2022-2023年考博英语-华中科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第20期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-华中科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Painter Frida Kahlo (19101954) often used harrowing images derived from her Mexican heritage to express suffering caused by a disabling accident and a stormy marriage. Suggesting much personal and emotional content, her worksmany of them self-portraitshave been

2、 exhaustively psychoanalyzed, while their political content has been less studied. Yet Kahlo was an ardent political activist who in her art sought not only to explore her own roots, but also to champion Mexicos struggle for an independent political and cultural identity.Kahlo was influenced by Marx

3、ism, which appealed to many intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s, and by Mexican nationalism. Interest in Mexicos culture and history had revived in the nineteenth century, and by the early 1900s, Mexican indigenista tendencies ranged from a violently anti-Spanish idealization of Aztec Mexico to an

4、emphasis on contemporary Mexican Indians as the key to authentic Mexican culture. Mexican nationalism, reacting against contemporary United States political intervention in labor disputes as well as against past domination by Spain, identified the Aztecs as the last independent rulers of an indigeno

5、us political unit. Kahlos form of Mexicanidad, a romantic nationalism that focused upon traditional art uniting all indigenistas, revered the Aztecs as a powerful pre-Columbian society that had united a large area of the Middle Americas and that was thought to have been based on communal labor, the

6、Marxist ideal.In her paintings, Kahlo repeatedly employed Aztec symbols, such as skeletons or bleeding hearts that were traditionally related to the emanation of life from death and light from darkness. These images of destruction coupled with creation speak not only to Kahlos personal battle for li

7、fe, but also to the Mexican struggle to emerge as a nationby implication, to emerge with the political and cultural strength admired in the Aztec civilization. Self-portrait on the Border between Mexico and the United States (1932), for example, shows Kahlo wearing a bone necklace, holding a Mexican

8、 flag, and standing between a highly industrialized United States and an agricultural, preindustrial Mexico. On the United States side are mechanistic and modem images such as smokestacks, light bulbs, and robots. In contrast, the organic and ancient symbols on the Mexican sidea blood-drenched Sun,

9、lush vegetation, an Aztec sculpture, a pre-Columbian temple, and a skull alluding to those that lined the walls of Aztec templesemphasize the interrelation of life, death, the earth, and the cosmos.Kahlo portrayed Aztec images in the folkloric style of traditional Mexican paintings, thereby heighten

10、ing the clash between modem materialism and indigenous tradition; similarly, she favored planned economic development, but not at the expense of cultural identity. Her use of familiar symbols in a readily accessible style also served her goal of being popularly understood; in turn, Kahlo is viewed b

11、y some Mexicans as a mythic figure representative of nationalism itself.31.Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?32.Which one of the following statements concerning psychoanalytic and political interpretations of Kahlos work would the author be most likely to agree?

12、33.Which one of the following stances toward the United States does the passage mention as characterizing Mexican nationalists in the early twentieth century?34.In the context of the passage, which one of the following phrases could best be substituted for the word romantic（Paragraph 2, Line 7） with

13、out substantially changing the authors meaning?35.The passage implies that Kahlos attitude toward the economic development of Mexico was（）.问题1选项A.The doctrines of Marxist ideology and Mexican nationalism heavily influenced Mexican painters of Kahlos generation.B.Kahlos paintings contain numerous ref

14、erences to the Aztecs as an indigenous Mexican people predating European influence.C.An important element of Kahlos work is conveyed by symbols that reflect her advocacy of indigenous Mexican culture and Mexican political autonomy.D.The use of Aztec images and symbols in Kahlos art can be traced to

15、the late nineteenth-century revival of interest in Mexican history and culture.问题2选项A.The psychoanalytic interpretations of Kahlos work tend to challenge the political interpretations.B.Political and psychoanalytic interpretations are netplementary approaches to Kahlos work.C.Recent political interp

16、retations of Kahlos work are causing psychoanalytic critics to revise their own interpretations.D.Unlike the political interpretations, the psychoanalytic interpretations make use of biographical facts of Kahlos life.问题3选项A.Opposition to United States involvement in internal Mexican affairs.B.Desire

17、 to decrease emigration of the Mexican labor force to the United States.C.Desire to improve Mexicos economic competitiveness with the United States.D.Reluctance to imitate the United States model of rapid industrialization.问题4选项A.Dreamy and escapist.B.Nostalgic and idealistic.C.Fanciful and imaginat

18、ive.D.Transcendental and impractical.问题5选项A.enthusiasticB.condemnatoryC.cautiousD.noncommittal【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】31.文章主旨题。浏览全文，本文的主题人物是Painter Frida Kahlo,全文的主题句为原文第一段最后一句，“Yet Kahlo was an ardent political activist who in her art sought not only to explore her own roots, but also to c

19、hampion Mexicos struggle for an independent political and cultural identity.（然而，卡罗是一位热情的政治活动家，在她的艺术中，她不仅寻求探索自己的根源，而且还支持墨西哥争取独立的政治和文化身份的斗争。）”其中的关键词为her art，political activist和political and cultural identity。从而得出本题答案。32.细节推断题。原文第三段第二句中的by implication体现了作者的想法，“by implication, to emerge with the politic

20、al and cultural strength admired in the Aztec civilization. Self-portrait on the Border between Mexico and the United States (1932) , for example, shows Kahlo wearing a bone necklace, holding a Mexican flag, and standing between a highly industrialized United States and an agricultural, preindustria

21、l Mexico.”而political与选项B重现；not only .but also.体现了 Kahlo作品中Political和psychoanalytic为互相补充的关系。从而得出本题答案。33.事实细节题。根据题干关键词the early twentieth century可定位原文第二段第二句。“Interest in Mexicos culture and history had revived in the nineteenth century, and by the early 1900s, Mexican indigenista tendencies ranged fro

22、m a violently anti-Spanish idealization of Aztec Mexico to an emphasis on contemporary Mexican Indians as the key to authentic Mexican culture.（19世纪，人们对墨西哥文化和历史的兴趣重新燃起，到20世纪初，墨西哥原住民主义的倾向从对阿兹特克墨西哥的强烈反西班牙理想化，到强调当代墨西哥印第安人是真正墨西哥文化的关键。）”从而得出本题答案。34.语义题。根据题干信息定位到第二段最后一句。“Kahlos form of Mexicanidad, a roma

23、ntic nationalism that focused upon traditional art uniting all indigenistas, revered the Aztecs as a powerful pre-Columbian society that had united a large area of the Middle Americas and that was thought to have been based on communal labor, the Marxist ideal.” romantic的意思为“浪漫的；多情的；空想的”，根据原文中的tradi

24、tional, ideal判断得出本题答案。35.细节推理题。根据题干关键词 Kahlos attitude, the economic development of Mexico 可以定位到最后一段第一句，“Kahlo portrayed Aztec images in the folkloric style of traditional Mexican paintings, thereby heightening the clash between modem materialism and indigenous tradition; similarly, she favored plan

25、ned economic development, but not at the expense of cultural identity.”第一句中提到了Kahlos attitude，她支持planned economic development，接着but转折，不能以cultural identity为代价。从而得出本题答案。2. 单选题Since World War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to hea

26、lth care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled

27、cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multip

28、ly at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism“everything has been tried and nothing works”which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publici

29、zed environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encourag

30、ed capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community

31、beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accomp

32、anied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to

33、admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakin

34、gs have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to s

35、eek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1.The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47-48) differed from oth

36、er plans by（ ）.2.The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-cost reimbursement EXCEPT（ ）.3.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.4.According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partly attributable to the fact that（ ）.5.The author cites the prepa

37、id plans in lines 46-48 as（ ）.6.It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again” means that（ ）.7.With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care services would the author most likely agree?8.Which of the following be

38、st describes the logical structure of the selection?9.The authors primary concern is to（ ）.问题1选项A.encouraging capital investmentB.requiring physicians to treat the poorC.providing incentives for cost controlD.employing only dedicated and idealistic doctorsE.relying primarily on public funding问题2选项A.

39、rising operating costsB.underused hospital facilitiesC.overcapitalizationD.overreliance on expensive equipmentE.lack of services for minorities问题3选项A.light-hearted and amusedB.objective but concernedC.detached and unconcernedD.cautious but sincereE.enthusiastic and enlightened问题4选项A.there has been l

40、ittle real improvement in health-care servicesB.expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealisticC.large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to health-care servicesD.advances in technology have made health care service unaffordableE.doctors are now less concer

41、ned with patient care问题5选项A.counterexamples to the claim that nothing has workedB.examples of health-care plans that were over-fundedC.evidence that health-care services are fragmentedD.proof of the theory that no plan has been successfulE.experiments that yielded disappointing results问题6选项A.the cos

42、t of health-care services will not declineB.some people should not become doctorsC.medical care is not really essential to good healthD.illness is often unpleasant and even painfulE.medical science cannot cure every ill问题7选项A.It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.B.It is highly fragm

43、ented and completely ineffectiveC.It has not embraced new technology rapidly enoughD.It is generally effective but can be improvedE.It discourages people from seeking medical care问题8选项A.The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.B.The second and third paragrap

44、hs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.C.The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.D.The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present two horns of a dilemma.E.The fir

45、st paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possible solution.问题9选项A.criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in technologically advanced equipmentB.examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assess their severityC.defen

46、d the medical community from charges that health-care has not improved since World War IID.analyze the reasons for the health-care industrys inability to provide quality care to all segments of the populationE.describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the causes of

47、 spiraling medical costs【答案】第1题:C第2题:E第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A第6题:E第7题:D第8题:C第9题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干关键词the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound，将信息点定位为文章第三段。根据“Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound.

48、（凯泽基金会（Kaiser Foundation）和普吉特湾（Puget Sound）的预付团体实践计划（group practice plans）表明，并非所有的尝试都是徒劳的。）” “Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality.（除了那些最理想主义、最执着的人，他们没有寻求改变的动力，也没有自我约束或节俭的动力。）”从而得出本题答案。2.细节信息题。信息点定位到原文第一、二段。选

49、项E与原文第二句所给信息不符，“These include better access to health care （particularly for the poor and minorities）, improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel.（这些措施包括更好地获得卫生保健（特别是对穷人和少数民族），改善物理植物，增加医生和其他卫生人员的数量。）”从而得出本题答案。3.观点态度题。通读全文，可以感受到作者行文态度十分客观，运用客观事实表达自

50、己的观点，且对出现的问题十分在意。从而得出本题答案。4.细节信息题。根据题干关键词pessimism，将信息点定位到原文第三段第一句。“Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care.（然而，这种悲观情绪在一定程度上源于对医疗保健的过高期望。）”从而得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干关键词prepaid plans，将信息点定位到第三段第七句。“Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as show

51、n by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound.（泽基金会（Kaiser Foundation）和普吉特湾（Puget Sound）的预付团体实践计划（group practice plans）表明，并非所有的尝试都是徒劳的。）”根据句子前半句可得出本题答案。6.细节推断题。根据原题信息“Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again”，可将信息点定位到原文第三段第五句。根据第三段第四句“Moreover, the c

52、apacities of medical science are limited.（此外，医学的能力是有限的。）”即可得出本题答案。7.主旨态度题。根据原文“Since World War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services（自第二次世界大战以来，保健服务领域取得了相当大的进展）” “Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. （此外，医学的能力是有限的。）”等信息点的描述，即可得出本题答案。8.篇章结构题。通

53、读全文，即可发现，文章首段提出问题，引出话题，紧接着第二段、第三段解释并表达了对这一问题的看法。9.主旨大意题。通读全文，即可得出作者观点，作者检查了一些影响医疗卫生服务分配的问题并对其严重性进行了评估。从而得出本题答案。3. 单选题Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and conve

54、ntion. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.Although many people today continue to regard the collection of fact

55、s and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo a

56、bout the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravitycould never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by il

57、literate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That

58、plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneou

59、sly generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories whic

60、h guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.21.According to Bacon, facts （ ）.22.Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants, （ ） .23.According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained （ ）.24.Spontaneous generation of life （ ） .问题1选项A.are

61、 determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reasoningC.have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants问题2选项A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly o

62、pposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculations问题3选项A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or religious dogmas, but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method问题4选项A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is ve

63、rified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a speculation which has no basis in observation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】21.细节推断题。根据“Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and c

64、onvention.（培根（Francis Bacon）提出，科学在于提高实验和观察的权威，而不是理性、直觉和惯例的权威。）”即可合理推断得出本题答案。22.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“illiterate assistants” “data collection”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句，“Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them w