2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考前模拟强化练习题40（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题1. A new study uses an unusual source proverbs reveal cultural differences in how Chinese and American citizens view risks and risk-taking.2. When Chinese and American students compared proverbs from their countries they agreed:Chinese proverbs generally advocat

2、ed greater risk-taking than did American proverbs.3. These results help explain earlier research that has found Chinese citizens are indeed more willingto take financial risks than are Americans, said Elke Weber, coauthor of the study and a professor of psychology at Ohio State University.4. “Prover

3、bs are part of a nations culture and reflect the nations beliefs and values,” said Weber. “Bylooking at proverbs, we were able to show that long-standing cultural differences are one reason that the Chinese are more risk-seeking than Americans when it comes to financial issues,” Weber said.5. Weber

4、conducted the study with Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago and JoannaSokolowska of the Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland. The results were published in a recent issue of the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.6. Students from the two countries rated American

5、 proverbs such as “A bird in the hand is worth twoin the bush,” and Chinese proverbs such as “Failure is the mother of success.”7. The study also found some differences in how students from the two countries viewed proverbs.For example, Chinese citizens generally viewed proverbs as advocating more r

6、isk in financial situations than in social situations. There was no such distinction made by American participants.8. Weber said the collectivist culture of China a culture that emphasizes commitment to family allows people to take greater financial risks because citizens know their network of frien

7、ds and family will help them in a crisis. However, because of the importance of their social network, Chinese are less willing to take social risks in which they might alienate friends or family.9. In Americas individualistic culture, people have to be more careful financially because they donthave

8、the “cushion” of a social network to fall back on, Weber said. On the other hand, Americans dont have to worry as much about their social network. “The proverbs of each country reflect these differing cultural values and concerns,” Weber said.10. In one study, 82 American and 87 Chinese college stud

9、ents were asked to rate 34 proverbs 17from each country that had some advice about dealing with risk. The proverbs were translated into the participants native languages and participants were not told which country the proverbs were from.11. The participants were then asked if each proverb promoted

10、risk aversion or risk seeking in twodifferent situations, one financial and one social. They rated the proverbs on a five-point scale in which 1 was risk-averse, 3 was neutral and 5 was risk seeking.12. The participants from each country rated Chinese proverbs as more risk seeking in general thanthe

11、 American proverbs, Weber said. For example, in one group of proverbs, American students gave the American proverbs an average score of 2.83, and the Chinese proverbs an average score of 3.07.13. However, Weber said the evidence was clear that Chinese people believe proverbs advocate morerisk seekin

12、g in financial situations than they do in social situations.14. In addition, Chinese proverbs seem to deal more with the problems of social risk-taking than doAmerican proverbs, reflecting the countries differing values. For example, American students said 95 percent of American proverbs were applic

13、able to financial decisions, but only 63 percent were applicable to social decisions. But Americans thought 78 percent of Chinese proverbs were applicable to financial decisions and 73 percent were applicable to social decisions.15. “The Chinese are much more interested than Americans in protecting

14、their social networks.”Weber said. “These findings are consistent with the notion that China is, and has long been, a collectivist society and America an individualistic one.”16. A second study, which also included German proverbs, found that people rated German proverbsin between those from America

15、 and China but closer to Chinese in terms of risk seeking and risk aversion. That makes sense, Weber said, because German culture is quite collectivist in a social sense, much like Chinas, even though the country has an economic system that is more like Americas.17. Weber said this research is impor

16、tant for several reasons. For one, it shows how researchers canuse cultural products such as proverbs, novels, or nursery rhymes to help explain cross-cultural differences in beliefs and behavior. These results also have a practical use in helping people involved in international negotiations to bet

17、ter understand cultural differences. “When you are dealing with someone from another country, it is important to know if there are differences in perceptions or values that can affect negotiations. In this case, if you know the other person has different risk perceptions or risk preferences than you

18、, it is possible to develop an agreement that leaves both sides better off.”1.The study used proverbs because （ ）.2.Which of the following is TRUE of the proverbs A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush and Failure is the mother of success?3.The Chinese advocate more risk-taking in financial sit

19、uations because（ ）.4.Which of the following is true of a society that emphasizes individual values?5.Which of the following statements can be concluded from the passage?I. A person who enjoys good social relations tends to risk himself financially.II . A person who enjoys good social relations tends

20、 to be concerned about the problem therein.III. A person who doesnt care about social network tends to take more social risks.问题1选项A.China and America have approximately the same number of proverbsB.most proverbs deal with risk-takingC.the subjects had a large repertoire of proverbsD.proverbs are cu

21、lture-laden expressions问题2选项A.They are the most quoted proverbs.B.They reveal different attitudes toward risk-taking.C.They involve different images.D.They express the same proposition.问题3选项A.they are a headlong peopleB.they are financially disadvantagedC.they have the cushion of social networkD.the

22、y have more financial opportunities问题4选项A.Its citizens tend to care about social network.B.Its citizens are family-oriented.C.Its citizens are risk-taking.D.Its citizens care more about themselves financially.问题5选项A.I onlyB.II onlyC.Both I and IIID.I, II and III【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事

23、实题。根据题干中的proverbs可定位到文章第四段中，由Proverbs are part of a nations culture and reflect the nations beliefs and values（谚语是一个民族文化的组成部分反映了该民族的信仰和价值观）可知D选项“谚语是文化的表达方式”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的A new study uses an unusual source proverbs reveal cultural differences in how Chinese and American citizens view risks and

24、 risk-taking（揭示中美两国公民如何看待风险和冒险的文化差异）可知B选项“它们揭示了人们对冒险的不同态度”符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干中的financial situations可定位到文章第八段中，由the collectivist culture of China a culture that emphasizes commitment to family allows people to take greater financial risks because citizens know their network of friends and family will h

25、elp them in a crisis（中国的集体主义文化强调对家庭的承诺的文化允许人们承担更大的经济风险，因为民众知道他们的与朋友和家人之间的联系将在危机中帮助他们）可知人们可以在危险关头依靠他们的社交网络，因此C选项“他们拥有社交网络的缓冲”符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据题干中的individual values可定位到文章第九段中，由In Americas individualistic culture, people have to be more careful financially because they dont have the cushion of a social n

26、etwork to fall back on（在美国的个人主义文化中，人们必须在财政上更加谨慎，因为他们没有可以依靠的社交网络关系）可知D选项“它的民众在经济上更关心自己”符合题意。5.推理判断题。通读全文，可知在集体主义文化中，人们因为可以依靠亲友这样的社会关系网，更愿意冒险，但也会因为怕失去亲友，而不会冒太大的风险；在个人主义文化中，因为没有可依靠的社会关系网，人们不会冒太大的金融风险，相比之下，他们会冒更大的社会风险。故题目中的三种说法都正确，因此选D。2. 问答题Human beings are paying a lot for medicine and are not getting

27、 all that (A) they think they are (B) paying (C) a guarantee to (D) endless betterment.【答案】试题答案：C; paying for【解析】考查固定搭配。pay for（为而付出，因而付出）中的pay为不及物动词，for表示原因。3. 单选题Out of （ ）revenge, he did his worst to blacken her character and ruin her reputation.问题1选项A.sheerB.totalC.integralD.perfect【答案】A【解析】考查形容

28、词辨析。sheer意为“完全的，纯粹的，十足的”；total意为“总计的”；integral意为“完整的”；perfect意为“完美的”。句意：纯粹是为了报复，他竭力抹黑她的人格，诋毁她的名誉。4. 单选题Since the two parties couldnt（ ）their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations.问题1选项A.rectifyB.reconcileC.obligeD.obscure【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。rectify意为“改正，校正”；reconcile意为“使和好，使和解，妥协”；oblige意

29、为“强制，强迫”；obscure意为“费解的，难以理解的”。句意：因为两党不能就分歧达成一致，他们决定停止谈判。5. 单选题There was once a town in this country where all life seemed to live in （ ）with its surroundings.问题1选项A.coincidenceB.harmonyC.uniformD.alliance【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。coincidence意为“巧合，一致”；harmony意为“和谐，协调”，in harmony with意为“与和谐相处”；uniform意为“制服”；all

30、iance意为“结盟，同盟”。句意：这个国家曾经有一个小镇里的所有的生命似乎与周围环境和谐相处。6. 单选题How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of

31、fashion.Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion

32、, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boys hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertiser show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fa

33、shion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors

34、as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example.There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After World W

35、ar Two, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as

36、you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the untidy look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashion of the top fashion houses.At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circum

37、stances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater, and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club. However, you need never fee

38、l depressed if you dont look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and youll see that no one else does either!1.The author thinks that people are （ ）.2.Fashion magazines and TV advertisements seem to link fashion to（ ）.3.Causes of fashion are（ ）.4.Present-day society is much freer and easie

39、r because it emphasizes（ ）.5.Which is the main idea of the last paragraph?问题1选项A.satisfied with their appearance.B.concerned about appearance in old ageC.far from neglecting what is in fashionD.reluctant to follow the trends in fashion问题2选项A.confidence in lifeB.personal dressC.individual hair styleD

40、.personal future问题3选项A.uniformB.variedC.unknownD.inexplicable问题4选项A.uniformB.formalityC.informalityD.individuality问题5选项A.Care about appearance in formal situations.B.Fashion in formal and informal situations.C.Ignoring appearance in informal situations.D.Ignoring appearance in all situations.【答案】第1题

41、:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.（我们中很少有人满足于接受自己的现状，也很少有人敢忽视时尚潮流）可知C选项“很难忽视时尚”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation c

42、onfidently and without embarrassment（我们将能够充满信心地认识新的人，并且能够自信地、毫不尴尬地处理每一件事）可知时尚杂志和电视广告将时尚与人的自信联系在一起，因此选A。3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion.（有时是方便或实际需要，或仅仅是一个有影响力的人的幻想就能建立起一种时尚）可知导致时尚变化的原因是多变的，没有特定的原因，因此D选项“无法

43、解释的”最为恰当。4.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion.（不再需要像其他人那样穿衣服了。在合理的范围内，你可以穿自己喜欢的衣服，也可以用你喜欢的方式做头发，而不是你应该做的样子，因为这是时尚）可知当今社会更尊重个人选择，强调个性化，

44、因此选D。5.主旨大意题。由文章最后一段中的第一句At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully.（同时，外表在某些情况下仍然很重要，所以我们必须谨慎地选择我们的衣服）可知A选项“在正式场合下需要注意外貌形象”符合题意。7. 单选题This is the worlds first accurate （ ）model of human heart in computer.问题1选项A.laboringB.wo

45、rkingC.livingD.liking【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。laboring意为“劳动的”；working意为“工作中的，运行中的”；living意为“活着的”；liking意为“喜爱的”。句意：这是世界上第一个用计算机精确模拟的工作中的人的心脏。8. 单选题1. Flattery, Richard Stengel writes by way of defining his terms, “is strategic praise, praise with a purpose. It may be inflated or exaggerated or it may be accu

46、rate and truthful, but it is praise that seeks some result, whether it be increased liking or an office with a window.Flattery is also a kind of bribe, an emotional gratuity that we accept and which very often repays the giver with something he wants. It is a bribe we want to pocket.Flattery at its

47、core is language that advances self-interest while concealing it at the same time.”2. All of which is perfectly true, but it needs to be qualified (as in time Stengel does) in one important way: Flattery is almost always recognizable for exactly what it is. If it is true, as probably it is, that mos

48、t of us are susceptible to flattery and willing to employ it in our own interests, it is equally true that flattery is infrequently subtle and often blatant. In my line of work, for example, when I see in a publishers catalogue that a writer with whom I am acquainted has a new book forthcoming, I ca

49、n predict almost to the day the letter or call from said author in which, in one fashion or another, my own perspicacity and stylistic elegance will be praised fulsomely, accompanied, perhaps, by an invitation to lunch. Similarly, a letter or e-mail from someone wholly unknown to me will begin with

50、praise for my latest book review or column, followed, apace, with the news that the writer of the letter or a relative, or a friend, or a colleague is about to come forth with . a book.3. It is the way of the world. Though in my case flattery infrequently produces the desired results quite to the co

51、ntrary, if the truth be known I cannot claim that the silken words whispered in my ear go unheeded. Stengel quotes Lord Chesterfield: “This principle of vanity and pride is so strong in human nature, that is descends even to the lowest objects; and one often sees people angling for praise.” Though w

52、e would prefer praise that is offered without ulterior motives, that is heartfelt and generous, we readily settle for mere flattery; we may not deliver the quid pro quo so transparently sought beneath the oleaginous words we may even hold the flatterer in contempt yet we are not impervious to the st

53、roking he or she administers; indeed we may luxuriate in it even as we pretend to ridicule it.4. “To describe someone as a social climber or a self-promoter is generally not considered a compliment. Those two labels seem like particularly modern putdowns (and in the culture of celebrity they have be

54、come full-time occupations). But I would make the case that they are simply neutral terms for fundamental human behavior, In fact, Id contend that based on the principles of evolutionary biology, social-climbing and self-promotion. They are in our genes.”5. Flattery, he quite correctly says, “is a f

55、orm of cooperation, and cooperation is the successful evolutionary principle of reciprocal altruism.” As Sam Rayburn used to say, during his long and productive tenure as speaker of the House of Representatives, “If you want to get along, go along.” To be sure flattery is routinely carried to obscen

56、e lengths in this city , which as Stengel correctly points out “is in some ways closer to the courts of Renaissance Europe than it is to our modern era,” yet it is the grease that oils the wheels of politics and often enables the government and its satellites to accomplish worthwhile things. The spe

57、ctacle that members of the Senate present when they fawn over each other as “honorable” and “distinguished” is hardly a pretty one, yet it is not without purpose.6. In American life, flattering influential individuals is an essential part of the machinery of society and business. In a perceptive cha

58、pter called How Dale Carnegie Won Friends and Influenced People, Stengel shows how “the simplest devices of paying attention, offering appreciation and the giving of small flatteries” have become so engrained that it is hard to imagine functioning without them. The rules of flattery or its handmaide

59、n, ingratiation are clear: “avoid complimenting the target.in a way that makes it clear you want a reward; make sure the compliment is plausible; praise an attribute about which the target is uncertain; and dont leave the impression that you are a promiscuous praise.” Do all of that and you too can

60、succeed in business or anything else without really trying?7. All of which should, make clear especially to you, gentle and quick-witted reader that Stengel has written not merely a popular history of flattery but also a guide to its employment. He does the latter with tongue slightly in cheek at ti

61、mes to the point that his prose becomes excessively chatty and breezy yet the truth is that his counsel, and that of the many others whom he quotes, probably can be used to good purpose. If you must flatter - and there are times when flattery is clearly the wisest course then by all means do it well

62、.1.when flattery is clearly the wisest course then by all means do it well.2.According to Richard Stengel, all of the following are true of flattery EXCEPT （ ）.3.In the second paragraph, the writer makes the point that（ ）.4.The main idea of the third paragraph is that（ ）.5.What can be inferred about

63、 the courts of Renaissance Europe (Para. 5)? The writers attitude toward Richard Stengels views regarding flattery can best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.it can stretch the truthB.it has a purposeC.it is an unsuccessful bribeD.it can be expressed subtly问题2选项A.flatterers often achieve their objectivesB.flattery is often blatantC.the writer is often flatteredD.we are often tempted by flattery问题3选项A.flattery seldom produces the desired resultsB.humans are vain and proudC.its only human to enjoy flatteryD.we find fl