2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解31

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1、2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 翻译题 It is understandable that publishers are concerned that their journals are selected by ISI for inclusion in its database. Indeed, it is sometimes argued that the survival of a particular journal depends on ISIs decision to cover it in Current Contents. A jo

2、urnals ultimate success depends upon its quality, distribution, and many other competitive factors including cost and timeliness. Any one of these factors, including coverage by ISI, can make the difference between success and failure.A journals reputation may not tell the complete story about its i

3、mpact on the scholarly community. In fact, a study on social science journals suggests quite the opposite. Their research showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between a journals reputation and its impact, especially at the extremes of the prestige scale. They conclude that citation data “pe

4、rmit scholars to evaluate the importance of journals based not on opinion but on the frequency of citations” and that “frequency of citation implies scholarly acceptance, or at least acknowledgment of importance through utilization of others work.” The researchers go on to mention that “journals hav

5、e prestige, but their prestige is only derived from the usefulness of the articles they publish.”Translated the following paragraph into Chinese.【答案】出版者关心他们的期刊被ISI数据库选中, 这是可以理解的。事实上, 有人争论一本期刊的命运取决于ISI是否将它收录在最新内容里。期刊的最终成功靠的是它的质量、发行以及许多其他竞争因素, 包括成本和及时性。这些因素中的任何一个, 包括ISI的覆盖范围都能决定成败。期刊的知名度并不能说明它对学术界的影响力

6、。事实上, 一项对社会科学杂志的研究结果恰恰相反。研究表明期刊的知名度和它的影响力之间没有直接关系, 特别是在声望范围。他们总结道, “学者们根据引用数据评估期刊的重要性, 但是, 不是基于期刊的观点而是基于其引用频率。引用频率暗示了学术界的认可, 至少通过利用其他人的著作承认了这一重要性。”研究者们还说, “期刊也有声望, 但是他们的声望仅源于他们出版的文章的有用性。”2. 单选题（ ） its hot sun and beautiful beaches, Hawaii is a fine place to live in or to visit.问题1选项A.AsB.ForC.FromD.

7、With【答案】D【解析】空格后面的“its hot sun and beautiful beaches”是一个名词短语, 因此不能用连词, 连词是用于句子与句子之间的连接的, 所以这里应用介词with, 意为“凭借”。选项D正确。3. 单选题The people at the party worried about Janet because no one was aware（ ）she had gone.问题1选项A.where thatB.of whereC.of the place whereD.the place【答案】B【解析】be aware of为固定搭配, 首先排除选项A和D

8、；选项C关系代词应用which, 而不是关系副词where。所以选项B正确。4. 翻译题Passage 1Many human diseases are caused by the absence or inappropriate presence of a protein. The protein could then be administered to patients in order to compensate for its absence. Today, gene therapy is the ultimate method of protein delivery, in whi

9、ch the delivered gene enters the bodys cells and turns them into small factories1 that produce a therapeutic protein for a specific disease over a prolonged period. As gene therapy has moved from the laboratory into the clinic, several issues have emerged as central to the development of this techno

10、logy: gene identification, gene expression and gene delivery. A number of disease-related genes with direct clinical value have already been identified, and this number is growing as the field rapidly advances. Genes with broader clinical application are also being utilized to make ceils express imm

11、une activating agents locally at the disease site or to become susceptible to further drug treatment or to immune response recognition.Passage 2It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution. IBM released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers, which were

12、 widely used during the exploration period of such devices. During the late 1950s, the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages, and such issues were commonplace. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computer science technology. Mo

13、dem society has been a significant shift from computers being used solely by experts or professionals to more and more widespread user base. By the 1990s, computers became accepted as being the norm within everyday life. During this time data entry was a primary component of the use of computers, ma

14、ny preferring to streamline their business practices through the use of a computer. This also gave the additional benefit of removing the need of large amounts of documentation and file records which consumed much-needed physical space within offices.Passage 3Every organization is an emotional place

15、. It is an emotional place because it is a human invention, serving human purposes and dependent on human beings to function. And human beings are emotional animals: subject anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happiness or joy, ease and unease. Recently, there have been attempts to develop the idea of e

16、motional intelligence. Emotional intelligence emphasizes the impact reason can make on emotion. The claim made for this perspective is that it represents “an ability to perceive, to process, to understand, and to manage emotions in self and others.” Proponents of emotional intelligence maintain that

17、 there are distinct individual abilities and skills that relate to the explicit management of emotion. In addition, emotional intelligence develops over time and can be enhanced by training. Therefore, learning to perceive emotion in others and manage these emotions successfully is an important tool

18、 in every managers guide book.Choose ONLY ONE passage front the following passages and translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Passage 1许多人类疾病是由某种蛋

19、白质的缺失或不当的存在所引起的。可以通过给病人服用这种蛋白质来填补这种缺失。现今, 基因疗法是蛋白质输送的最尖端的方法。这一疗法将基因输入人体细胞内, 该基因能够将这些细胞变成长期生产对特定疾病具有治疗功能的蛋白质的小型“工厂”。随着基因疗法走出实验室并应用到诊所中, 出现了几个涉及该技术发展的核心问题：包括基因识别, 基因表达和基因输送。有一些与疾病相关并具有直接治疗意义的基因已经被识别, 随着这一领域的飞快发展, 这一数字在增加。具有更广泛治疗应用的基因同样被用来促使细胞在病灶部位表达免疫力, 或使其有助于后续的药物治疗或免疫反应识别。Passage 2众所周知, IBM品牌构成了电脑科学

20、革命的一部分。IBM曾发售IBM 704型电脑, 并在之后发售IBM 709型号电脑, 在人们对电脑还处于探索时期时, 这两种电脑得到了广泛的应用。在20世纪50年代后期, 电脑科学还处于发展阶段, 这些问题很常见。随着时间的推移, 电脑科学技术的实用性和效用得到了显著的提高。现代社会中, 电脑已经不再是仅仅供专家或专业人士使用的, 而是获得了越来越广泛的应用。到了20世纪90年代, 电脑己经被视作日常生活中的必备品。在这一期间, 电脑主要被用来做数据登记, 许多人偏爱使用电脑来提高他们工作的效率。这同时还免去了占用稀缺的办公室空间的大量的文件和档案记录的必要性。Passage 3每个组织都是

21、一个具有情感的场所。这是因为它是人类的发明, 服务于人类的目的并依赖于人类才能运作。而人是有情感的动物：愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、厌恶、快乐或欢喜、放松和不安等。近来, 有人试图发展情感智力这一观念。情感智力强调理性对情感的影 响。从这一视角出发的观点认为情感智力代表了“一种认知、处理、理解和控制自己和他人情感的能力”。情感智力的主张者断言人们具有与情感控制直接相关的不同的个人能力和技巧。此外, 情感智力是随着时间的推移而发展的并且能够训练得以加强。因此, 学会观察他人的情感并成功地控制这些情感是每个管理者应当掌握的重要技能。5. 单选题Human beings are capable （1 ） th

22、ought; they are swayed by emotions. We can leave to the philosopher and the physician such questions （2 ） the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instincts, the action and interaction of intellect and will and emotions. （3 ） when men think and feel deeply, their

23、 normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings. The sharing fulfills a （4 ） need in human nature. Men live in society; they do not normally live in isolation. When one human being wished to convey his （5 ） to another, he has to make use of a medium, abridge. That bridge

24、 is language.The science （6 ） object is the study of language is known as Linguists. The student of Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as a means of inter-communication, whether it is spoken, pictured or written. The more spe

25、cialized branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, more specifically with the sounds used in speech, （7 ） known as Phonetics.Now even in this scientific age, communication is still （8 ） oral. It is still true to say the great majority of information is conveyed by means of t

26、he spoken word. It is self-evident that before any language can be written it must be spoken. It is, （9 ） , quite possible, as we know from examples up to own times, to have literature without literacy. The pen and the printing press merely hive visual permanence to messages which would otherwise ha

27、ve to be transmitted by the tongue and received by the ear. Writing is, of course, a powerful defense against the ravages of time or distance, a more permanent and reliable storehouse （10 ） human memory.问题1选项A.inB.ofC.atD.for问题2选项A.ofB.inC.asD.to问题3选项A.SoB.AndC.ThenD.But问题4选项A.deep-seatB.deep-seated

28、C.deep seatD.deep-seating问题5选项A.thoughtB.thoughtsC.thinkingD.thinkings问题6选项A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what问题7选项A.isB.areC.beingD.as问题8选项A.largelyB.merelyC.specificallyD.particularly问题9选项A.thereforeB.as a resultC.on the contraryD.in fact问题10选项A.ofB.thanC.asD.in【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A第8题:A第

29、9题:A第10题:A【解析】（1）be capable of为固定搭配, 意为“具有能力, 能够.”。选项B正确。（2）根据句意可知, 填空处应与such搭配使用, such as 意为“比如., 诸如.”。这里指“诸如.的问题”。所以选项C正确。（3）结合上下文及句意可知, 这里应该为转折的关系, 上一句提到“我们可以把这些问题留给哲学家和医生”；下一句“但当人们深入思考和感受时, 他们的正常反应是希望表达自己的想法和感受。”选项D符合原文语境。（4）deep-seated指“深层的, 根深蒂固的”。选项B正确, 其他选项的形式都不正确。（5）根据句意可知, 这里是把思想传达给另一个人。th

30、inking是一个总的概念, 指人的思想；thought是具体的某个想法。且这里应为复数形式, 所以选项B正确。（6）分析句子结构可知, 这里为定语从句, 用关系代词whose表示“.的”。句意：以语言为研究对象的科学被称为语言学家。（7）填空处前面为插入语可暂时忽略不看, 句子的主语为the more specialized branch, 所以谓语动词用单数, 选项A正确。（8）根据下文可知, 这里要表达的是：现在, 即使是在科学时代, 沟通仍然主要是口头的。largely指“主要地, 大部分”。选项A正确。（9）结合上下句可知, 两者之间存在因果关系。任何语言都是先说出来再被写出来, 因

31、此, 在人类没有读写能力之前文学就有可能是存在的。选项A符合原文句意。（10）根据句意：写作是人类记忆更持久、更可靠的宝库。所以用of表示“.的”。选项A正确。6. 单选题Without the assistance of those giant machines no bridge （ ） on river last year.问题1选项A.could be builtB.would be builtC.should have been builtD.could have been built【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知, 事情发生在去年, 并且已经完成, 所以这里用过去完成

32、时, 首先排除选项A和B。选项C指本应该做某事却没有做, 不符合句意, 所以选项D正确。7. 填空题Families come in many shapes and sizes. Who do you include when you talk about “your family”？ Your family might be the family you were born into or the family you have created with your partner. You might include just your partner, or families one or

33、 both of you bring from previous relationships. You might live with people you regard as family even though they are not blood relatives. The possibilities are many.Families may be based on different kinds of adult relationships but the thing they have in common is that they provide a sense of belon

34、ging. They give identity and provide support and security. Your family is made up of the people you care about and the people who care about you. You might also want to include any close friends that you have a family-like relationship with, people you can rely on and trust. These relationships migh

35、t be the people you look to when your extended family live elsewhere or are not available to give you active support.Having a concept of your family that goes beyond mum, dad and the kids is also important when adult relationships break up. When parents separate, children often find security in wide

36、r and different family connections. Often these take in different generations and wider circles of friends.The word “family” can mean different things to different people. But no matter how our families are made up. Most share some common values. Its worth thinking about what these are. When we star

37、t thinking values of families, its likely that most families will come up with a fairly common set of principles. For instance, most would say the support one another, trust one another, care for each other when things get tough, share their resources and make sure everyone in the family is safe.Its

38、 important to talk about what binds us together because this is how children learn about how to treat others. What they learn at home about respecting and caring for others, and taking responsibility, feeds into their relationships at school, on the sports field, at work and eventually, into their o

39、wn families as adults.Sometimes parents havent had the opportunity to think about these sorts of things. Or they have been raised in families that were not safe, where they were abused, hurt or not respected. However, its possible to break this cycle. We can choose to build families that are differe

40、nt from the ones we grew up in.For instance, there are lots of things we can do to make our families work well. We can learn how to communicate so that our messages and feelings are understood and we understand how other people are feeling and what they are trying to tell us.We can also learn how to

41、 resolve conflict in safe ways that strengthen our relationships and reinforce our values. Conflict is an inevitable, natural and healthy part of family life. No matter how close we are to someone we will find differences, and some of these will be irritating to us. But once we understand the other

42、persons point of view our relationship with them will improve. And we can learn how to make decisions and plan ahead as a family. Regardless of our own background, it is possible for us to decide what we want as a family and take steps towards making it happen.When the people you love make decisions

43、 you dont like, do you choose to be loving or would you rather be right?You have high expectations of the people you care about. You know they are capable of doing well. You only want whats best for them. Maybe you also want whats best from them too. Thats a bit different. Its about what you get rat

44、her than what they get. Looking at it like that your motives might not seem so noble, and your partner, or your teenager, or your friend might be quick to point that out as a way of discounting your view.You might say to your teenager “I really hope youll go to University. It was a struggle for me t

45、o get there. I took years and had to do it part time. I want you to have the chance to enjoy it before you get tied down with kids and mortgages. Im worried that youll want to do it later, when Im no longer in a position to help you financially.Will it change what they do? Probably not. Theyll make

46、their own choices, complete with predicted mistakes and unexpected triumphs. Its not their job to live the life you wanted to have, or even the one you want to give them.Will they be furious with you for interfering, for telling them what to do, and doubting their ability to competently manage their

47、 own life? Probably not. All youve done is tell them what you want, and what their decision means for you.When you tell your own story and let people know how you feel, your motivations, your hopes and your good intentions are much more apparent. Youre being open about what you hope to gain or avoid

48、.It becomes possible for someone to appreciate your concern even if they choose a path you dont favor. They dont have to defend themselves because youre not criticizing them. They dont have to be attacking because you are being loving. They dont have to resist you, because you arent trying to contro

49、l them.Concentrate on talking about you, your experience, your hopes and fears. You cant “fix” someone else. You can ask about their thoughts and worries and dreams and get a much fuller picture of what theyre doing.You can choose to be loving and take good care of the relationship you share. That w

50、ay if they ever do need advice or encouragement or support youll be someone they want to turn to. Being loving wont make someone dance to your tune, but it will help to keep a connection between you.1.The concept of ones family can go beyond （）.2.In a family, members support one another, trust one a

51、nother, care for each other when things get tough, and make sure everyone in the family is safe. All of this can be summarize as （）.3.What values children learn at home can feeds into （） at school, on the sports field, at work, and eventually their own families as adults.4.People can build better fa

52、milies that are （） the ones they grew up in and which they feel were abusive.5.When family members you love make decisions one doesnt like, you have to balance between choosing to be loving and （）.【答案】1.mum, dad, and the kids2.principles and values of family3.their relationships4.different from5.cho

53、osing to be right【解析】1.根据第三段第一句“Having a concept of your family that goes beyond mum, dad and the kids is also important.”拥有超越父母和孩子的家庭观念也很重要。2.根据第四段的最后两句“When we start thinking values of families, its likely that most families will come up with a fairly common set of principles. For instance,.”当我们开始

54、思考家庭的价值观时, 很可能大多数家庭都会提出一套相当普遍的原则, 例如, 大多数人会说互相支持, 互相信任, 当事情变得困难时互相关心, 分享他们的资源, 确保家庭中的每个人都是安全的。3.根据第五段最后一句“What they learn at home ., feeds into their relationships at school, .”他们在家里学到的关于尊重、关心他人和承担责任的东西, 会在学校、运动场上、工作中融入他们的人际关系, 最终会在成年后融入他们自己的家庭。4.根据第六段最后一句“We can choose to build families that are di

55、fferent from the ones we grew up in.”有可能打破这个循环, 我们可以选择建立与我们成长环境不同的家庭。5.根据第九段“When the people you love make decisions you dont like, do you choose to be loving or would you rather be right?”当你爱的人做出你不喜欢的决定时, 你是选择去爱, 还是宁愿做正确的决定? and前后结构需保持一致。8. 单选题Death comes quickly in the mountains. Each winter holid

56、ay makers are caught unawares as they happily ski away from the fixed runs, little realizing that a small avalanche can send them crashing in a bone-breaking fall down the slope and leave them buried under tons of crisp white snow. There are lots of theories about how to avoid disaster when hit by a

57、n avalanche. Practice is normally less cheerful.The snow in the Salzburg of Austria where a recent disaster took place was typical avalanche material. For several days before the incident I had skied locally. Early winter snow was wearing thin and covered with ice. On top of that new, warmer flakes

58、were gently falling to produce a dangerous carpet. To the skier who enjoys unmarked slopes it is tempting stuff, deep new power snow on a hard basethe skiing that dreams are made of and sometimes nightmares.Snow falls in sections like a cake. Different sections have different densities because of th

59、e temperatures at the time of the fall and in the weeks afterwards. Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath. The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January. The result of th

60、ese conditions is that even a slight increase in the temperatures sends a thin stream of water between the new snow and the old. Then the new snow simply slides off the mountain.Such slides are not unexpected. Local citizens know the slopes which tend to avalanche and the weather in which such slide

61、s are likely. Traps are set to catch the snow or prevent it slipping; bombs are placed and exploded from time to time to set off small avalanches before a big one has time to build up; and above all, skiers are warned not to ski in danger areas.In spite of this, avalanches happen in unexpected areas

62、 and, of course, skiers ignore the warnings. The one comfort to recreational skiers, however, is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare. No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.1.Each winter holiday makers in the mountains come face to face with death because （

63、） .2.According to the writer, skiing conditions in the Salzburg area of Austria before the accident happened were（ ） .3.In areas where avalanches are known to happen（ ） .4.Although accidents do happen, skiers will be reasonably safe if （ ） .问题1选项A.they fail to realize how dangerous avalanches can be

64、B.they are not expert enough at skiing on the fixed runs.C.they are trying to avoid areas where avalanches happenD.they ski great distances down the mountainsides问题2选项A.perfect for, the inexperienced skierB.unsafe because the new snow was covered with iceC.typical of conditions resulting in avalanchesD.suitable only for skiin