2022-2023年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第15期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 翻译题TWO nuclear bombs are among many curious machines which the Science Museum stores at an old airfield in Wiltshire. An early hovercraft stands with a fleet of submersibles and a truck that once roamed the Antarctic. Now a new acquisition is on the way. Around t

2、he runway workers are preparing to lay out 155,000 solar panelsat about 170 acres, one of the biggest solar farms in Britain.Though Britains hillsides are peppered with wind turbines, solar panels produce less than half of one percent of its power. Racing to hit a European target that requires it to

3、 generate 30% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, the government wants a lot more. Gregory Barker, an energy minister, says the solar industry could expand sixfold within a decade. Laid on the ground, that many panels would fill an area of about 150 square miles.Fields full of solar p

4、anels are less obtrusive than hillside turbines, and simpler to install. Whereas opposition to wind power is mounting, about 85% of Britons back new solar projects. Big arrays may even encourage some kinds of wildlife, for example by sheltering ground-nesting birds.It is also getting cheaper. The co

5、st of installing solar panels has fallen by half since 2010 due to heavy deployment in Germany and elsewhere. Weak British sunlight makes energy from solar farms about 25% more expensive than from onshore wind turbinesand more than twice the wholesale price of powerbut the government expects a 20% r

6、eduction by 2020.Solar companies say ministers must do more. Planners, fearing eyesores, are growing less co-operative (complaints from rural campaigners are holding up the Science Museums array). Grid connections are getting more expensive as developers choose sites ever farther from big towns.Yet

7、caution is wise, for two reasons. First, hefty investment in sunnier countries means the price of panels will keep falling without much help from British taxpayers; government cash might go much further in a year or two.Second, the price of solar panels reflects only part of the technologys costs. P

8、anels produce very little power during winter; in summer they can generate too much. The National Grid, which manages Britains power-transmission network, says that a big solar programme would mean finding extra cash to mitigate these swings in supply. A preponderance of panels is already making it

9、difficult to build more farms in the sunny south-west.If Britain is serious about hitting its legally-binding target for renewable generation, more solar seems inevitable. But the roofs of offices, factories and warehouses are the best places for it. Putting panels there lowers energy bills for busi

10、nesses while placing less strain on local grids. That seems a brighter idea.【答案】【参考译文】科学博物馆将许多稀奇古怪的机器储藏在位于威尔特郡的废旧机场里，这其中就包括两枚核弹。还有一艘早期的气垫船，一排潜水器，和一辆曾经驰骋于南极洲的卡车。现如今，一项新的收藏将要加入它们的行列。工人们准备在跑道的周围搭155000张太阳能板。该工程占地约170英亩，将有望成为英国最大的太阳能发电厂。尽管不列颠的山坡上布满了用来发电的风轮机，并且其发电量差不多是太阳能板发电量的两百多倍。然而面对亟待实现的目标，英国政府还有很长的路要

11、走。欧盟已攻足了目标：截至2020年，欧盟成员国30%的电力供给要来自可再生能源。能源部长格当戈里巴克尔说，在未来的千年内太阳能行业将扩展六倍。若将如此多数量的太阳能板平铺开来，它们将覆盖150平方英里的区域。布满太阳能板的区域看上去并不会如山坡上的风轮机那样突兀，并且太阳能板安装起来也比风轮机更简单。相比于风力发电受到越来越多的反对，新的太阳能项目却获得了大约有85%的英国人的支持。大范围地铺设太阳能板甚至有利于某些野生动物的生存。例如一些筑巢的鸟类将其作为遮蔽隐藏之所。此外，利用太阳能发电也变得越来越便宜了。由于德国以及其他一些国家强化部署发展太阳能产业，自2010年以来，安装太阳能板的成

12、本已经降低了一半。英国较弱的光照条件使得来自太阳能的电力要比近海风力发电所产生的电力贵25%，电力批发价格方面前者更是后者的两倍多。然而，英国政府预期，到2020年太阳能电费将降低20%。太阳能公司认为，部长们需要有更大的作为。由于担心影响美观，规划师们越来越不合作（来自乡村的反对者们的抱怨阻碍了科学博物馆的部署）。因为开发者们选址离大城镇越来越远，并网的成本也越来越高。然而基于两方面的理由考虑，谨慎行事才是明智之举。一方面，光照充足的国家向该行业注入巨额投资意味着：即使没有英国政府的资金投入，太阳能板的价格将会持续下跌。或许未来一两年投入政府资金会带来更深远的影响。另一方面，太阳能板的价格仅

13、仅反映了一部分该项技术的成本。太阳能电池板在冬天的发电量很低，而夏天又能产生大量电能。经营英国输电网络的英国国家电力供应公司称，实施大型太阳能供电项目将意味着同时需要寻求额外的资金投入来中和这种电力供应上的波动。在阳光灿烂的西南地区，漫山遍野的太阳能电池板几乎已经布满了整个区域。人们很难再找到余地去建造更多的太阳能发电厂。如果英国真的打算实现具有法律约束力的可再生能源电力供应目标，寻求更多的太阳能发电似乎不可避免。然而，或许办公室、工厂以及仓库的房顶才是太阳能电池板最好的安家之处。这样做能够在降低商业用电费用的同时减轻地方电网的负担。这似乎是个更明智的主意。2. 单选题We are good

14、at inventing way to enlarge our realm. Repeatedly we find methods of spreading farther. If an element is forbidding, we devise a means to master it. Reaching the continental shores, we developed ship-building and navigational skills in order to cross oceans. Shivering at arctic weather, we designed

15、for clothing and snug shelters in order to edge northward. And, having first occupied much of the usable space in the world, we are filling its usable time. Although being wakeful at night flouted our natural rhythms, we developed artificial lighting that let us be active after dark.An era is now un

16、der way in which we are replacing our cyclic community with activities that never stop. There is widespread factory shift work. Airports, gasoline stations, hotels, restaurants and broadcasters operate incessantly. Data-processing departments of insurance companies and banks are astir all night. Mea

17、nwhile, isolated individuals bend over books and papers on desks in their homes, watch television after midnight, or walk in the streets and listen to the night breathe.This extension across all hours of the day resembles our spreading across the face of the Earth. Look at both trends from enough pe

18、rspective in distance and time and they appear alike. Hover far above the planet and watch it as it spins throughout the eras. With the planets surface in daylight, little human settlements can be seen to grow larger as the years go by and small extensions appear at their outskirts. Watch the surfac

19、e when it is in night and at first some pinpoints of light flicker for a while and then go out. After ages pass, those light become stronger; they stay on longer, and other glimmerings appear nearby. Day and night, over thousands of years, reveal to us widening networks of human settlements and illu

20、mination being prolonged after dark. The surface is not uniformly occupied. The hours are not uniformly lit. But both are advancing in order.Both forms of expansion are frontiers. A frontier is a new source of resources that people use for subsistence or for profit. It is also a safety valve for peo

21、ple who feel confined. They disperse in response to pressures at home and to appealing opportunities elsewhere.Now, venturing into the night, we have the same motives as our predecessors who migrated geographically. The daytime is too crowded. Its carrying capacity is being strained, and still it do

22、es not yield alt that the community wants. The chance to exploit facilities that are left idle also arouses our initiative to use more of the night. Using the same space more of the time is a way to multiply its capacity. Some people dislike the commotion of the day and crave the serenity of night.

23、Others look to it to better themselves economically. It is no accident that personal motives for relief and opportunity are similar to the causes of expansion for the community as a whole. Those are the age-old forces behind all migrations.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ） .2.The example

24、s the author cites in Para.2 (“There is night”)illustrate a blurring of（ ）3.In context, the use of “Look”, “Hover,” and “Watch”(in Para.3) is intended to（ ）.4.In Para. 3, both most directly refers to（ ） .5.Which of the following activities provides the best example of the way to multiply as discusse

25、d in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.persuade readers to increase their use of nighttime hoursB.argue that constant human activity is harmful to individuals and groupsC.explore how the changing use of time is related to the history of human expansionD.critique the way in which changing labor patterns have

26、 come to dominate human life问题2选项A.ambition and greedB.solitude and companionshipC.the uses of nighttime and of daytimeD.the purposes of work and of recreation问题3选项A.warn readers of the threat of unbounded migrationB.invite readers to imagine human history visuallyC.prepare readers to anticipate cha

27、nge and its consequencesD.promote the use of nighttime hours for work or leisure activities问题4选项A.worker productivity and national wealthB.scientific knowledge and individual well-beingC.competing work demands and available timeD.inhabited space and usable time问题5选项A.Conducting evening classes in pu

28、blic school buildingsB.Keeping municipal offices open during the lunch hourC.Enforcing curfew laws in residential neighborhoodsD.Adding more buildings to a factory complex【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.本题是问这篇文章的写作目的，A项意为“为了规劝读者多加利用他们的午夜时间”；B项意为“为了讨论持续的人类活动对个人和团体是有害 的”；C项意为“为了探讨对于不断利用时间与人们扩张的历史之间

29、是如何联系的”；D 项意为“为了批判不断变化的劳动方式已经主宰了人类的生活”。本题可通过文中出现 的“spreading”、“edge northward、“This extension across all hours of the day” 以及 “Day and night, over thousands of years, reveal to us widening networks of human settlements and illumination being prolonged after dark.日以继夜地，几千年以来，给我们揭示了人们的定居点不断扩大的网络以及天黑之后

30、照明工具的延长”等都表明了本文的写作目的是分析人类活动的扩张与利用时间之间的关系，C选项符合题意。2.本题是问第二段中所举的例子表明的意思。A项意为“野心和贪婪”；B项意为“孤独和陪伴”；C项意为“夜间和白天时间的利用”；D项意为“工作和娱乐的目的”。由第二段中的“There is widespread factory shift work. Airports, gasoline stations, hotels, restaurants and broadcasters operate incessantly. Data-processing departments of insurance

31、 companies and banks are astir all night. 工厂普遍实行轮班制。机场、加油站、旅馆、餐馆和广播电台都在不停地运转。保险公司和银行的数据处理部门整夜都在忙碌。” 列举了一些需要倒班的工作，所以举例的目的是为了说明人类对于夜间和白天时间的充分利用， C选项符合题意。3.A项意为提醒读者无限迁移的所带来的威胁；B项意为 ，邀请读者从视觉上想象人类的历史；C项意为为读者做好预期的变化和后果的准备；D项意为推广在工作或者休闲活动中对于夜间时间的利用。题目中所给词look意为“看”; hover意为“盘旋”；watch意为“观察，观看”，这三个词语均与B项中的“vi

32、sually （视觉上的）”对应。B选项符合题意。4.A项意为“工人的生产力和国家财富”；B项意为“科学 知识和个人幸福”；C项意为“充满竞争的工作需求和可利用的时间”；D项意为“居住空间和可利用的时间”。根据第一段中的having first occupied much of the usable space in the world, we are filling its usable time在第一次占领了世界上大部分的可用空间后，我们正在填补其可用的时间和第二段最后一句The surface is not uniformly occupied. The hours are not un

33、iformly lit.表面不是均匀地被占据的。时间并不是统一的。可知both是指空间上和时间上的占有， D选项符合题意。5.A项意为“在公立学校里设立夜校课程”；B项意为“在午饭时间开放市政办公”；C项意为“在住宅社区施行宵禁法”；D项意为“添加更多的工 厂建筑”。文中最后一段提到了The daytime is too crowded. Its carrying capacity is being strained, and still it does not yield alt that the community wants. 在白天已经非常拥挤了，容纳量趋于紧张。这个拥 挤是指一些空间

34、场所。再结合“Some people dislike the commotion of the day and crave the serenity of night.一些人不喜欢白天的骚动，渴望夜晚的宁静”，以及文中Using the same space more of the time is a way to multiply its capacity.对way to multiply的定义就是更多地利用同一个空间，所以 A选项符合题意。3. 翻译题过去十年间，中国手机网络的发展可谓有目共睹，几乎每年都会新增约八千万用户， 但据英国广播公司报道，在某种程度上，真正的通讯革命才刚刚开始。今

35、年，中国将取代美国成为世界最大的智能手机市场。对很多中国人来说，智能手机使他们第一次拥有了通向互联网的私人路径。这对于信息技术开发商、尤其是移动手机应用程序开发商来说是非比寻常的机遇。那么，应用程序开发商是怎么在中国赚到钱的呢？ 一种方法就是尝试“应用内销售” 一一他们推出免费的应用程序，一旦用户被吸引，再以较低的价格卖给他们体验增强版。 虽然中国的用户只愿意出几分钱来购买升级服务，但只要想想用户多达数百万，加在一起很快就是一大笔钱。不过，对于非游戏类应用程序开发商来说，要发展就得依靠广告收益。【答案】The mobile network growth in China has been re

36、markable, with some 80 million new users joining every year for the past decade. But to some extent, the real communications revolution has only just begun, BBC reported.This year, China will overtake America as the worlds biggest Smartphone market. For many Chinese, the Smartphone offers them their

37、 first personal access to Internet. This is an extraordinary opportunity for information technology developers, especially mobile app developers.So how then does an app developer make money in China? One way is to try in-app salesthey offer free apps and once users are hooked, they will sell them an

38、 enhanced version of the experience at a lower price. Although users in China may be only willing to pay a few cents for the enhanced service, when youre talking millions of users, that can soon add up to a lot of money. But, for non-game app developers, there must be advertising revenue to move for

39、ward.4. 翻译题在不久的将来，3D打印技术将走进千家万户。有了 3D打印机后，人人都可以通过数码设计制造出各种想象中的物体，或者借用不管来自世界哪个角落的某种设计。只需按一个钮，3D打印机就可以用一层层的塑料或其它材质，把你设计的物品在你眼前“打印”出来。10年前的科幻小说情节如今己经成为现实。事实上，能让我们的电脑打印纸质文档的点矩阵(dot-matrix)打印机，这是不久之前才发明出来的，而现在3D打印机 又以同样的方式，使我们梦想的各种物体都能呈现在我们眼前。有了 3D打印机的魔力， 人人都是制造商，唯一能限制我们的，就是我们的想象力。【答案】It wont be long bef

40、ore everyone will have access to a 3D printer. Armed with a 3D printer, everyone can create their own digital design for any imagined object or borrow a design from anywhere around the world. By simply pressing a button makers can set a 3D printer into motion rendering the physical object with layer

41、s of plastic or other material right before their eyes. What was science fiction ten years ago is reality today. It wasnt long ago we listened to the whir of a dot-matrix printer spitting out documents from our computers, now a 3D printer renders any object we can dream up the same way. With the mag

42、ic of 3D printing capability we are all manufacturers, constrained only by our imaginations.5. 翻译题Contemporary public expenditure management (PEM) is interested in the process of budgeting primarily because procedural rules strongly influence expenditure outcomes. PEM takes the position that these r

43、ules affect three important outcomes: the total amount spent, the composition of expenditure, and the efficiency of government operations. PEM seeks procedures that increase the probability of achieving preferred outcomes. The key aspects of budgeting affecting expenditure outcomes are institutional

44、 arrangements, the types of information available for making and enforcing expenditure decisions, the incentives provided for spenders and controllers to behave in ways that promote desired outcomes, the issuance and implementation of substantive budge rules. These elements of PEM are applied to the

45、 three basic objectives of modem public expenditure management: to strengthen aggregate fiscal discipline, to allocate public resources in accord with strategic priorities, and to promote the efficient provision of services.Fiscal discipline requires effective control of budget aggregates: total rev

46、enue and spending and the balance between these totals. When aggregate control is effective, these outcomes are disciplined; they result from explicit, enforced decisions on the aggregates by government. They are not merely the sum of powerful demands on the budget. PEM also seeks allocative efficie

47、ncy. Allocative efficiency depends on the capacity to shift resources from old programs to new ones and from less to more productive uses, in correspondence with changing public policy objectives. Finally, PEM seeks efficiency in administrative operations, the progressive reduction, through producti

48、vity gains, in the running cost of government agencies and in the unit cost of services.【答案】由于程序规则会对支出结果产生重大影响，当代公共支出管理(PEM)研究重点就是编制预 算。公共支出管理(PEM)认为这些规则会影响三个重要结果： 支出总金额，支出构成和政府运作效率。公共支出管理(PEM)寻求方法，以提升达到预期结果的概率。在编制预算中，影响支出结果的关键因素包括：制度安排、制定与实施支出决策的信息种类、保证支出者与管理者努力实现预期目标的激励手段、公布与实行大量的预算规则。这些规则旨在实现三个基本

49、目标：加强总的财政纪律、依据战略重点分配公共资源、促进提供有效服务。财政纪律要求有效控制预算总量，总收入与总支出以及这两者总数之间的平衡。 当总量控制是有效的，就说明支出受到财政纪律的控制。政府给予明确且需执行的总量。这一总量并不仅仅是对预算有个明确的总量限制，公共支出管理(PEM)也还要寻求配置效率。 配置效率的高低取决于资源从旧项目转移到新项目、从低产向高产转移的能力大小，同 时还要与不断变化中的国家公共政策目标保持一致。最后，公共支出管理(PEM)要寻求行政管 理的效率：通过提高生产率，逐步减小政府机构的运作成本、服务的单位成本。6. 单选题Nearly every writer on

50、the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, it makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreaus famous essay.”Civil Disobedience (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreaus essay was his first intellectual contact w

51、ith the theory of passive resistance to governmental laws that are perceived as morally unjust. However, this emphasis on Thoreaus influence on King is unfortunate: first, King would not have agreed with many other aspects of Thoreaus philosophy, including Thoreaus ultimate acceptance of violence as

52、 a form of protest; second, an overemphasis on the influence of one essay has kept historians from noting other correspondences between Kings philosophy and transcendentalism. Civil Disobedience as the only example of transcendentalist writing with which King was familiar, and in many other transcen

53、dentalist writings, including works by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, King would have found ideas more nearly akin to his own.The kind of civil disobedience King had in mind was, in fact, quite different from Thoreaus view of civil disobedience. Thoreau, like most other transcendentalists,

54、 was primarily interested in reform of the individual, whereas King was primarily interested in reform of society. As a protest against the Mexican War, Thoreau refused to pay taxes, but he did not hope by his action to force a change in national policy. While he encouraged others to adopt similar p

55、rotests, he did not attempt to mount any mass protest action against unjust laws. In contrast to Thoreau, King began to advocate the use of mass civil disobedience to affect revolutionary changes within the social system.However, Kings writings suggest that, without realizing it, he was an incipient

56、 transcendentalist. Most transcendentalists subscribed to the concept of “higher law” and included civil disobedience to unjust laws as part of their strategy. They often invoked the concept of higher law to justify their opposition to slavery and to advocate disobedience to the strengthened Fugitiv

57、e Slave Law of 1850. In his second major book, Kings discussion of just and unjust laws and the responsibility of the individual is very similar to the transcendentalists discussion of higher law . In reference to how one can advocate breaking some laws and obeying others, King notes that there are

58、two types of laws, just and unjust; he describes a just law as a “code that squares with the moral law” and an unjust law as a “code that is out of harmony with the moral law.” Thus, Kings opposition to the injustice of legalized segregation in the twentieth century is philosophically akin to the tr

59、anscendentalists9 opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law in the nineteenth century.1.Which one of the following best states the man idea of the passage?2.Which one of the following statements about “Civil Disobedience” would the author consider most accurate?3.According to the passage, which one of th

60、e following is true of Emerson and Fuller?4.The passage suggests which one of the following about Thoreau?5.According to the passage, King differed from most transcendentalists in that he（ ） .问题1选项A.Kings philosophy was more influenced by Thoreaus essay on civil disobedience than by any other writin

61、g of the transcendentalistsB.While historians may have overestimated Thoreaus influence on King, King was greatly influenced by a number of the transcendentalist philosophers.C.Thoreaus and Kings views on civil disobedience differed in that King was more concerned with the social reform than with th

62、e economic reform of society.D.Although historians have overemphasized Thoreaus influence on King, there are parallels between Kings philosophy and transcendentalism that have not been fully appreciated.问题2选项A.It influenced Kings philosophy on passive resistance to unjust laws.B.It was not Kings fir

63、st contact with the concept of passive resistance to unjust laws.C.It provided King with a model for using passive resistance to effect social change.D.It contains a number of ideas with which other transcendentalists strongly disagreed问题3选项A.Some of their ideas were less typical of transcendentalis

64、m than were some of Thoreaus ideas.B.Some of their ideas were more similar to Kings than were some of Thoreaus.C.Their ideas about civil disobedience and unjust laws are as well known as Thoreausare.D.They would have been more likely than Thoreau to agree with King on the necessity of mass protest i

65、n civil disobedience.问题4选项A.He was the first to develop fully the theory of civil disobedience.B.His work has had a greater influence on contemporary thinkers than has the work of Emerson and Fuller.C.He advocated using civil disobedience to force the federal government to change its policies on war.D.His philosop