2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解42

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1、2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Even when textbooks are _through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.问题1选项A.commonplaceB.standardizedC.competitiveD.generalized【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项commonplace“平凡的，普通的”；B选项standardized“标准化的”；C选项competitive“竞争的，比赛的”；D选项generalized“普遍的，广泛的”。根据

2、Even可知空格与vary greatly的意思相反，因此选B。句意：即使教科书通过学校系统标准化，教学方法也可能有很大的不同。2. 单选题When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were_by its complicated traffic system.问题1选项A.precludedB.bewilderedC.divertedD.expired【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项preclude“排出，消除，妨碍”；B选项bewilder“使迷惑”；C选项divert“使转移”；D选项expire“期满”。根

3、据the first time和complicated traffic system可知B选项符合语义。句意：当农民们第一次参观这座城市时，他们被它复杂的交通系统弄糊涂了。3. 单选题Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment_ .问题1选项A.which they are happeningB.they are happeningC.which they happenD.they have happened【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。A选项和C选项中which 均指代不清；B选项和C选项都为省

4、略关系副词when的定语从句。B选项为现在进行时，表示事情正在发生， D选项they have happened完成时态用法错误。因此，本题正确答案为 B。4. 单选题Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use of steam power, and electricity were there for all to see, enjoy, and suffer. Science was

5、 fashionable and it is not surprising that, during this great period of industrial development, scientific methods should be applied to the activities of man, particularly to those involved in the processes of production. Towards the end of the nineteenth century international competition began to m

6、ake itself felt. The three industrial giants of the day, Germany, America, and Great Britain, began to find that there was a limit to the purchasing power of the previously apparently inexhaustible markets. Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial effic

7、iency.Frederick Winslow Taylor is generally acknowledged as being the father of the scientific management approach, as a result of the publication of his book. The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. However, numerous other academics and practitioners had been actively applying s

8、uch approaches since the beginning of the century. Charles Babbage, an English academic, well-known for his invention of the mechanical computer (with the aid of a government grant as long as 1820), applied himself to the costing of processes, using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recog

9、nized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.Taylor was of well-to-do background and received an excellent education but, partly owing to troubles with his eyesight, decided to become an engineering apprentice. He spent some twenty-five years in the tough, sometimes brutal, environment of the US s

10、teel industry and carefully studied methods of work when he eventually attained supervisory status. He made various significant innovations in the area of steel processing, but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work, and his personal efforts that proved

11、 they could succeed in a hostile environment.In 1901, Taylor left the steel industry and spent the rest of his life trying to promote the principles of managing scientifically and emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slave driving methods common in his day. He died in 1915, leaving

12、a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.1. According to the passage, what was badly needed to improve industrial efficiency?2. Taylor is most famous for（）.3. Charles Babbage, an English academic（）.4. Taylors scientific management method was described as（）.5. When he died in 1915

13、, Taylor（）.问题1选项A.Great breakthroughsB.Unlimited purchasing powerC.Science and competition.D.International competition.问题2选项A.his application of scientific methods to workB.his book “The Principles of Scientific Management”C.his various innovations in steel processingD.The spreading of his scientifi

14、c management method问题3选项A.tried to use computers in production processesB.first used computers in the area of cost accountingC.was the father of modem computersD.tried a scientific management approach问题4选项A.scientific and humanB.efficient but slave-drivingC.academic but practicableD.brutal but highl

15、y successful问题5选项A.purchased a steel millB.sold a steel millC.started to protect environmentD.left a huge school of followers.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段最后一句“Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial efficiency.可知，科学和竞争为工业效率的提高提供了方法和必

16、要性。” 而文章第一段主要讲的是科学给工业带来的突破以及竞争的必要性。综合考虑以上内容，要提高生产效率，那么科学和竞争是必需的。因此C项符合题意。2.细节事实题。通过文章第三段中“.but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work（但使他出名的却是他将科学方法应用到工作之中）”可知，泰勒是以在工作中应用科学的管理方法而闻名于世。因此，正确答案是A项。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段Charles Babbage.applied himself to the costi

17、ng of processes, using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.可知，英国科学家Charles Babbage在程序成本核算中，成功运用了科学的管理方法，被认为是成本核算之父。因此，正确答案是D项。4.推理判断题。由文章第四段第一句“Taylor.emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slave - driving methods common in

18、his day”可知，泰勒强调的是人性化的方法，而非当时常见的奴隶式的方法。动词短语emphasize A over B 表示“与B相比更强调A”。因此，泰勒强调管理方法的科学性和人性化。本题正确答案为A项。5.细节事实题。根据原文最后一句He died in 1915, leaving a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.可知，泰勒于1975 年去世，而他的大批追随者则继续在世界各地推广他的方法。因此，D项是正确答案。5. 单选题We are in an era of information process

19、ion（）there are great opportunities for those who can qualify.问题1选项A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句。句子前半部分是完整的句子，而且空格前的先行词为area，因此可得出后面的句子为缺少状语的定语从句，即空格处应该填入关系副词，相当于in an area，故D项符合正确答案。句意：我们正处在信息队列中，有无数的机会等着那些可胜任挑战的人。6. 单选题“Johns （）was irritating. He was reluctant even to buy bread”问题1选项A.j

20、ealousyB.sorenessC.luckD.parsimony【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据后半句He was reluctant even to buy bread.（他甚至连买个面包都很不情愿）可知，他是相当吝啬。A选项为“嫉妒”；B选项为“悲伤，痛苦”；C选项为“幸运”；D项“吝啬的，过度节俭”，因此，D项是正确答案。7. 单选题Her parents wanted to change her mind so they tried to_her to their way of thinking.问题1选项A.convertB.alterC.transferD.convey【

21、答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项convert“(使)转变，改变”，指改变形式、特性、信仰、观点等；B选项alter“改变，更改”指部分更改，仍保留本质和总体结构；C选项transfer“(使)转移，搬迁，(使)调动”；D选项convey“表达，传递(思想、感情等)”。根据指their way of thinking可知选A。句意：她的父母想改变她的想法，所以他们试图让她转变到他们的思维方式。8. 单选题His assertion angered me.问题1选项A.statementB.questionC.successD.mistake【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。题目中asse

22、rtion表示“主张；声称”；A选项statement n.声明；陈述；B选项problem n.问题；C选项success n.成功；D选项mistake n.错误。由句意可知，他的表述惹怒了我。因此，正确答案是A项。9. 单选题Violence in American families takes many forms. One prevalent form that we often overlook is the physical punishment of children. Perhaps 93% of all parents beat their children in orde

23、r to discipline them. Young children receive the most punishments, but studies reveal that about 50% of high school seniors report experiencing or being threatened with physical punishment. Punishment of children varies form a light tap to brutal beating, but historically we have granted parents the

24、 right to use physical force against their children. A law passed in 1696, for example. Called for the death penalty of “sufficient understanding” over the age of 16 who cursed or struck a parent who was “stubborn and rebellious” in refusing to obey a parent. From interviews with 2134 married couple

25、s constituting a cross-section of American families, sociologists estimate parents kick, punch, or bite some 1.7 million children a year, beat 460,000 to 750,000 more, and attack 46,000 with guns or knives.Physical punishment of children that results in injuries requiring medical treatment is now ge

26、nerally considered to be abusive. Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the groundwork for child abuse. According to David Gil, “in most accidents of child abuse the care takers involved are n

27、ormal individuals exercising their right of disciplining a child whose behavior they found in need of correction.” If one adult were to strike another, most people would regard such behavior as abusive.Most parents use physical punishment in the belief that it will control the aggression in their ch

28、ildren and make them obedient. In fact, violence whether verbal or physical sets children a poor example. An adult who yells at or slaps a child unwittingly supply the child with a model for aggression. Studies have found that the frequent use of physical punishment for aggressive acts by a child re

29、sults in a marked increase in the childs aggression. Perhaps not surprisingly, abusive parents are themselves likely to have been abused when they were children. The pattern of abuse is unwittingly translated from parent to child and thus from generation to generation.1. Which of the following state

30、ments is not true according to the passage?2. The italicized word “it” in line of the second paragraph refers to（）.3. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?4. The number of the children being threatened by beating is（）.5. What is the authors attitude toward physical puni

31、shment by parents?问题1选项A.Punishment was once justified in American lawB.Most of the parents have used physical punishment to discipline disobedient children in America.C.High school students rarely receive punishment from their parentsD.Child abuse is rooted in American culture.问题2选项A.physical punis

32、hmentB.the cultural approvalC.the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishmentD.injuries requiring medical treatment问题3选项A.Physical punishment is helpful for parents to correct childrens indecent behaviorB.Parents who use physical punishment to discipline their children should be punished by the la

33、w.C.A child who is severely punished will revenge the abuse on his own child in later life.D.Parents who punish children physically actually set bad example of aggression for their children.问题4选项A.at least 2,143 per year.B.at most 750,000 per year.C.over 46,000 per yearD.about 17,000,000 per year问题5

34、选项A.disagreeingB.supportingC.understandingD.severely critical【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段“.but studies reveal that about 50% of high school seniors report experiencing or being threatened with physical punishment.”可知，研究表明，大约50%的高中生声称遭受体罚或者受到体罚的威胁。因此，C项“髙中生很少遭受父母的体罚”表述错误，其它选项都可在原文中

35、找到出处。故本题答案为C项。2.词汇题。将it定位到原文第二段Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the ground work for child abuse.中分析可知，然而大部分人没有意识到，正是因为“普通”体罚的经常使用以及它所享有的文化认可，才会为虐待孩子打下基础。根据句子结构可知，it指代的是 the regular use of

36、 “ordinary” physical punishment。因此，正确答案是C项。3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Most parents use physical punishment in the belief that it will control the aggression in their children and make them obedient. In fact, violence-whether verbal or physical sets children a poor example. An adult who yells at or slaps a chi

37、ld unwittingly supply the child with a model for aggression. Studies have found that the frequent use of physical punishment for aggressive acts by a child results in a marked increase in the childs aggression.”可知，大多数父母采取体罚，是认为体罚会控制孩子的攻击行为并使孩子听话，但事实上，无论是言语还是肢体暴力，都会给孩子建立不好的榜样。那些大喊大叫或者打孩子的成年人会不自觉地为孩子提

38、供侵略性（攻击性）的模板。研究发现，经常因为孩子的攻击性行为而体罚孩子，反而会激化孩子的攻击行为。因此可判断A项错误，D项正确。原文中并未体现B项“应该受到法律惩罚”这一观点；也未说明受过虐待的父母会在晚年会报复虐待自己的孩子，他们只是会不自觉地影响到下一代的教育方式，故排除C。因此，本题正确答案为D项。4.细节事实题。由原文第段“From interviews with 2134 married couples .beat 460,000 to 750,000 more, .”可知，受到殴打威胁的孩子数量是在460,000到750,000以上。因此， B项“至多每年750,000”与原文不符

39、，正确答案应为C项“每年超过46,000”。5.观点态度题。本文主要讲述了父母体罚孩子的普遍性。如今体罚已被视为虐待。体罚不仅给孩子树立了坏榜样，而且会加剧孩子的攻击性。在儿童时期被体罚虐待的父母在教育下一代时也很可能会虐待孩子。由此可知，整篇文章对于体罚持否定态度，排除B和C。而从文章整体来看，作者对于体罚的态度不仅是不认同更具有批判性。因此，D项“严厉地批判”更为符合作者的态度。10. 单选题The show culminated in the presentation of the dairy princess crown.问题1选项A.beganB.includedC.endedD.c

40、ultivated【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。题目中culminate表示“使结束，达到极点，达到高潮”；A选项为“开始”；B选项为“包括，包含”；C选项为“结束；终止”；D选项为“培养；栽培”。根据句意可知，表演因乳品公主皇冠的介绍而达到高潮，因此C项为正确答案。11. 单选题Please（）those old newspapers while youre cleaning up the room.问题1选项A.dispose outB.dispose ofC.dispose awayD.dispose in【答案】B【解析】考查词组搭配。A选项dispose out非短语搭配；B选

41、项dispose of处理，转让，卖掉；C选项 dispose away 非短语搭配；D选项dispose in非短语搭配。因此，只有B项为正确搭配，且符合题意。句意：请你在清理房间的时候丢掉这些过期的报纸。12. 单选题His position was contrary to that of the teachers.问题1选项A.similarB.oppositeC.foreseeableD.contentious【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。题目中be contrary to表示“与相反”；A选项be similar to表示“与类似的，相似的”；B选项be opposite to表示

42、“与相反的，对立的”；C选项为“可预见的，可预知的”；D选项为“有异议的，有争论的”。由句意可知，他的位置与老师相反。因此，正确答案是B项。13. 翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.Mans youth is a wonderful thing: it is so full of anguish and of magic and he never comes to know it as it is, until it has gone from him forever.It is the thing he cannot bear t

43、o lose; it is the thing whose passing he watches with infinite sorrow and regret; it is the thing whose loss he must lament forever; it is the thing whose loss he really welcomes with a sad and secret joy; the thing would never willingly relive again, could it be restored to him by any magic.【答案】人的青

44、春美妙绝伦，虽满是痛楚，但魅力无限。年少时不了解青春为何物，当其永逝，方才幡然大悟。青春的逝去令人百般不舍，目睹其渐行渐远，难免触目伤怀，悔不当初。但青春不再却又着实让人悲喜交加。可即便奇迹出现，时光倒流，却也无人情愿重度那段青春岁月。14. 单选题When he tried to make a_, he found that the hotel that he wanted was completely filled because of a convention.问题1选项A.complaintB.claimC.reservationD.lodging【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项

45、complaint“抱怨，控诉”；B选项claim“宣称，声称”；C选项reservation“预约，预订”；D选项 lodging“寄宿，借宿”。根据the hotel was completely filled（酒店客满了）可知C选项符合语义，make a reservation表示“预订”。句意：当他试图预订时，他发现他想要的旅馆因为一个会议而客满。15. 单选题Such euphemisms may be stylistically permissible if they are kept within .问题1选项A.boundariesB.rangesC.bordersD.limi

46、ts【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项boundaries n.界限，分界线，边界；B选项ranges n.里程，范围；C选项borders n.边界，边缘地区；D选项limits n.范围，限制，领土。句意：这样的委婉用法在文体结构上是可以的，但前提是要在有限范围内使用。根据句意可知，D项符合题意。因此，D项是正确答案。16. 单选题In our highly technological society, the number of jobs for unskilled worker is _.问题1选项A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constr

47、aining【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项shrink“收缩，减少”；B选项obscure“使模糊，使难解”；C选项alter“改变”；D选项constrain“强迫”。根据highly technological society与the number of jobs可知A选项符合语义。句意：在我们高度科技化的社会里，非技术工人的工作岗位正在减少。17. 单选题After a few months of working with his hands, Dr. Brown returned to his college, _ that his time had been well spe

48、nt.问题1选项A.persuadedB.convincedC.noticedD.promised【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项persuade“劝说，说服，使信服”，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事；B选项convince“使确信，使相信”，指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服；C选项notice“注意，察觉”；D选项promise“允诺，许诺”。根据After a few months of working with his hands和his time had been well spent可知B选项符合语义。句意：经过几个月的动手操作后，确信自己的时间花得

49、值得的布朗博士回到了大学。18. 单选题Millions of farmers, drawn by the of employment, came into the city, which made the problems of transportation and housing even more serious.问题1选项A.prosperityB.prospectC.expectationD.with respect to【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项prosperity n.繁荣，成功；B选项prospect n.前途，预期；C选项expectation n.期待，预期

50、，指望；D选项anticipation n. 预料，希望，预感。根据句意可知，数百万的农民，满怀找工作的希望涌入城市，使得城市里的交通和住房问题变得更加严重。因此，正确答案为C项。19. 翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separated, together they all add up

51、to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times. Bo

52、oks influence each other; they link the past, the present and the future and have their own generations, like families. Wherever you start reading you connect yourself with one of the families of ideas, and in the long run, you not only find out about the world and the people in it; you find out abo

53、ut yourself, too.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on a book that means something to you, and relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time and if you become, as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you wont have suffered during the

54、 process.【答案】每本书彼此独立，就像一个个独户住宅，而图书馆里的藏书就好像城市里的千家万户。尽管它们相互独立，但只有互相联系才有意义，家家户户彼此相连，城市与城市彼此相依。相同或相似的思想在不同地方涌现。在生活中重复出现的问题也会在文学作品反复出现，但因时代与作品的差异，解决对策也会有所不同。书籍之间也会互相影响，它们联系着过去、现在和将来，并且如同家庭一样也会世代延续。无论从哪里开始阅读，你都会将自己和一个家族的思想联系在一起，长远来看，你不仅能发现这个世界和里面的人，也能在其中发现自我。阅读只有在你期望它有趣时才会真的有趣。如果你专注于一本对你有特殊意义的书，并且乐在其中，那么你

55、就会体验一段美妙的时光如果你因为阅读而变得更加善良、聪明、随和或是优雅，那么你就会享受阅读的过程。20. 单选题All individuals are required to_to the laws made by their governments.问题1选项A.abideB.conformC.concedeD.observe【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项abide“接受，遵照”，后面常接介词by；B选项conform“顺从，遵守，符合”；C选项concede“承认，允许”；D选项observe“观察”，observe表示“遵守”时，是及物动词，不与to搭配。根据the laws可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：所有人都必须遵守本国政府制定的法律。