2022-2023年考博英语-华中科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第30期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-华中科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international

2、 transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the tr

3、ansition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework.The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodi

4、es such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating th

5、is effectiveness.Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights

6、organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the con

7、ditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.With the demand for global trade to go hand in hand with global responsibility international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote complianc

8、e with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency in the operations of su

9、ch companies is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholder value” means that there is score to ensure that the investor citizen has a say in th

10、e way that companies conduct themselves.The task for those promoting free expression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advo

11、cates for such rights.21.All of the following is not true according to the first paragraph except （ ） .22.The underlined word “which” in the third paragraph refers to （ ）.23.Multinational corporations have not to （ ）.24.Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true?25.What i

12、s not the purpose of writing this passage?问题1选项A.globalization has been developing systematically for several decadesB.protection of human rights hasnt increased enough to be correspondent with the present situationC.democracy has been fully developed in the worldD.many countries has constructed a d

13、emocratic and constitutional framework问题2选项A.human rights organizationsB.the prevention of corruptionC.sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruptionD.freedom of expression and access to official information问题3选项A.recognize its social responsibilityB.be responsible to th

14、eir shareholdersC.be transparent in operationD.be responsible in other communities in the same area问题4选项A.They are becoming more and more influential.B.Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country.C.They are not so effective as the international political organization.D.WTO and IMF are inc

15、luded.问题5选项A.To point out the negative effects of globalization.B.To bridle the power and influence of global actors.C.To call the global actors awareness of human rights.D.To harness new technologies to challenge examination.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】21.细节判断题。根据题干要求，将信息点定位到原文第一段第二句The rise o

16、f global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy

17、.（全球市场的兴起以及国际交易的速度提升和数量的增加，在各国之间的经济事务中带来了一定程度的相互依赖和合作，而迄今为止，这些国家在尊重和保护人权与民主方面并没有相应的提升。），从而得出本题答案。22.事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到原文第三段最后一句The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression an

18、d access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.（人权组织在这方面的作用必须是确保全球化提高而不是降低标准，并提出言论自由和获得官方资料是可持续的人力和经济发展和防止腐败的关键，而这反过来又支持可持续经济增长所必需的条件。）从而得出本题答案。23.

19、细节推理题。根据题干关键词“Multinational corporations”定位到原文第四段。选项A与第四段第二句中的recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility对应；选项B与原文第四段第四句中的more and more accountable to shareholders；选项C与原文第四段第三句中的Transparency in the operations对应。选项D的表述不对，因为文中对需负责任的团体的限定是on which they have an impact。即可得出本题答案。24.细节判断题。根据题干要求定

20、位到原文第二段，由第二段第一句The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors.（全球经济网络的崛起导致了全球参与者影响力的上升。）可知A正确；由第二段第二句可知选项B正确；D很显然也是正确的。而通过最后一句“The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness”说明，国际政治组织没有经济组织有效力。可判断选

21、项C与原文不符，即可得出本题答案。25.主旨大意题。通读全文，可知作者并未提及全球化的负面影响。从而得出本题答案。2. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic “ The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala”.【答案】The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala3. 翻译题1. Nagging concerns about the global economic downturn and rising unem

22、ployment are forcing many young Britons to think twice about tying the knot this year, a think-tank said on Saturday.Almost 80 percent of young British couples living together want to get married, the think tank Civitas said, but would reconsider their wedding plans due to increasing job losses as c

23、ompanies cut costs and lay off workers.2. “As the recession bites its going to be harder for partners to make that commitment without financial stability and jobs they wont have the confidence to say I do,” the director of family and education at Civitas, said.The study, which surveyed 1,560 adults

24、aged between 20 to 35, also found that for 50 percent of the people making a commitment was the most The study, which surveyed 1,560 adults aged between 20 to 35, also found that for 50 percent of the people making a commitment was the most important reason to get married, and only two percent consi

25、dered marriage for tax advantages.“If my boyfriend asked me now, then I would still say yes, but I wouldnt waste my money for a high-profile wedding,” Jenny Brown, an employee works in Londons central financial district.But De Waal said the recession would have a serious impact on planning a life to

26、gether.“This is not about being able to afford a fancy wedding dress for 10,000 pounds or not.”3. A British Social Attitudes survey in January found that young people showed a less traditional attitude towards marriage and would put their careers first.About 40 percent of people aged between 18 to 3

27、4 said marriage was still the “best kind of relationship,” compared with 84 percent of people aged 65 and over, it said.【答案】1. 英国一家智库机构上周六称，对全球经济衰退的担忧和不断上升的失业率让英国很多年轻人不得不重新考虑结婚计划。2. Civitas家庭和教育事务主管阿纳斯塔西娅德瓦尔说：“受经济衰退的影响，下决心结婚也将变得更加困难，没有稳定的收入和工作，人们没有信心说我愿意”。3. 今年1月开展的一项“英国社会态度”调查发现，年轻人对婚姻的态度已经不那么传统了，他

28、们倾向于将职业发展放在首位。4. 单选题No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in tempe

29、rature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a co

30、nveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the positi

31、on of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in dir

32、ection, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the risin

33、g convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the

34、African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. The

35、se seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basin

36、s. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earths surface, and seriously require explanation in because, addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea,

37、and perhaps the North Sea.26.According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?27.It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the （ ） .28.According to the pa

38、ssage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?29.The author refers to conveyer belt in Sentence 3, Paragraph 1, in order to（ ）.30.Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?问题1选项A.Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors.B.Sp

39、reading of ocean trenches.C.Movement of mid-ocean ridges.D.Differences in temperature under oceans and continents.问题2选项A.Indian OceanB.Black SeaC.Mid-AtlanticD.South Atlantic问题3选项A.The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan.B.The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge.C.The Gulf of Mexico and the

40、South Atlantic Ridge.D.The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge.问题4选项A.illustrate the effects of convection in the mantleB.show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continentsC.demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic RidgeD.describe the complicated motions ma

41、de possible by back-coupling问题5选项A.A Description of the Oceans of the WorldB.Several Theories of Ocean Basin FormationC.The Traditional View of the OceansD.Convection and Ocean Currents【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】26.细节事实题。根据题干中的traditional view，将信息点定位为第一段第二句。The traditional view supposes that t

42、he upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinkin

43、g currents under the continents.（传统观点认为，地球上地幔长期受小力量作用时表现为液体，海洋和大陆下的温差足以产生地幔对流，大洋中脊下对流上升，大陆下对流下降。）从而得出本题答案。27.细节推断题。根据题干中的sediments，将信息点定位为最后一段第三句。These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment.（这些海洋有一个典型的海底，只是海底覆盖着几公里长的沉积物。）通过对比答案与尾段内容，答案

44、为尾段尾句的Black Sea。从而得出本题答案。28.细节事实题。根据题干中的plate, is growing on both sides，将信息点定位为第二段第三句。This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart.此句中的this指代前一句的the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean。从而得出本题答案。29.语义题。根据题干的提示，将信息

45、点定位为第一段第三句。Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.第一段用很长的句子来描述地球表层的运动，紧接着用conveyor belt来描述运动的结果。从而得出本题答案。30.主旨题。文章第一段第一句为全文的主题句，No very satisfa

46、ctory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.（关于造成海洋盆地形成的机理，至今还没有一个非常令人满意的解释。）说明文章的内容，即：关于ocean basins形成的不同学说。从而得出本题答案。5. 翻译题新的一年才刚刚开始，你就发现很难坚持“告别垃圾食品、远离沙发、戒烟”这些新年决心了吧？我们很难改掉坏习惯是由于生物学的原因这些坏习惯根植于我们的大脑中。1. 这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。了解不健康的习惯怎样变得根深蒂固可以启发科学家研究出一些让

47、好习惯代替坏习惯的“技巧”。诺拉沃尔科夫博士说：“为什么坏习惯更加顽固？因为它能带来即时的犒赏，而这种即时犒赏的力量很强大。”那么这一点快乐的感觉是怎样转化为一种习惯的呢？这与一种感知快乐的化学物质多巴胺有关。多巴胺使大脑不断期望得到这种犒赏，从而不断加强快乐感与这种行为之间的联系，特别是当它能从周围环境中得到正确的暗示时。2.一项“为行为变化买单”的运动可能会对这种联系加以利用，在这项运动中，一些公司给雇员提供“即时报酬”或是“保险回扣”，以激励他们形成更好的习惯。不管这项运动结果如何，研究人员说我们的确可以采取某些行为来对抗坏习惯对大脑的吸引力。3. 那就是，重复，重复，再重复你的新行为，

48、使之成为每天固定时间的例行活动。下决心锻炼？那就每天早上固定时间锻炼，而不要随意找时间，这样会使大脑最终接受这个新习惯。神经学家沃尔科夫也是一个热爱跑步的人，他说：“如果你哪天没锻炼，便会感觉很糟糕。”运动本身能提升多巴胺的水平，这样尽管运动结束后你的肌肉感觉酸痛，但是你的大脑还是会感觉良好。【答案】1. Thats not an excuse to give up. Understanding how unhealthy behaviors become ingrained can enlighten scientists on learning some tricks that may h

49、elp us replace the bad habits with the good ones.2. A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments or insurance rebates for adopting better habits.3. Repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior the same routine at the same t

50、ime of day. Resolved to exercise? Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it in haphazardly, will make the cerebrum recognize the habit so eventually.6. 翻译题1.上周四，世界观察研究学会一年一度的“地球健康体检”报告出炉。2005年，地球的森林砍伐量创历史新高，这是该报告强调的众多环境问题征兆之一。该驻华盛顿智囊机构在一份题为地球生命征兆2007-2008的报告中指出，从肉类消费量的不断增长到亚洲经

51、济发展等各种全球性态势与气候变化这一显著问题都有关系。“地球声明征兆2007-2008”项目的负责人说，“我认为气候变化是人类有史以来所面临的最严峻的挑战”。在报告公布前，阿萨多利安在接受记者的电话采访时说，2. “我们可以看到气候变化中出现的众多趋势，比如，粮食生产受到洪涝灾害的影响；以及肉类生产，据统计，家禽饲养过程中所产生的温室气体占温室气体总排放量的20%”。阿萨多利安说，3.这份报告的主题是，二氧化碳排放及其他生态灾难引起气候变化，“不可持续”的消费模式才是气候变化的罪魁祸首。【答案】1. More wood was removed from forests in 2005 than

52、 ever before, one of many troubling environmental signs highlighted on Thursday in the World Watch Institutes annual check of the planets health.2. “You see many trends in climate change, whether we are talking about grain production which is affected by droughts and flooding, or meat production as

53、livestock production makes up about 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.”3. The key message of the report was that unsustainable consumption patterns were responsible for climate change linked to carbon emissions and other ecological woes.7. 单选题The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is

54、consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, （1） , needs to determine what level of literacy is （2） by society, what role he or she should take in （3） the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesc

55、o report presents a world （4） of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the （5） small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international （6）.The problems （7） developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is “ine

56、xtricably intertwined with other aspects of national development”, (and)national development as a whole is bound （8） with the world context. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development it is a （9） of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a c

57、hanging （10） and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes （11） in different countries have taken and are taking different （12） to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which （

58、13） the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation （14） society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as （15） “literacy environment”.Who are the “illiterates” and how do we define them? At what point do

59、we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins? Robert Hillerich （16） these questions. An illiterate, he finds, “may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to （17） successfully in

60、 his social position.” Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: “Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all （18） of development.”An educational definition i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered is shown to be

61、inadequate in （19） educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological/economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individua

62、l to engage effectively and to act （20） responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a “reading-level type”;assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.问题1选项A.thereforeB.in additionC.howeverD.nevertheless问题2选项A.askedB.knownC.demandedD

63、.obtained问题3选项A.achievingB.gettingC.fulfillingD.accomplishing问题4选项A.opinionB.ideaC.pointD.view问题5选项A.relativelyB.particularlyC.possiblyD.definitely问题6选项A.situationB.contextC.environmentD.atmosphere问题7选项A.facingB.confrontingC.encounteringD.meeting问题8选项A.toB.inC.upD.across问题9选项A.componentB.elementC.ingredientD.factor问题10选项A.tendencyB.environmentC.inclinationD.development问题11选项A.institutedB.rootedC.deprivedD.revealed问题12选项A.waysB.methodsC.approachesD.means问题13选项A.underlinesB.indicatesC.impliesD.understates