2022-2023年考博英语-西北工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第39期

《2022-2023年考博英语-西北工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第39期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022-2023年考博英语-西北工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第39期（19页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022-2023年考博英语-西北工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Turning cultivated land back into forests or pasture is a fundamental way to stem soil （ ）and desertification in the long run.问题1选项A.erosionB.depletionC.violationD.delusion【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。erosion “侵蚀，腐蚀”；depletion “消耗，损耗”；violation “违反”；delusion “欺骗，迷惑”。句意：将耕

2、地退耕为森林或者草原是阻止土壤侵蚀和荒漠化的根本方法。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题The book shifted her outlook from social to spiritual, for its theme was that before you change other people you have to change yourself.问题1选项A.viewpointB.vocationC.prospectD.preference【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这本书将她的从社会转向精神方面，因为它的主题是在改变他人之前，你必须先改变自己。viewpoint “观点

3、，视角”；vocation “职业”；prospect “前景，期望”；preference“偏爱，倾向”。根据“from social to spiritual”可推测划线单词的意思是“观点”，因此选项A符合题意。3. 单选题As ordinary people, scientists are by no means more honest or（ ）than other people, but as scientist, they attach special value to honest while they are in their working sphere.问题1选项A.eth

4、icalB.ethnicC.aestheticD.esthetic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。ethical“道德的，伦理的”；ethnic“民族的，种族的”；aesthetic “审美的，美学的”；esthetic “审美的”。句意：科学家作为普通人，没有办法比其他人更诚实或者品德高尚；但是作为科学家，他们在工作领域中更加重视诚实。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Much（ ） I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.问题1选项A.whenB.mor

5、eC.fartherD.as【答案】D【解析】考查倒装结构。这是由as引导的让步状语从句结构，需要倒装，但不是主谓倒装而是将被强调的内容放在句首，选项D符合题意。5. 单选题By advocating moderate change, they think that they can keep consumer costs low.问题1选项A.reasonableB.radicalC.immediateD.minimum【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过提倡改变，他们认为可以保持消费者的低成本状态。reasonable “合理的，明智的”；radical “根本的，彻底的”；i

6、mmediate “立即的”；minimum “最低的”。根据后面的“消费者的低成本状态”可知前面的改变是“适度的”，即划线单词的意思是“适度的；合理的”。因此选项A符合题意。6. 单选题The poor thing has had a tooth out, so he cant talk but manages to（ ） to capture attention.问题1选项A.moanB.grumbleC.criticizeD.complain【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。moan “呻吟，抱怨”；grumble “抱怨，嘟囔”；criticize “批评， 指责”；complain

7、 “抱怨，控诉”。句意：这个可怜的家伙掉了一颗牙，所以他说不出话只能靠呻吟来吸引别人注意。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题You will only be allowed to leave early in（ ）circumstances.问题1选项A.exceptionalB.coincidentalC.peculiarD.imperative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exceptional “特殊的；例外的”；coincidental “巧合的”；peculiar “不寻常的；特有的；古怪的”；imperative “紧急的；不可避免的；必要的”。句意：你只有在特殊时刻才被允许提前

8、离开。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题Since our research so far has not produced any answers to this problem, we need to adopt a different （ ）to it.问题1选项A.methodB.mannerC.styleD.approach【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。method “方法，办法”,后+of； manner “方式，态度”，后+of；style “风格，方式”，后+of； approach “方法，途径”，后+to。句意：既然我们目前的研究没有得出任何解决这个问题的答案，我们需要换一

9、种方式了。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Johnsons business survived on a（ ）relationship with only a few customers.问题1选项A.tentativeB.salientC.lucrativeD.insubstantial【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。tentative “试探性的；暂定的 ；salient “显著的； 突出的”；lucrative “有利可图的；有利的”；insubstantial “脆弱的；非真实的”。句意：约翰逊的生意靠与仅有的几个顾客的有利可图的关系维持着。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题Fear o

10、f pirate（ ）led the French to fortify their coastline.问题1选项A.excursionsB.incursionsC.transmigrationsD.transmogrifications【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。excursion “偏移；远足”；incursion “入侵；侵犯”；transmigration “轮回；移居”；transmogrification “变形”。句意：对海盗袭击的担心使得法国加固了他们的海岸线。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Wouldnt it be easier to move about on t

11、he（ ）of the crowd than to squeeze in the middle?问题1选项A.consentB.headsC.fringeD.recreation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。consent “同意；准许”；head “头；最前的部分”；fringe “边缘；刘海；外围”；recreation “娱乐；消遣；休养”。句意：难道在人群的外围移动不比在人群中挤来挤去容易吗？选项C符合题意。12. 单选题On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to（ ）the sea waves.问题1选项A.

12、simplifyB.simulateC.helpD.like【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。simplify “简化”；simulate “模仿；假装”；help “帮助”；like “喜欢”。句意：舞台上用了很多上下飘动的蓝色丝绸来模仿海浪。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题It has been announced that physicists from different countries will gather in New York for a （ ）next month.问题1选项A.symphonyB.symposiumC.symptomD.symmetry【答案】B【解析】

13、考查形近词词义辨析。symphony “交响乐；和声”；symposium “讨论会”；symptom “症状；征兆”；symmetry “对称（性）；整齐”。句意：据称下个月来自不同国家的物理学家们将聚在纽约参加一个讨论会。选项B符合题意。14. 单选题They make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs.问题1选项A.sustainB.yieldC.endureD.expose【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们更好地

14、利用时间，并且在有压力的工作中也不会疲劳。sustain “维持（生命、生存）”；yield “屈服，投降”；endure “忍耐”；expose “揭露”。根据“fatigue in stressful jobs”可以推测划线单词的意思是“屈服”，选项B符合题意。15. 单选题Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Histo

15、rically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophren

16、ia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric diseas

17、e of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive” and “negative” symptoms.

18、Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physic implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves

19、or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positiveit does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurersbut it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying i

20、ssues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schoolsnominalist and essentialist or reductionist-have debated the clinical criteria used to lab

21、el a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defini

22、ng the disease state is a genetic abnormality.It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype

23、(symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary ac

24、cording to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960s to be a

25、n example of which of the following?3.According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?4.Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?5.It can be inferred t

26、hat which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?问题1选项A.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemB.describing a way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaC.assessing the success of a new taxonomical met

27、hodD.predicting a change in future taxonomy问题2选项A.A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classification.B.A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classificat

28、ion.C.A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional method.D.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method.问题3选项A.She would wait un

29、til the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.B.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.C.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify

30、 it accordingly.D.She would describe the patients symptoms, compare them to patients whohave had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.问题4选项A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological

31、taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.问题5选项A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently respon

32、sible for the symptoms has not been isolated.B.A patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments.C.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified.D.A case o

33、f a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章第一二段提到在确诊疾病的依据时，有两个不同的派别：唯名论者（nominalist）和本质主义者（essentialist），前者用疾病名称来标记症状（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name），后者认为每一种疾病都有病理病因（While essentialists cont

34、end that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology）；文章在最后一段提出在确诊时，临床症状和基因都应该考虑（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），选项B“提出一种解决疾病分类进退两难处境的方法”符合题意。第2题:推理判断题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“对精神分裂症的定义从20世纪60年代的精神疾病演变成一种

35、疑似遗传病因的疾病，尽管这种病因还不确定”（The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain），由此可知选项D“一种满足传统分类方法的疾病，但是科学家更愿意通过现代方法来分类”符合题意。第3题:推理判断题。文章第二段提到“唯名论者用疾病名称来标记

36、各类症状，例如精神分裂症，并且没有对潜在的病因作任何解释”（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology），选项D“她会描述患者的症状，跟那些有同样症状的病人比较，然后将他们定义为患同一种疾病”符合题意。第4题:推理判断题。文章最后一段提到“但是在确诊一种疾病时，临床症状和基因异常都应该被考虑在内”（But in labeling a disease state, we must c

37、onsider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），由此可知选项C“提出综合两种正在使用的病理分类方法”符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本质主义者认为每种疾病都有一个病理学上的病因，而且现在认为决定病情最本质的病变是基因异常”（while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the ess

38、ential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality），选项A“一名明显是由病毒感染而引起发烧的病人”符合题意。16. 单选题They were more than glad to leave their cars parked and walked（ ）for a change.问题1选项A.asB.forC.toD.by【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。 句意：他们更乐意去把车停放在某个地方，然后改为走路。选项B符合题意。17. 单选题And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even t

39、he slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and（ ）of youth.问题1选项A.vagueB.vigorC.vogueD.vulgar【答案】B【解析】考查形似词辨析。vague “模糊的；含糊的”，形容词；vigor “活力；精力”，名词；vogue “时尚；流行”，名词；vulgar “粗俗的；通俗的”，形容词。句意：“肥胖”的话题被禁止了。即使是稍微隆起的小肚子都暴露出他正失去青春活力。选项B符合题意。18. 单选题In the packed hall, the people sitting close to m

40、e（ ）me into the comer little by little.问题1选项A.draggedB.drewC.frightenedD.wedged【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。drag “拖拉；拖曳”；draw “画；拉；吸引”；frighten “使惊吓；吓唬”；wedge “楔入；挤进”。句意：在拥挤的大厅，紧挨着我坐的人逐渐将我挤进了角落。选项D符合题意。19. 单选题Youre filling out the application form for a position you really need; lets assume you once actually c

41、ompleted a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isnt it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University?More and more people are turning to utt

42、er deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known

43、university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say they deal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of about per week.Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms. If it turns out that an applicant is lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant direc

44、tly. One Ivy League school calls them “imposters”； another refers to them as “special cases”. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made by “no such people”.To avoid outright lies, some job-seekers claim that they “were associated wi

45、th” a college or university. After carefully checking, as personnel officer may discover that “attending” means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that “being associated with” a college means that the job seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps rec

46、ords of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century - thats when they began keeping records, anyhow.If you dont want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West

47、Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of nonexistent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from “Smoot University”. The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the “University of Purdue”. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana is call

48、ed Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.1.The main idea of this passage is that （ ）.2.According to the passage, “special cases” (Para.3) refers to cases where（ ）.3.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.4.This passage implies that（ ）.5.The word “utter” (Para.2) probab

49、ly means（ ）.问题1选项A.employers are checking more closely on applicants nowB.lying about college degrees has become a widespread problemC.College degrees can now be purchased easilyD.employers are no longer interested in college degrees问题2选项A.students attend a school only part-timeB.students never atte

50、nded a school they listed on their applicationC.students purchase false degrees from commercial firmsD.students attended a famous school问题3选项A.performance is a better judge of ability than a college degreeB.experience is the best teacherC.past work histories influence personnel officers more than de

51、grees doD.a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job competition问题4选项A.buying a false degree is not moralB.personnel officers only consider applicants from famous schoolsC.most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from schoolD.society sh

52、ould be greatly responsible for lying on applications问题5选项A.addressB.thoroughC.ultimateD.decisive【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章的主旨是什么？”文章主要讲述了越来越多的人在求职时对他们的学历撒谎，以及形成这种现象的原因。选项B“在学历方面撒谎已经成了普遍的问题”符合题意。第2题:推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，第三段提到的特殊情况指的是什么？”文章第三段提到人事专员会验证求职者列出来的学历，当被证实求职者在撒谎时，大部

53、分学校不会直接谴责那个撒谎的求职者，比如，有所常春藤学校称其为“骗子”（imposters），另一所学校称其为“特殊情况”(special cases)，说明这些求职者并不是这些学校的学生，因此选项B符合题意。第3题:推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章我们能了解到什么？”文章第二段提到“人事专员跟大多数美国人一样注重名校的学历。求职者虽然受到了良好的教育，但是他们认为如果毕业于名校，被录取的机会更高（for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may

54、have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university）”，因此选项D“名校的学历能让求职者在竞争中有优势”符合题意。第4题:推理判断题。题目问的是“这篇文章暗示了什么？”文章第二段提到越来越多的人在找工作的时候撒谎，因为像大部分美国人一样，人事专员非常看重名校学历（More and more people are turning to utter deception like th

55、is to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools），即这么多人选择撒谎，是因为社会看重名校学历。因此，选项D“社会应该对求职者撒谎负很大责任”符合题意。第5题:词义题。题目问的是“第二段中的utter一词是什么意思？”文章第二段中“utter”后面的“this”指上文提到的“声称自己的毕业证书代表着哈佛大学的学位”（claim on the form that your dip

56、loma represents a Harvard degree），由此可知utter是“说”的意思。选项A符合题意。20. 单选题It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and（ ）knowledge.问题1选项A.extensiveB.expansiveC.intensiveD.expensive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。extensive “广泛的，大量的”；expansive “广阔的”； intensive“密集的，加强的”；expensive“昂贵的”。句意：一个合格的老师要有良好的修养和广博的知识，这是非常重要的。选项A符合题意。