2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学技术大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第4期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学技术大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Vince Cables decision not to come to Oxford because of a peaceful protest is one of the most cowardly acts by a British politician in living memory.问题1选项A.sensibleB.effectiveC.fearfulD.cautious【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. sensible 明智的，理智的 B. effective 有效的C. fearful 惧怕的，

2、胆怯的，担心的 D. cautious 小心的，谨慎的（谨慎说话和行事，尤其是为了避免危险或错误）【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】cowardly的意思为“胆小的，怯懦的”，指的是因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学是懦弱的行为，fearful与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】文斯凯布尔因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学，这是人们记忆中英国政治家最懦弱的行为之一。2. 填空题All populations contain some _ in traits. In humans, for example, some people are tall,

3、 some are short, and some are of medium height. (vary)【答案】variation【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词some，可知横线处为名词。根据关键词for example，可知两个句子是例证关系，指的是同一个族群有不同特点，variation的意思为“变异的东西，变种”，符合语境。【句意】所有族群在性状上都有一些变异。以人类为例，有些人高，有些人矮，有些人中等身高。3. 单选题Despite the recession in Brazil, many job hunters are taking their last sav

4、ings and investing in English lessons because so many _ employers want workers with a knowledge of English.问题1选项A.prevalentB.proficientC.prospectiveD.prominent【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. prevalent 普遍存在的，盛行的 B. proficient 熟练的，娴熟的，精通的C. prospective可能的，潜在的 D. prominent 著名的，杰出的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词job hunte

5、rs，可知这些求职者学英语是为了找工作，雇主是谁还没有确定，prospective符合语境，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。【句意】尽管巴西经济衰退，许多求职者还是把最后的积蓄花在了英语课程上，因为很多潜在雇主都想要会英语的员工。4. 单选题Long-term water availability is largely determined by the average conditions in a river basin, but it is often extreme events that cause acute water insecurity.问题1选项A.

6、occasionalB.constantC.urgentD.serious【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. occasional 偶尔的，偶然的 B. constant 连续发生的，不断的C. urgent 紧急的，紧迫的 D. serious 严重的，有危险的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】acute的意思为“十分严重的”，这里指极端事件让水变得非常不安全，有严重的安全问题，serious与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】长期来说，水资源的可用性在很大程度上取决于流域的平均条件，但往往是极端事件导致严重的在水安全方面的问题。5. 单

7、选题If we all end up trying to be savers, the global economy will tilt more heavily towards protectionism and recession.问题1选项A.favorB.proceedC.leanD.extend【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. favor 优惠，特别照顾，偏袒 B. proceed 继续做（或从事、进行）C. lean 倾斜 D. extend 使伸长；扩大【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】tilt的意思为“使向倾斜，偏向”，指的是保护主义和经济衰退会变得更加严重的倾向，l

8、ean与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】如果我们最终都试图成为储蓄者，全球经济将更严重地偏向保护主义和衰退。6. 单选题Independent auditors from KPMG say they are preparing to closely scrutinize organizational and operational changes that State Compensation Insurance Fund is implementing.问题1选项A.examineB.executeC.informD.foster【答案】A【解析

9、】【选项释义】A. examine （仔细地）检查，检验 B. execute （尤指依法）处决，处死C. inform 知会，通知 D. foster 促进，助长【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】scrutinize的意思为“认真检查，细致审查”，和changes构成动宾搭配关系，指的是仔细审查正在实施的组织和运营变革，examine与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】毕马威会计师事务所的独立审计师表示，他们正准备密切审查国家赔偿保险基金正在实施的组织和运营变革。7. 单选题To say that the child learns by i

10、mitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Mon

11、key see, monkey do.”Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get th

12、e right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieve

13、s his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child

14、 learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the

15、learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may

16、most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situation, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because

17、imitating them leads to success.1. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _.2. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _.3. Children tend to imitate their models _.4. “An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _.问题1选项A.the need to find

18、an authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social group问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not critici

19、ze themB.who bring them unexpected rewardsC.whom they want to be likeD.whose social status is high问题4选项A.who serves as a model for othersB.who is always successfulC.who can be depended uponD.who has been rewarded for his success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】For a child the first element in h

20、is learning by imitation is _. 对孩子来说，模仿式学习的第一个因素是_。A. the need to find an authority A. 需要找到权威B. the need to find a way to achieve the desired result B. 需要找到达到预期结果的方法C. the need for more affection from his parents C. 需要从父母那里得到更多的爱D. the desire to meet the standards of his social group D. 希望达到所在的社会群体的

21、标准【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词first element定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“还有第二个因素在起作用（second element）”，推测第一因素在第二段，结合第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“他在寻求（seeking）一种能达到特定目的的反应（gain certain ends）他观察到（observes）一个似乎能够得到正确结果（right result）的模型。”，可知模仿式学习的第一个因素是需要达到自己想要的结果，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要找到权威”：对应第二段最后一句，该处讲到“孩子们会寻找一个权威人士（authority）或专家

22、来告诉他们该做什么（what to do）”，可知寻求权威的建议是是方法，而不是原因，属于偷换概念；C选项“需要从父母那里得到更多的爱”：对应第三段倒数第三句，该处讲到“当父母喜欢他的反应时（when his parents like his response），他会得到更多的爱（affection）和认可。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴；D选项“希望达到所在的社会群体的标准”：对应第三段最后一句，该处讲到“如果一个人想得到他人的持续支持和维持自己的自尊（support of others and his own self-respect），他必须以社会群体认可的方式回

23、应（responses his social group approves）。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴。第2题:【选项释义】Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _. 除了达到他想要的结果，一个孩子还应该学会_。A. behave properly A. 行为恰当B. attain his goal as soon as possible B. 尽快实现目标C. show his affection for his parents C. 对父母表达爱D. tal

24、k quietly D. 小声说话【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段第四、五、六句，该处讲到“解决任何客观问题（solve any objective situation）的愿望就变成了正确解决问题（solve it properly）的愿望。孩子早期学到的一件事是，当父母喜欢他的反应时，他会得到更多的爱和认可。然后其他成年人奖励一些行为，批评其他行为。”，可知除了达到希望的结果，还需要行为恰当，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“尽快实现目标”：对应第三段第二句，该处讲到“孩子可能会达到他的即时目标（immediate goal），却发现他的方法受到了其观察者的批

25、评。”，这里表达的是孩子在实现当下想要实现的目标时，如果方式不符合社会标准，会受到批评，并没有鼓励孩子尽快实现目标，属于偷换概念；C选项“对父母表达爱”：文中没有提到对父母表达爱意，属于无中生有；D选项“轻言细语”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“他应该走到隔壁房间，小声说话（say his say quietly）”，这是针对吵闹的孩子说的，而不是所有的孩子，属于以偏概全。第3题:【选项释义】Children tend to imitate their models _. 孩子们倾向于模仿_的榜样。A. who do not criticize them A. 不批评他们B. who bring

26、 them unexpected rewards B. 给他们带来了意想不到的回报C. whom they want to be like C. 他们想要与之相像D. whose social status is high D. 社会地位高【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词imitate their models定位到第四段第二、三句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人（seems a good person）如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴家（wants to be a good violinist），他会观察和模仿（observe and try to copy

27、）优秀演奏者（capable players）的技巧。”，可知孩子们倾向于模仿有自己想要的品质的人，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“不批评他们”：文中没有提到模仿不批评他们的人，属于无中生有；B选项“给他们带来了意想不到的回报”：文中没有提到给他们带来意外回报的人，属于无中生有；D选项“社会地位高”：对应第四段第二句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人，而不是那些他希望避免其社会身份的人（whose social status he wishes to avoid）。”，这里表达的是孩子会模仿自己想成为的、具有某个社会身份的人，而不是模仿社会地位高的人，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】

28、“An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _. “标志性人物”（第5段）是指_的人。A. who serves as a model for others A. 为他人树立榜样B. who is always successful B. 总是成功C. who can be depended upon C. 可以信赖D. who has been rewarded for his success D. 因他的成功而获益【答案】A【考查点】语义推断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词An identifying figure定位到第五段第

29、一句，该处讲到“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜（admire a person as a whole），而这个人也就成为了_。”，结合该段第二句“很大程度地模仿（imitating much）他们所做的”，可知横线处是指对某个人有崇拜之情，并且模仿他，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“总是成功”：对应第五段第一句“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜”和最后一句“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，不是因为他们总是成功

30、而模仿他们，而是因为模仿他们的优秀品质会带来成功，属于偷换概念；C选项“可以信赖”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项“因他的成功而获益”：对应文章最后一句，该处讲到“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，通过模仿他们，自己可能会成功，而不是因为他们的成功自己获得直接的好处，属于偷换概念。8. 单选题Continued inequities between the rich and powerful minority and the impoverished masses appalled most Egyptians.问题1选项A.offendedB.capti

31、vatedC.shockedD.puzzled【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. offended 得罪，冒犯 B. captivated 迷住，使着迷C. shocked 使震惊，使惊愕 D. puzzled 迷惑，使困惑【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】appalled的意思为“使胆寒，使惊骇”，和most Egyptians构成动宾搭配关系，指的是大多数埃及人很震惊，shocked与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】有钱有势的少数人和贫穷大众之间长期不平等，这使大多数埃及人感到震惊。9. 填空题The origin of contemp

32、orary sociological references to social structure can be traced to Emile Durkheim, who argued that parts of society are interdependent and that this interdependency imposes structure for the behavior of institutions A B C Dand their members.【答案】D for改为on【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】impose sth. on sb./sth.意思为

33、“把强加于”，此题正确用法为impose structure on the behavior。【句意】当代社会学对社会结构可以追溯到埃米尔迪尔凯姆，他认为社会的各个部分相互依赖的，这种相互依赖将结构强加在机构及其成员的行为。10. 填空题Looking at those stars, I grasped, for the first time in my life, the awesome concept of _. (finite)【答案】infinity【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】concept of _是名词所有格，横线处应该是名词，结合在看星星的语境，infinity意思为“无

34、限”，符合语境。【句意】看着那些星星，我生平第一次明白了无限这个令人惊叹的概念。11. 填空题People are most likely to say they have been dreaming if they are awakened during a period of so-called rapid eye movement, at this time distinctive changes in brain activity are observable. A B C D【答案】D this改为which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】D部分引导定语从句，对rapid eye

35、 movement进行修饰，D部分在从句中充当状语，this不能引导从句，which代表物，可以在这里引导从句。【句意】如果人们在所谓的眼球快速运动时期醒来，可以观察到大脑活动的显著变化，那么他们最有可能说自己一直在做梦。12. 单选题Angry engineers challenged the statistical significance of the studys small sample and labeled it sloppy science.问题1选项A.carelessB.doubtfulC.invalidD.worthless【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. carele

36、ss 不仔细的，粗心的（没有足够的关注和思考） B. doubtful 不确定的，怀疑的C. invalid 病弱者 D. worthless 没用的，无价值的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】sloppy的意思为“马虎的，草率的（缺乏关心、思考或努力）”，在这里指研究的样本太小，这样的研究非常随意，欠缺考虑，careless与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】愤怒的工程师们质疑这项研究中小样本的统计意义，并将其贴上草率的标签。13. 单选题English is the dominant language in Hawaii, but it

37、 is infused with Hawaiian words, phrases and pidgin slang.问题1选项A.includedB.affectedC.filledD.spoiled【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. included 包括，包含 B. affected 影响C. filled （使）充满，装满 D. spoiled 破坏，搞坏，毁掉【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】infused的意思为“使具有，注入（某特性）”，这里指夏威夷主要讲英语，但在英语中有非常多的夏威夷词汇、短语和洋泾浜俚语，filled与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、

38、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】英语是夏威夷的主导语言，但它满是夏威夷词汇、短语和洋泾浜俚语。14. 翻译题As an adult I once did the same thing to Sophia, calling her garbage in English when she acted extremely disrespectfully toward me. When I mentioned that I had done this at a dinner party, I was immediately ostracized (excluded). One guest named Ma

39、rcy got so upset she broke down in tears and had to leave early. My friend Susan, the host, tried to rehabilitate me with the remaining guests.The fact is that Chinese parents can do things that would seem unimaginableeven legally actionable (可起诉的)to Westerners. Chinese mothers can say to their daug

40、hters, “Hey fattylose some weight.” By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around the issue, talking in terms of “health” and never ever mentioning the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders (进食障碍) and negative self-image. (I also once heard a Western father toast h

41、is adult daughter by calling her “beautiful and incredibly competent”. She later told me that made her feel like garbage.)Chinese parents can order their kids to get straight As. Western parents can only ask their kids to try their best. Chinese parents can say, “Youre lazy. All your classmates are

42、getting ahead of you.” By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conflicted feelings about achievement, and try to persuade themselves that theyre not disappointed about how their kids turned out.Ive thought long and hard about how Chinese parents can get away with what they do. I

43、 think there are three big differences between the Chinese and Western parental mind-sets (心态，思维定式，思维取向).【答案】【参考译文】作为一个成年人，我曾对索菲亚做过同样的事。当她的行为举止对我极其不敬时，我大声用英语呵斥她是垃圾。有一次参加晚宴，我无意中提及到这件事，没想到立刻被在场的客人排斥了。一位叫玛西的客人竟然难过得哭了起来，不得不提前离开宴会。而我的朋友苏珊，也就是举办晚宴的主人，试图在留下的客人面前为我打圆场。事实上，中国父母可以做出一些在西方父母眼里无法想象的事情，甚至可以因为这些事被

44、起诉。例如，中国的妈妈可以跟女儿说“嘿，胖妹，你该减减肥了！”相反，西方父母们对此话题小心翼翼，从“健康”的角度谈论，绝口不提“肥胖”二字。然后他们的孩子最终还是因为饮食失调和体型不良接受治疗。（我曾听过一位西方父亲在为他成年女儿祝酒时，说他女儿“美丽无比，能力非凡”。他女儿事后告诉我，他父亲的话让她觉得自己像垃圾一样。）中国父母会要求自己的孩子必须每科都是优，而西方父母只让孩子尽力而为。中国父母会说：“你这么懒，班上的同学都超过你了。”相比之下，西方父母不得不在孩子的成绩问题上与自己的矛盾情绪作斗争，并试图说服自己，他们对孩子的表现并不失望。我想了很久，中国父母怎么能不受惩罚。我想主要是因为

45、中西方父母在心态上的三大差异。15. 填空题Shortly after World War II, American art began to gamer worldwide attention and _. This change was due to the innovative fervor of abstract expressionism in the 1950s. (admire)【答案】admiration【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知attention和横线所在内容为并列结构，应该和attention一样为名词，admiration“赞赏”符合语境，

46、指的是美国艺术引起全世界的赞赏。【句意】第二次世界大战后不久，美国艺术开始引起全世界的注意和赞赏。这种变化源于20世纪50年代抽象表现主义的创新热情。16. 单选题As they attempted to board the vessel, Israeli security guards on board opened fire with pistols, forcing the pirates to _.问题1选项A.revoltB.restoreC.retrieveD.retreat【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. revolt 叛逆，违抗 B. restore 恢复（某种情况或感受）C

47、. retrieve 取回，索回 D. retreat 退却，撤退；离开【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】pirates和横线处构成主谓搭配关系，指的是以色列保安人员用手枪逼迫海盗_，retreat符合语境，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合语境。【句意】当他们试图登船时，船上的以色列保安人员用手枪开火，迫使海盗撤退。17. 单选题In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as theyve become wealthier and more worldly-wise. Foreign tr

48、avel is a national （1）; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. （2）to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving （3）large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut are（4）a new standard of cus

49、tomer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to （5）the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “Have a nice day” has（6）all over Israel. “Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, Lets be nicer,” says Itsik Cohen, director of

50、a consulting firm. “Nothing happens without competition.”Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies that until recently have been free to take their（7）for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful customer”. When the government（8）c

51、ompetition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market （9）, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted（10）for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, （11）monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly stopped （12）users to wait half a

52、day for a repairman. Now, appointments are （13）to the half-hour. The graceless El Al Airlines, which is already at auction, has restrained his （14）to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the（15）. “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise o

53、utnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.问题1选项A.emotionB.favorC.passionD.spirit问题2选项A.InstructedB.ExposedC.AffectedD.Restored问题3选项A.withB.inC.atD.by问题4选项A.settingB.achievingC.maintainingD.pressing问题5选项A.secureB.assureC.preserveD.ensure问题6选项A.taken onB.focused onC.put onD.caught on问题7选项A.custom

54、ersB.businessesC.competitorsD.monopolies问题8选项A.set upB.opened upC.took upD.gave up问题9选项A.sectorB.segmentC.shareD.section问题10选项A.claimB.complaintC.revengeD.charge问题11选项A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.that问题12选项A.permittingB.insuringC.limitingD.requiring问题13选项A.scheduledB.arrangedC.regulatedD.directed问题14选项A.s

55、tandardsB.customersC.surveysD.employees问题15选项A.remarkB.quotationC.sloganD.saying【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D第7题:A第8题:B第9题:C第10题:C第11题:B第12题:D第13题:A第14题:D第15题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】A. emotion 情绪 B. favor 特别照顾，偏袒（慷慨地对待某人或某一群体，但对其他人似乎不公平）C. passion 酷爱，热衷的爱好（或活动等） D. spirit 情绪，心境【答案】C【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】分号后面

56、的句子对分号前的内容进行解释，前后为解释性关系，后面说到出国旅游的人口比例很高，可知全民热爱出国旅游，出国旅游是大家的爱好，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意】全民热爱出国旅游，仅今年夏天就有十分之一的人出国旅游。第2题:【选项释义】A. Instructed 指示，命令 B. Exposed 使接触，使体验 （be exposed to sth.）C. Affected 影响 （affect sb.） D. Restored 恢复（某种情况或感受）【答案】B【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】逗号前后表示因果关系，因为_更高标准的服务，所以回国后也期望得到

57、同样的待遇，结合各个选项的词义和用法，Exposed符合语境，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意】以色列人在国外享受到更高标准的服务，回国后也期望得到同样的待遇。第3题:【选项释义】A. with 和在一起 B. in （in large numbers 大量地）C. at 在（某处） D. by 在旁边【答案】B【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】横线所在内容到句尾是句子的状语，为介词短语，指的是大量美国公司来到以色列，in large numbers符合语境，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合搭配用法。【句意】美国公司也开始大量涌入。第4题

58、:【选项释义】A. setting 树立，创立，开创 B. achieving （凭长期努力）达到（某目标、地位、标准）C. maintaining 维持，保持 D. pressing （被）压，挤【答案】A【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】横线所在内容和a new standard属于动宾搭配关系，结合上一句说的大量美国公司来到以色列，可知这里指的是这些公司带动了这里服务新标准的形成，setting符合语境，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项指的是通过努力达到某个目标，这些公司没有刻意努力来达到某个标准，不符合语境；C选项指的是维持，这些公司让标准更高，而不是维持标准，不符合语境；D选项指

59、的是施加物理压力，不符合上下文语义。【句意】肯德基、麦当劳和必胜客等连锁店带动以色列形成客户服务新标准。第5题:【选项释义】A. secure （尤指经过努力）获得，取得 B. assure 使确信（告诉某人某事肯定是真的或一定会发生，尤指当他们对此有怀疑时）C. preserve 保护，保留 D. ensure 保证，确保【答案】D【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】横线所在内容和the friendliness构成动宾搭配关系，指的是通过培训员工，确保员工对客人态度友好，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均不符合语境。【句意】肯德基、麦当劳和必胜客等连锁店带动以色列形成客户服务新标准，它们严格培训员工，并且持续监督，以确保服务员态度友好。第6题:【选项释义】A. taken on 承担 B. focused on 集中于C. put on 举办（演出、展览）；提供（服务） D. caught on 流行【答案】D【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】结合上一句说到这些连锁店带动以色列