2022-2023年考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第8期

《2022-2023年考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第8期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022-2023年考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第8期（60页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022-2023年考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Harvard University and MIT are _ the fourth and fifth largest employers in the area.问题1选项A.representativelyB.respectivelyC.respectablyD.respectfully【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. representatively 典型地 B. respectively 分别地，各自地C. respectably 相当好地，可敬地 D. respectfully 尊敬地【考查点】副词辨

2、析。【解题思路】由空格后面的the fourth and fifth largest employers（第四大和第五大雇主）可知，“分别地”符合句子意思。因此，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合句子意思。【句意】哈佛大学和麻省理工学院分别是该地区第四大和第五大雇主。2. 单选题The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms. This interdependence is s

3、ometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms (including

4、 viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebratesor creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms) make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense me

5、chanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area,

6、 thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders.Members of t

7、he animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of “foreign” cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to cert

8、ain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column) , there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.The ability to distinguish between

9、“self” and “non-self”, while present in all animals, is roost efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.31. What does

10、 the passage mainly discuss?32. The word “intricate” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _.33. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to _.34. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tis

11、sue _.35. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self” and “non-self” enables vertebrates to _.问题1选项A.How parasites reproduce.B.How organisms react to invaders.C.How antibiotics work to cure disease.D.How the immune system of vertebrates developed.问题2选项A.difficultB.widespreadC

12、.criticalD.complex问题3选项A.prevent disease in humansB.aid digestionC.fight off other organismsD.create new types of nutrients问题4选项A.becoming a parasiteB.being treated as an invaderC.altering its genetic makeupD.developing a new immune system问题5选项A.accept transplanted cellsB.detect and react to invasio

13、nC.weaken their immune systemD.get rid of antibiotics【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】31.【选项释义】31. What does the passage mainly discuss? 31. 这篇文章主要讨论什么？A. How parasites reproduce. A. 寄生虫如何繁殖。B. How organisms react to invaders. B. 生物体如何对入侵者做出反应。C. How antibiotics work to cure disease. C. 抗生素是如何治疗疾病的。

14、D. How the immune system of vertebrates developed. D. 脊椎动物的免疫系统是如何发展的。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，根据首段最后一句“生物进化出了各种各样的防御机制来保护自己的身体免受其他生物的入侵”，和末段第一句“区分自我和非自我的能力，虽然存在于所有动物中，但在脊椎动物中是非常有效的，它们已经发展出一种免疫系统作为它们的防御机制”；从中可知文章首段和尾段讨论的都是生物体的防御机制；然后看到文章行为结构是总分结构，开头介绍引发生物进化出防御机制的原因，后面三段分别讨论这种防御机制的作用。综上所述，可以得知这篇文章主要讨论的是生物

15、体如何对入侵者做出反应。所以B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“寄生虫如何繁殖”和D选项“脊椎动物的免疫系统是如何发展的”属于以偏概全；C选项“抗生素是如何治疗疾病的”没提及，无中生有。32.【选项释义】32. The word “intricate” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _. 32. 第一行中的“intricate”一词的意思最接近_。A. difficult A. 困难的B. widespread B. 广泛的C. critical C. 批判的D. complex D. 复杂的【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第一句“在

16、这个庞大而intricate的生物群落中（in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things），每个物种的生存都依赖于其他生物的存在”，由所修饰的assemblage（群落），以及并列的定语vast（庞大的）可推测，intricate应该表示“复杂”的意思，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“困难的”、B选项“广泛的”和C选项“批判的”不符合原文意思，曲解原文。33.【选项释义】33. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to _. 3

17、3. 根据这篇文章，一些生物产生抗生素是为了_。A. prevent disease in humans A. 预防人类疾病B. aid digestion B. 有助消化C. fight off other organisms C. 抵抗其他生物D. create new types of nutrients D. 创造新的营养类型【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】定位原文第二段前两句“某些真菌，甚至是某些种类的细菌会向环境中分泌抗生素。这些物质能够杀死或抑制同样占据该区域的各种细菌的生长，从而消除或减少对营养物质的竞争（eliminating or reducing the competi

18、tion for nutrients）。”，从中可知，一些生物产生抗生素是为了消除或减少其他生物对自身营养物质的竞争，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“预防人类疾病”、B选项“有助消化”和D选项“创造新的营养类型”没有提到，无中生有。34.【选项释义】34. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue _. 34. 根据这篇文章，在基因不相容的生物体之间移植组织将导致移植的组织_

19、。A. becoming a parasite A. 成为寄生虫B. being treated as an invader B. 被视为入侵者C. altering its genetic makeup C. 改变其基因组成D. developing a new immune system D. 发展出新的免疫系统【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位第三段最后一句，文章对此有描述：“事实上，在整个动物界，从海绵动物到某些种类的蠕虫、贝类和所有的脊椎动物，只有来自基因相容或亲缘关系密切的个体的细胞或组织碎片移植到动物体内，才会被接受”，从中可知在基因不相容的生物体之间移植组织将导致移植的

20、组织不被接受；而该段前面提到“动物王国的成员已经发展出了对付寄生虫的各种防御机制。尽管这些机制差别很大，但所有主要的动物群体都能够检测到外来细胞的存在并做出反应。”，综合理解可推断，不相容的组织会被认为是外来入侵细胞，使得生物体对该组织做出防御机制。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“成为寄生虫”表述错误，不是成为寄生虫，而是会被生物体视为寄生虫一样的外来组织，该项曲解原文；C选项“改变其基因组成”和D选项“发展出新的免疫系统”没提到，无中生有。35.【选项释义】35. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish betw

21、een “self” and “non-self” enables vertebrates to _. 35. 根据这篇文章，区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力使脊椎动物能够_。A. accept transplanted cells A. 接受移植的细胞B. detect and react to invasion B. 检测并应对入侵C. weaken their immune system C. 削弱它们的免疫系统D. get rid of antibiotics D. 摆脱抗生素【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到最后一段的内容：区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力，虽然存在于所有动

22、物中，但在脊椎动物中是非常有效的，它们已经发展出一种免疫系统作为它们的防御机制（developed an immune system as their defense mechanism）。免疫系统会识别被视为外来细胞的移植组织和外来入侵者并采取行动（recognizes and takes action）。从中可知，区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力能够使脊椎动物产生一种免疫系统，而这种免疫系统能够识别并对入侵者采取防御措施。这与B项“检测并应对入侵”意思相一致，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“接受移植的细胞”与原文相反，免疫系统先会对移植组织进行识别，该项反向干扰；C选项“削弱他们的免疫系统

23、”和D选项“摆脱抗生素”没提到，无中生有。3. 单选题Each summer, no matter how pressing my work schedule, I take off one day exclusively for my son. We call it dad-son day. This year our third stop was the amusement park, where he discovered that he was tall enough to ride one of the fastest roller coasters (过山车) in the wor

24、ld. We blasted through face-stretching turns and loops for ninety seconds. Then, as we stepped off the ride, he shrugged and, in a distressingly calm voice, remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides hed been on. As I listened, I began to sense something seriously out of balance.Throughout

25、the season, I noticed similar events all around me. Parents seemed hard pressed to find new thrills for indifferent kids. Surrounded by ever-greater stimulation, their young faces were looking disappointed and bored.Facing their childrens complaints of “nothing to do”, parents were shelling out larg

26、e numbers of dollars for various forms of entertainment. In many cases the money seemed to do little more than buy transient relief from the terrible moans of their bored children. This set me pondering the obvious question: “How can it be so hard for kids to find something to do when theres never b

27、een such a range of stimulating entertainment available to them?”What really worries me is the intensity of the stimulation. watch my little daughters face as she absorbs the powerful onslaught(冲击) of arousing visuals and bloody special effects in movies.Why do children immersed in this much excitem

28、ent seem starved for more? That was, I realized, the point. I discovered during my own reckless adolescence that what creates excitement is not going fast, but going faster. Thrills have less to do with speed than changes in speed.Im concerned about the cumulative effect of years at these levels of

29、feverish activity. It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic(麻木的) and burned out, with a “been there, done that” air of indifference toward much of life. As increasing numbers of friends children are prescribed medicationsstimulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-dep

30、ressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their livesI question the role of kids boredom in some of the diagnoses.My own work is focused on the chemical imbalances and biological factors related to behavioral and emotional disorders. These are complex problems. Yet Ive been reflecting mo

31、re and more on how the pace of life and the intensity of stimulation may be contributing to the rising rates of psychiatric problems among children and adolescents in our society.11. The author felt surprised in the amusement park at the fact that_.12. According to the author, children are bored_.13

32、. From his own experience, the author came to the conclusion that children seem to expect_.14. In Paragraph 6, the author expresses his doubt about the effectiveness of trying to change childrens indifference toward much of life by_.15. In order to alleviate childrens boredom, the author would proba

33、bly suggest_.问题1选项A.his son was not as thrilled by the roller coasters ride as expectedB.his son blasted through the turns and loops with his face stretchedC.his son appeared distressed but calm while riding the roller coastersD.his son could keep his balance so well on the fast moving roller coaste

34、rs问题2选项A.unless their parents can find new thrills for themB.when they dont have any access to stimulating fun gamesC.when they are left alone at weekends by their working parentsD.even if they are exposed to more and more kinds of entertainment问题3选项A.a much wider variety of sports facilitiesB.activ

35、ities that require sophisticated skillsC.ever-changing thrilling forms of recreationD.physical exercises that are more challenging问题4选项A.diverting their interest from electronic visual gamesB.prescribing medications for their temporary reliefC.creating more stimulating activities for themD.spending

36、more money on their entertainment问题5选项A.adjusting the pace of life and intensity of stimulationB.promoting the practice of dad-son daysC.consulting a specialist in child psychologyD.balancing school work with extracurricular activities【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】11. 【选项释义】11. The author felt su

37、rprised in the amusement park at the fact that_. 11. 在游乐园里，作者感到惊讶是因为_。A. his son was not as thrilled by the roller coasters ride as expected A. 他的儿子并没有像预期的那样对坐过山车感到兴奋B. his son blasted through the turns and loops with his face stretched B. 他的儿子拉长了脸，飞快地转着圈C. his son appeared distressed but calm while

38、 riding the roller coasters C. 他的儿子在坐过山车时看起来很痛苦，但很平静D. his son could keep his balance so well on the fast moving roller coasters D. 他的儿子能在快速移动的过山车上保持平衡【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第一段第五句“然后，当我们下了车，他耸了耸肩，用一种令人沮丧的平静的声音说，这趟车不像他以前坐过的其他车那么刺激（as exciting as）”。第二步，寻找上下文线索，从关键词asas 可知“儿子”本来对过山车有期待的，但是坐完之后有

39、点失望，因为感到惊讶，所以作者思考了这件事，因此答案选A选项“他的儿子并没有像预期的那样对坐过山车感到兴奋”。【干扰项排除】B选项“他的儿子拉长了脸，飞快地转着圈”定位到“我们在90秒的时间里不停地扭着脸”，这里虽然和B选项一致，但是这是事实，作者不会为此感到惊讶的；C选项“他的儿子在坐过山车时看起来很痛苦，但很平静”，见B选项，C选项不是儿子坐过山车的反应；D选项“他的儿子能在快速移动的过山车上保持平衡”，见B选项，D选项不是儿子坐过山车的反应。12 【选项释义】12. According to the author, children are bored_. 12. 根据作者的说法，孩子们

40、很无聊_。A. unless their parents can find new thrills for them A. 除非他们的父母能为他们找到新的刺激B. when they dont have any access to stimulating fun games B. 当他们没有机会玩刺激有趣的游戏时C. when they are left alone at weekends by their working parents C. 当他们在周末被工作的父母单独留下的时候D. even if they are exposed to more and more kinds of en

41、tertainment D. 即使他们接触到越来越多的娱乐节目【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第三段第三句话“这让我思考一个显而易见的问题：“在从来没有如此多的刺激娱乐活动可供他们选择的情况下，孩子们怎么能这么难（hard）找到事情做呢?”，第二步，综合理解，作者认为很奇怪，因为即使有这么多刺激的东西，孩子还是觉得无聊，所以答案选D选项“即使他们接触到越来越多的娱乐节目”。【干扰项排除】A选项“除非他们的父母能为他们找到新的刺激”，定位到文章第三段第二句话“在许多情况下，这些钱似乎只是暂时缓解（relief）了孩子们无聊的可怕呻吟”，由此可知即使父母给他们寻找刺激，

42、孩子还是无聊，这里属于反向干扰。B选项“当他们没有机会玩刺激有趣的游戏时”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰。C选项“当他们在周末被工作的父母单独留下的时候”，文章没有提及周末孩子被父母单独留下，这里属于无中生有。13 【选项释义】13. From his own experience, the author came to the conclusion that children seem to expect_. 13. 作者从自己的经历中得出结论，孩子们似乎期待_。A. a much wider variety of sports facilities A. 更多种类的运动设施B. act

43、ivities that require sophisticated skills B. 需要复杂技能的活动C. ever-changing thrilling forms of recreation C. 不断变化的令人兴奋的娱乐形式D. physical exercises that are more challenging D. 更具挑战性的体育锻炼【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第五段“我在自己鲁莽的青春期发现，创造兴奋的不是快速，而是变得更快（faster）”。第二步，综合理解，从这里孩子们期待兴奋，而兴奋的来源是更快的速度，由此可知答案选C选项“不断变化

44、的令人兴奋的娱乐形式”。【干扰项排除】A选项“更多种类的运动设施”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“需要复杂技能的活动”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“更具挑战性的体育锻炼”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。14. 【选项释义】14. In Paragraph 6, the author expresses his doubt about the effectiveness of trying to change childrens indifference toward much of life by_. 14. 在第6段中，作者表达了他对通过_试图改变孩子们对生活冷漠态度的有效性的怀

45、疑。A. diverting their interest from electronic visual games A. 转移他们对电子视觉游戏的兴趣B. prescribing medications for their temporary relief B. 为他们的暂时缓解开药物C. creating more stimulating activities for them C. 为他们创造更多刺激的活动D. spending more money on their entertainment D. 花更多的钱在他们的娱乐上【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，第六段最后一

46、句“随着越来越多朋友的孩子被开了药物治疗用兴奋剂来治疗在学校的注意力不集中，用抗抑郁药来帮助他们在生活中失去兴趣和快乐我质疑（question）孩子的无聊在某些诊断中的作用。”，第二步，综合理解，由此可知现在孩子们治疗无聊的方法是吃药，但是作者对这种做法提出了质疑，所以答案选B选项“为他们的暂时缓解开药物”。【干扰项排除】A选项“转移他们对电子视觉游戏的兴趣”，文章没有提及这种解决无聊的方法，这里属于无中生有；C选项“为他们创造更多刺激的活动”，定位到文章第三段第三句话“这让我思考一个显而易见的问题：“在从来没有如此多的刺激娱乐活动可供他们选择的情况下，孩子们怎么能这么难（hard）找到事情做

47、呢?”，由此可知作者已经明说刺激活动解决不了孩子的无聊，这里的态度不是质疑的态度，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“花更多的钱在他们的娱乐上”，定位到文章第三段第二句话“在许多情况下，这些钱似乎只是暂时缓解（relief）了孩子们无聊的可怕呻吟”，由此可知这是父母现在的做法，作者是持否定态度的，作者很肯定地说这种做法是没有用的，不是质疑态度，所以D选项属于偷换概念。15. 【选项释义】15. In order to alleviate childrens boredom, the author would probably suggest_. 15. 为了减轻孩子们的无聊感，作者可能会建议_。A. a

48、djusting the pace of life and intensity of stimulation A. 调整生活节奏和刺激强度B. promoting the practice of dad-son days B. 提倡父子日的做法C. consulting a specialist in child psychology C. 咨询儿童心理学专家D. balancing school work with extracurricular activities D. 平衡学校工作和课外活动【考查点】判断推理题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段最后一句话“然而，我一直在越

49、来越多地思考，生活的节奏和刺激的强度可能是导致（may be contributing to）我们社会中儿童和青少年精神问题发病率上升的原因”，作者推测出儿童感觉到无聊的原因，既然找出了原因那么作者最可能会根据这个原因来提出建议，所以答案选A选项“调整生活节奏和刺激强度”。【干扰项排除】B选项“提倡父子日的做法”，这是作者和自己的儿子之间的做法，只是文章没有说父子日的好处，如果作者想推行这个做法的话应该把好处一一列出来，所以这里属于推理过度；C选项“咨询儿童心理学专家”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“平衡学校工作和课外活动”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。4. 单选题With the pr

50、ospect of coal and petroleum supplies depleted and with air pollution becoming an increasing concern, the major countries of the world are seeking alternate sources of energy. If a means to obtain energy from water, especially from the ocean, can be effected economically, it would furnish a never en

51、ding supply of energy, since 70% of the earths surface is ocean and another 10% is fresh water in rivers and lakes.From the beginning of time man has used water power as a source of work energywaterfalls and dambut these are fresh water sources and are landlocked. The seas have contributed little or

52、 nothing in the way of power.The use of temperature variation between currents is one area of exploration. Ocean water is heated by the sun near the equator and drawn by the rotation of the earth toward the poles, where it cools and drops toward the ocean floor and starts its journey back toward the

53、 equator. The differential between the two currents is 35 degrees to 45 degrees Fahrenheit and to use it, the scientists must find the places where they run near land and are not too far away from each other. One area that meets these requirements is the Caribbean Sea.America, the greatest consumer

54、of energy, has been working on another kind of thermal sea energy proposal. One plan would somewhat resemble the operation of a refrigerator on a vast scale. Warm water would be the heat source, cold water the heat sink.Oceans also offer wave power, tides and the chemical propensities of salt water

55、as potential sources of energy. All these uses are theoretically possible.Britains Department of Energy is interested in wave power, using a string of “tear drop” devices that depend on very active wave areas and 100 feet depths. In addition to this, the British are working on a method that the Japa

56、nese have already put into practical use on a small scale for powering their navigational buoys. This method is called an oscillating water column and rides the waves with a series of cylinders having one-way air valves. Wave movement produces air under pressure that has only one escape routeto a tu

57、rbine that powers a generator.11. The use of water is _.12. In the matter of developing energy from ocean water, Britain is _.13. The development of water power from the ocean is important to America and Russia because _.14. Getting energy from the ocean is important to _.15. The word “depleted” in

58、Line 1, Para. 1, most probably means _.问题1选项A.a new conceptB.less expensive than petroleum productsC.now being used more from the ocean than from rivers and lakesD.being developed to supplement other sources of energy问题2选项A.working on a method that the Japanese have already put into practiceB.the mo

59、st advanced country in the fieldC.following the lead of the United States National Space Administration and Energy Research and Development AdministrationD.consolidating their work with the North Sea drilling operations already going on问题3选项A.there is a severe shortage of coalB.it is the cheapest me

60、thod of producing energyC.petroleum supplies are being steadily depletedD.the procedures for obtaining energy from ocean water are simpler than methods now being used for petroleum问题4选项A.Russia because of its limited water resources on landB.America because of its great consumption of energyC.Asia b

61、ecause most of the Asian countries lack other sources of energyD.south America because a large percentage of the population is very poor问题5选项A.run outB.used upC.desertedD.extinct【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】11.【选项释义】11. The use of water is _.11. 用水是_。A. a new concept A. 新概念B. less expensive than

62、 petroleum products B. 比石油产品便宜C. now being used more from the ocean than from rivers and lakes C. 现在从海洋中得到的能源比从河流和湖泊中得到的要多D. being developed to supplement other sources of energy D. 正打算被开发以补充其他能源【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第一二句话“随着煤和石油供应的枯竭以及空气污染日益引起人们的关注，世界主要国家正在寻求替代能源（alternate sources of energ

63、y）。如果从水中获取能量”，第二步综合理解，因为种种因素，人们打算用水做替代能源，所以答案选D选项“正打算被开发以补充其他能源”。【干扰项排除】A选项“新概念”，定位到第二段第一句话“从一开始，人类就使用水力作为工作能量的来源”，由此可知A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“比石油产品便宜”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“现在从海洋中得到的能源比从河流和湖泊中得到的要多”，定位到第一段第二句话“如果（If）一种从水，特别是从海洋中获取能源的方法能产生经济效益，那么它将提供无穷无尽的能源，”这里只是一种假设，与C选项描述不符，这里属于偷换概念。12.【选项释义】12. In the matter of developing energy from ocean water, Britain is _.12. 在从海水中开发能源的问题上，英国是_。A. working on