2022-2023年考博英语-电子科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第49期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-电子科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to（ ）, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.问题1选项A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive【答案】C【解析】句意:90年代初期发生的若干国际事件，似乎有可能逆转或者至少能够缓解80年代出现的趋势。考查动词辨析。revolt 叛逆，反抗，不及物动词,故排除；revolve旋转，环绕，不及

2、物动词,故排除。Reverse 颠倒，逆转。Revive （使）苏醒，复兴，复活。根据句意“或者至少能够缓解”可知C正确。2. 单选题I recommend that the planning（ ）until all the materials have been supplied.问题1选项A.is not startedB.will not be startedC.not be startedD.is not to be started【答案】C【解析】句意:我建议应该在所有的材料己被提供后才启动这个计划。语法题。考查虚拟语气。句子谓语为recommend,表示要求建议,这类动词所接的宾语

3、从句一般用虚拟语气: (should) +原形动词，且should 般会省略,故选C。3. 单选题There is supposed to be a safety（ ）which makes it impossible for trains to collide, thus it can avoid heavy losses.问题1选项A.applianceB.accessoryC.machineD.mechanism【答案】D【解析】句意:应该要有一个可以避免火车相撞的机制，从而避免重大损失。考查名词辨析。appliance 器具，器械，装置，家用电器；accessory 配件，附件，法从犯

4、，（衣服的）配饰；machine 机械；mechanism 机制，机械 装置。因此D符合句意。4. 单选题A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for a

5、dvancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignor

6、es the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality

7、 rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the a

8、doption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing-houses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data from the 1880s and the information provided from that decade are insufficient

9、ly analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, i

10、s not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industrys workers from the 1880s on. While conditions for the

11、 former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched. The authors misinterpretat

12、ion of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty generalizations.The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers the giant yards and the intricate p

13、lants - than of the unity and vibrancy(活跃)of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicagos South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.1. The passag

14、e is primarily concerned with discussing（ ）.2.The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT（ ）.3.The author of the passage mentions the “social movement” (in the last paragraph) generated by Chicagos South Side community

15、 primarily in order to（ ）.4.According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880s were influenced by（ ）.5. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to（ ）.问题1选项A.how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the

16、 Chicago meat-packing industryB.why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industryC.why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurateD.what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packe

17、rs role in the national labor movement问题2选项A.data from the University of ChicagoB.social workersC.a recent history of the meat-packing industryD.historical sources for the late nineteenth century问题3选项A.inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of time co

18、vered by the historyB.introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicagos ethnic communitiesC.salvage the historys point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unityD.suggest the hi

19、storys limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately问题4选项A.the workers determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their workB.the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packing-housesC.the workers ability to perform the industrys co

20、mplex tasksD.improvements in the industrys packing process that occurred in the 1880s问题5选项A.summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passageB.explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by criticsC.evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the pr

21、emises of the history discussed in the passageD.present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段指出: The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-

22、house workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform (这个作品忽视了十九世纪八十年代是美国劳工 历史上重要时期的事实和肉类加工工人的努力是美国全国性劳工改革运动的一部分)以及第三段指出:The authors misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty general

23、izations (作者对肉类加工商对其工业区的感受的起源的误解，可能是历史错误概括的原因)。因此该文章主要讨论“为何有关芝加哥肉类加工业情况的叙述是错误的”。2.细节事实题。题干问:本文作者提到以下所有描述肉类包装行业负面状况的内容，除了。A:来自芝加哥大学的资料,第二段指出: Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work(来自芝加哥大学的附加资料表明肉类加工厂的工作环境是危险的),因此A符合原文所述。B:社会工作者, 由

24、第二段中 “while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked(与此同吋，社会工作者发现大多数工人收入非常差且工作过度)”可知B正确。C:肉类加工业的近代史, 第一段指出: Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with

25、 labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious(作者（即近代史的作者）辩称，肉类加工工人的工资待遇、工资条件和发展前景都不错，且肉类加工工人没有与劳工纠纷鼓动者合作的 原因是该行业的劳工关系非常和睦),因此C项错误。D:第二段指出:In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the indu

26、strial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions(事实上，其它针对十九世纪晚期的历史资料记录了由于低工资和不健康的工作环境导致的工业区内住房的不断恶化、高患病率和婴儿死率),由此可知D正确。因此本题选C。3.判断推理题。第一段指出: The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers5 efforts were part

27、 of the national movement for labor reform (这个作品忽视了十九世纪八十年代是美国劳工历史上重要吋期的这个事实和肉类加工工人的努力是美国全国性劳工改革运 动的一部分),故选D“通过指出这段历史记录未能适当地解释的一种情况表现这段历史记录的局限性”。4.细节事实题。第三段指出: While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering,

28、cutting, and packing process （though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent）, pay and conditions for the latter were wretched (虽然前者（即有技能的肉类加工工人）的状况因其在复杂的屠宰、切割和包装步骤中的关键重要性可能是可容忍的（尽管工人经常抱怨工作的速度和条件），但是后者的（即没有技能的肉类加工工人）的收入和状况却是无法容忍的),因此C项“这些工人去履行这个行业复杂工作的能力”正确。5.判断推理题。第一段首

29、先指出近代史的作者辩称，肉类加工工人的工资待遇、工资条件和发展前景都不错，且肉类加工工人没有与劳工纠纷鼓动者合作的原因是该行业的劳工关系非常和睦。第二段说: In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Ad

30、ditional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work (事实上，其它针对十九世纪晚期的历史资料记录了由于低工资和不健康的工作环境导致的工业区内住房的不断恶化、高患病率和婴儿死亡率。来自芝加哥大学的附加资料暗示肉类加工厂的工作环境是危险的),由此看出第二段是对第一段内容的反驳。故选D“提出证据来反驳文中讨论的这段历史记录的论据”。5. 单选题Although the main characters in the fiction are s

31、o true to life, they are certainly（ ）.问题1选项A.imaginingB.imaginativeC.imaginableD.imaginary【答案】D【解析】句意:尽管这部小说中的主要人物如此贴近生活，但是他们确实是虚构的。考查形容词辨析。imagining (imagine的现在分词)猜想，臆断； imaginative 虚构的，富于想象的，有创造力的;imaginable 可能的，可想象的；imaginary 虚构的，想象的。根据句意“尽管这部小说中的主要人物如此贴近生活”可知D符合句意。6. 单选题It was（ ）we had hoped.问题1

32、选项A.more a success thanB.a success more thanC.as much of a success asD.a success as much as【答案】C【解析】句意:这次成功跟我所希望的一样。考查固定句式。as much+形容词+as 跟-样。7. 翻译题The necessary urban development of our cities must be compatible with the conservation of the Cultural and Historical Patrimony. This is particularly tr

33、ue in the case of those cities, numerous in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe, that are the result of a long historical tradition, often uninterrupted during almost two thousand years. （1）The preservation of the Archaeological Patrimony in these cities, however, conies up against conflicts difficult

34、to resolve，with very differine and opposed positions: the demand and the price of the ground, the liamionious development of the city, the presence of infrastructures and services, the aspiration of the citizens to worthy housing, the business projects of the promoters or the working plans of the co

35、nstructors.The common resource established to solve these conflicts is Urban Planning. （2）Arcliaeolouv must take part actively in the elaboration of this planning，and use its abilities positively to prevent archaeological problems and look for an acceptable solution fi.oni the point of view of the p

36、rotection of the Archaeological Patrimony with regaid to urban development.（3）Lainentablv，archaeology frequently ignores the possibilities of this course of action and does not have the resources necessary to use the urban standard and the planning figures as other methodological instruments (alongs

37、ide those traditionally used archaeology) to solve the archaeological impact of urban development.（4）Given that the planning figures are the most efficient wav of regulating the ground plan and classify and organize the territory, they are also a useful instrument for organizing an action of urban A

38、rchaeological Patrimony within the plan. This outlining must extend from the element under protection towards its surroundings, and must seek the conservation of that space, as well as guarantee the control of the agents or activities that may act negatively upon them.（5）The adequate organization of

39、 these spaces needs not only to apply the existing ground legislation, but also develop in each particular case (whether a city or a superior organiziii2 community) a defined regulation. This regulation, adapted to the specification of the elements and surroundings to be protected, provides an adequ

40、ate organization of the spaces that, due to their own historical values and potential social function, thus require it. To achieve this, it will be necessary to not only limit their use, but also to establish solutions for their management and, even, for their socio-cultural use.【答案】1.然而，这些城市的考古遗产保护

41、遇到了难以调和的冲突，其中包括一些非常不同，甚至对立的观点。2.考古学（家）必须积极参与城市规划方案的制定，并积极地利用其影响力来阻止考古相关的问题。而且，在城市开发方面，必须从保护历史遗产的角度来寻求可接受的解决办法。3.可惜，考古学经常忽视这一行动的可能性，他们缺乏必要的资源将城市标准和规划数字用作其他方法学工具（与传统考古学一样）,以解决城市开发对考古学造成的冲击。4.假使规划数据是规定土地使用和对用地进行划分以及管理的最有效的途径，它们也可以成为在规划范围内组织城市历史遗址保护行动的有效手段。5.为了对这些地的空间进行充分管理，不仅需要应用现成的一些规范，还要针对每一种具体情况（无论是

42、一座城市还是高级的组织社区）制定特殊规定。8. 单选题In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care（1）their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who（2） with their parents（3）65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too,

43、 children are expected to care for their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live（4）.What explains these differences in living arrangements（5）cultures? Modernization theory（6） the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their chi

44、ldren in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people（7）in (8) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy

45、, which is fully modernized,（9）a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain（10）living arrangements.Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance

46、（11） . （12）this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then（13）their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, (14) broader social changes brought（15） by industrialization and urbanization, have（16）the（17

47、）. In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent dida figure that is still high（18）U.S. standards, but which has been（19）steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are（20）: the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined fro

48、m 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.问题1选项A.aboutB.afterC.forD.over问题2选项A.resideB.reciteC.redeemD.rebel问题3选项A.amassesB.amountsC.attainsD

49、.reaches问题4选项A.loneB.aloneC.lonesomeD.lonely问题5选项A.overB.acrossC.withinD.above问题6选项A.associatedB.linkedC.unitedD.combined问题7选项A.asideB.afterC.overD.behind问题8选项A.isolatedB.segregatedC.idealizedD.secluded问题9选项A.maintainB.promoteC.reserveD.support问题10选项A.appointedB.assignedC.preservedD.preferred问题11选项A

50、.controlsB.overtakesC.predominatesD.overwhelms问题12选项A.atB.underC.byD.over问题13选项A.deliversB.conveysC.conceivesD.inherits问题14选项A.as well asB.might as wellC.as wellD.well as问题15选项A.offB.upC.aroundD.about问题16选项A.underminedB.decreasedC.diminishedD.defeated问题17选项A.authorityB.usageC.habitD.tradition问题18选项A

51、.byB.onC.withD.in问题19选项A.incliningB.recliningC.decliningD.reducing问题20选项A.recedingB.removingC.invadingD.eroding【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B第6题:B第7题:D第8题:A第9题:A第10题:D第11题:C第12题:B第13题:D第14题:A第15题:D第16题:A第17题:D第18题:A第19题:C第20题:D【解析】1.固定搭配。Care about 担心,关心;care for 照顾；没有care after 和care over这样的搭配。2.动词辨

52、析。Reside 居住在,定居于; recite背诵,叙述；redeem 赎回,挽回；rebel 反叛,反抗。此处表示“与住在一起”,故选A。3.动词辨析。amass 积聚，积累；amount 总计，合计；相当于，共计，amount to 相当于，总共达到;attain （通过努力）获得，达到（目的）；reach 达到，影响，抵达，伸出；由空格后“65 to 70 percent (65%至70%)”可知D符合句意。4.形容词辨析。lone（adj.）单身的，独自的，寂寞的；alone （adj.）独自的，单独的，孤独的；（adv.）独自地，单独地；lonesome 寂寞的，人迹稀少的；lon

53、ely 寂寞的，偏僻的。空格前为动词live(生活),因此空格处应为副词。故选B。5.固定搭配。across culture 跨文化的。其余选项为: over 越过，在之上；within 在之内；above 超过，在上面。6.短语辨析。associate 联想，使联合，使发生联系，常与介词with搭配，associate with 联合；与联系在一起，和来往；link 连接起来，将人或物连接或联系起来，常与介词to搭配，link to 链接到，把和联系起来;unite 使混合，使联合，使团结，常与with搭配。unite with 联合，混合；combine 使化合，使联合，使结合，常与wit

54、h搭配，combine with 与结合。题目中空格处与后面介词to搭配,因此选B。7.短语辨析。由空格前句意“但是由于现代化,子女搬到城市地区”可知这里表示“从而将老年人留在了农村”。Leave behind 留下。其余选项构成的搭配为:leave aside 搁置,不考虑;leave after 无此搭配;leave over 推迟,延期。8.形容词辨析。isolated 孤立的,分离的,单独的；segregated 被隔离的（常用于种族隔离）；idealized 理想化的；secluded 隐蔽的,隐退的,隐居的。此处句意为:但是由于现代化，子女搬到城市地区,将老人留在了孤立的农村。因此

55、A符合句意。、9.动词辨析。maintain 维持,维修,主张;promote 促进,推销,发扬;reserve储备,保留,预约;support支持,支撑,赡养。此处句意为:或者为什么彻底现代化的意大利家庭仍然保持着一种强烈的代际生活传统。因此A符合句意。10.形容词辨析。appointed 约定的,指定的;assigned 指定的,已分配的;preserved得到保存的,腌制的;preferred 更可取的,更喜欢的。此空前一句句意为: 或者为什么彻底现代化的意大利家庭仍然保持着一种强烈的代际生活传统。因此此处表示 “显然,单靠经济发展不能解释更喜欢的生活安排”。故D符合句意。11.动词辨析

56、。四个选项均是对应动词的三单形式。control 控制,管理;overtake 赶上,突然来袭;predominate 占支配地位,主宰;overwhelm 淹没,压倒,受打击。根据后面句子中的“The stem family system was once common in Japan(这种继承式的家庭体系曾经在日本是普遍的)”可知C符合句意。12.固定搭配。under this system 在这个体系下。13.动词辨析。这里表示“继承遗产”。四个选项均为对应动词的三单形式。Deliver 交付,发表,递送;convey 传达,运输;conceive 构思,以为;inherit 继承。故

57、选D。14.固定搭配。由全格前“changes in inheritance laws继承法的变化”与全格后“broader social changes更广泛的社会变化”的对应知这里指代“更广泛的社会变化也”,故选A。15.短语辨析。这里指代 “工业化和城镇化所带来的更广泛的社会变化”, bring about 带来。其他选项分别为: bring off 完成,救出;bring up提出,养育,呕出,（船等）停下;bring around 使信服;使转向,使复原。16.动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。undermine破坏，渐渐破坏;decrease 减少,减小;diminis

58、h 使减少,使变小;defeat 战胜,挫败。空格后句意为: 在1960年，大约80%的年龄超过65岁的日本人与自己的子女生活在一起；到1990年时只有60%年龄超过65岁的日本人与自己的 子女生活在一起,因此这里表示“传统正受到逐渐破坏”,故A符合句意。17.名词辨析。authority 权威,权力;usage 使用,用法;habit 习惯,习性;tradition 惯例,传统。空格后句意为: 在1960年，大约80%的年龄超过65岁的日本人与自己的子女生活在一起；到1990年时只有60%年龄超过65岁的日本人与自己的 子女生活在一起,因此这里表示“传统正受到逐渐破坏”,故D符合句意。18.

59、固定搭配。by standard 按标准。19.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的现在分词形式。incline 倾斜,倾向,易于;recline 靠,依赖;decline 减少,下降,衰落;reduce削减,缩减。由空格后句子句意“韩国老人与自己儿子生活在一起的比例从1984年的77%下降到仅十年后的50%”可知C符合句意。20.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的现在分词形式。recede撤回,减弱;remove 移动,迁移,删除;invade 侵略,侵扰,涌入;erode 腐蚀,损害,削弱。由空格后句意“韩国老人与自己儿子生活在一起的比例从1984年的77%下降到仅十年后的50%”可知这里表示 “传统的

60、生活安排正受到损害”。故D符合句意。9. 单选题Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition.The distinguishing mark

61、of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of ou

62、r civilization. To the anthropologists, our customs and those of New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with common problems, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not a

63、s it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they ex