3.Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?4.Which of the following is implied in the passage?5.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.the study of nature and mankindB.an attempt to pose and prove hypotheses and theoriesC.categorized knowledgeD.the study of the unrelated natural phenomena问题2选项A.applied scienceB.chemical scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题3选项A.It may lead to antiscientific, impure results.B.It necessarily precedes applied science.C.It is not always as pure as we suppose.D.It necessarily resulted from applied science.问题4选项A.Pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notion of the meaning of science.C.In true sciences, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题5选项A.On Distinguishing Fact from FictionB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.The Nature of Science【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.（为了使解释尽可能简单，假设将科学定义为分类知识。），题干中“simply”与原文中“simple”相对应，表示简单地将科学定义为分类知识。因此C选项“分类知识”正确。A选项“对自然和人类的研究”，B选项“试图提出和证明假设和理论”和D选项“对不相关的自然现象的研究”，文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“approach”可以定位到文章第四段，该段介绍了两种科学方法，一种是aimed at satisfying curiosity（满足求知欲）的pure science（纯科学），另一种是aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes（将知识用于特定目的）的applied science（应用科学），由此可以推断出题干中“interested in general knowledge about oxygen”（对氧气的常识感兴趣）属于纯科学的范畴。因此C选项“纯科学”正确。A选项“应用科学”是和纯科学相对的，所以错误。B选项“化学科学”和D选项“环境科学”文中均没有提及，所以B，D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段中the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell（显微镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现）和most knowledge is eventually applied（大多数知识最终都会得到应用），显微镜的构造是“纯科学”，细胞的发现是“应用科学”，从而得知纯科学是先于应用科学的，科学知识最终会得到应用。因此B选项“纯科学必然先于应用科学”正确。A选项“它可能导致反科学、不纯的结果”，C选项“它并不总是像我们想象的那样纯粹”在文中没有提及，所以A，C错误。D选项“它必然来源于应用科学”，由原文可知，纯科学是先于应用科学的，而不是来源于应用科学，所以D错误。4.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Many scientists dedicating their lives to purer science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries（许多献身于纯科学的科学家并不因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉），意思是纯理论科学家不用因忽视发现的实用性而抱歉，因为大部分科学发现最终都会得到应用的。因此A选项“纯理论科学家不应因忽视他们发现的实用性而受到指责”正确。由B选项可以定位到文章第一段第一句The word sc